Lutz-Wilhelm Burckhardt
Nickname(s)"Lutz"
Born5 February 1919
Bremen
Died2 January 1993(1993-01-02) (aged 73)
Bollschweil
Allegiance Nazi Germany (to 1945)
 West Germany
Service/branchBalkenkreuz (Iron Cross) Luftwaffe
Bundeswehrkreuz (Iron Cross) Luftwaffe
Years of service1939–45
1950's–?
RankHauptmann (Wehrmacht)
Oberstleutnant (Bundeswehr)
UnitJG 77, JGr Süd, JG 1, EJG 2
Commands heldI./JG 77
Battles/warsWorld War II
AwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross

Ludwig-Wilhelm "Lutz" Burckhardt[Note 1] (5 February 1919 – 2 January 1993) was a Luftwaffe ace and recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross during World War II. The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership. During his career, he was credited with 69 aerial victories, 16 on the Western Front and 53 on the Eastern Front.

Career

Burckhardt was born on 5 February 1919 in Bremen, at the time a federated state of the Weimar Republic. He began his military with the anti-aircraft artillery of the Luftwaffe, serving with this branch until June 1940.[2] Following flight training,[Note 2] Burckhardt served with Ergänzungsgruppe, a supplementary training unit, of Jagdgeschwader 77 (JG 77—77th Fighter Wing). On 29 November 1941, this unit was ordered to relocate to North Africa and flew from Bucharest Pipera Airfield via Sofia to Saloniki. The next day, the Ergänzungsgruppe continud their journey and moved to Athens where they stayed for two days when their orders were cancelled, returning to Bucharest Pipera Airfield on 3 December.[4] In April 1942, Burckhardt was transferred to the Gruppenstab (headquarters unit) of II. Gruppe (2nd group) of JG 77, at the time based at Sarabus on the Eastern Front and fighting in the Crimean campaign. There on 29 April, he crash landed his Messerschmitt Bf 109 F-4 (Werknummer 7602—factory number) at Sarabus due to technical failures of the aircraft.[5][6] On 1 May, II. Gruppe moved to an airfield named Fernheim, located on the Sea of Azov, approximately 15 kilometers (9.3 miles) west-northwest of Kirovske.[7] Operating from Fernheim on 3 May, Burckhardt claimed his first aerial victory, a Polikarpov I-153 fighter, over the Kerch Strait during the Battle of the Kerch Peninsula.[8][Note 3] On 14 July following aerial combat with Ilyushin Il-2 ground-attack aircraft, Burckhardt was forced to make a landing with a partially deployed landing gear, resulting in minor damage to his Bf 109 F-4 (Werknummer 13172).[12]

Burckhardt flew his last mission on the Eastern Front on 2 October, shortly after he fell ill with jaundice and was hospitalized.[13] On 12 November, Burckhardt was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 4. Staffel of JG 77, succeeding Hauptmann Heinrich Setz who had been transferred.[14] On 5 December, II. Gruppe moved to North Africa where they were based at Zarzur.[15] On 7 January 1943, Burckhardt claimed a Supermarine Spitfire fighter shot down south-southeast of Buerat. His opponent may have belonged to the Royal Air Force No. 92 Squadron.[16] Three days later, he stepped on land mine at Zarzur and was injured.[17] In consequence, Oberleutnant Heinrich Osswald replaced him as Staffelkapitän.[18] Following convalescence, Burckhardt was appointed Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) of I. Gruppe of JG 77 on 19 August. He succeeded Oberleutnant Armin Köhler who had temporarily led the Gruppe after Major Heinz Bär had been transferred on 6 August.[19]

Defense of the Reich

On 22 December 1943, the commanding officer of 6. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 1 (JG 1–1st Fighter Wing), Hauptmann Harry Koch, was killed in action. In consequence, Burckhardt was transferred to JG 1, taking command of 6. Staffel as Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) on 25 December. According to the authors Prien and Rodeike, this transfer was considered a demotion and disciplinary action, a measure for redemption in combat. The authors state, that particularly Oberstleutnant Johannes Steinhoff, the commander of JG 77 at the time, had a number of pilots transferred to JG 1 for redemption in defense of the Reich combat, this measure included pilots Burckhardt, Bär, Leutnant Ernst-Wilhelm Reinert, Oberfeldwebel Alexander Preinfalk, and Oberfeldwebel Herbert Kaiser.[20] In consequence, command of I. Gruppe of JG 77 was passed to Hauptmann Theo Lindemann.[19]

On 19 February 1944, Burckhardt was transferred to III. Gruppe of JG 1 where was given command of 7. Staffel. Command of his former 6. Staffel was then given to the previously demoted Bär. Burckhardt had requested transfer to III. Gruppe, the reason for this request was that Burckhardt had difficulties adapting to the Focke-Wulf Fw 190 while III. Gruppe was still operating the Bf 109.[21] On 2 July, Burckhardt fell ill with Malaria and had to be taken off combat duties. Following various staff positions, he was transferred to III. Gruppe of Ergänzungs-Jagdgeschwader 2 (EJG 2—2nd Supplementary Fighter Wing) in early 1945 for conversion training to the then new Messerschmitt Me 262 jet aircraft. Command of 7. Staffel was then given to Oberleutnant Fritz Bilfinger.[22] In early March, Burckhardt commanded II. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 7 "Nowotny" (JG 7—7th Fighter Wing) at Neumünster airfield in northern Germany.[23] JG 7 "Nowotny" was the first operational jet fighter wing in the world and was named after Walter Nowotny, who was killed in action on 8 November 1944. Nowotny, a fighter pilot credited with 258 aerial victories and recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub, Schwertern und Brillanten), had been assessing the Me 262 under operational conditions.[24] II. Gruppe had just been formed in February 1945 under the command of Major Hermann Staiger.[25]

Summary of career

Aerial victory claims

According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Burckhardt was credited with 69 aerial victories.[26] Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found documentation for more than 57 aerial victory claims, including 53 claims on the Eastern Front and at least four claims over the Western Allies.[27]

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 35392". The Luftwaffe grid map (Jägermeldenetz) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km2). These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 km × 4 km (1.9 mi × 2.5 mi) in size.[28]

Chronicle of aerial victories
  This and the ♠ (Ace of spades) indicates those aerial victories which made Burckhardt an "ace-in-a-day", a term which designates a fighter pilot who has shot down five or more airplanes in one day.
  This and the – (dash) indicates unconfirmed aerial victory claims for which Burckhardt did not receive credit.
  This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, Bock, Mathews and Foreman.
Claim Date Time Type Location Unit Claim Date Time Type Location Unit
– Claims with Jagdgeschwader 77 on the Eastern Front –[29][10]
Kerch, Sevastopol, Izium — May/June 1942
1 9 May 1942 12:38 I-153[9] Stab II./JG 77 6 18 May 1942 16:12 R-5[30] Stab II./JG 77
2 12 May 1942 16:02 Il-2[9] Stab II./JG 77 7 8 June 1942 13:14 I-16 PQ 35392, Sevastopol[31] Stab II./JG 77
3 13 May 1942 08:09 II-2[9] Stab II./JG 77 8 8 June 1942 16:52 MiG-1 PQ 35363[31] Stab II./JG 77
4 17 May 1942 13:32 I-153[30] Stab II./JG 77 9 17 June 1942 07:28 LaGG-3[32] 6./JG 77
5 17 May 1942 13:55 I-16[30] Stab II./JG 77
– Claims with Jagdgeschwader 77 on the Eastern Front –[33][27]
Summer offensive — 28 June – 7 November 1942
10 5 July 1942 13:55 I-180 (Yak-7)[34] 6./JG 77 32 31 July 1942 17:02 Il-2 PQ 92344[35]
vicinity of Voronezh		 6./JG 77
11 6 July 1942 03:58 LaGG-3[34] 6./JG 77 33 31 July 1942 17:10 MiG-1 PQ 92154[35]
25 km (16 mi) north of Voronezh		 6./JG 77
12 8 July 1942 12:40 LaGG-3[34] 6./JG 77 34 8 August 1942 06:21 LaGG-3 PQ 92471[36]
25 km (16 mi) southeast of Voronezh		 6./JG 77
13 8 July 1942 16:40 Il-2[34] 6./JG 77 35 8 August 1942 06:36 LaGG-3 PQ 92442[36]
25 km (16 mi) east of Voronezh		 6./JG 77
14 9 July 1942 12:20 LaGG-3[34] 6./JG 77 36 13 August 1942 08:48 LaGG-3 PQ 93771[37]
50 km (31 mi) north of Voronezh		 6./JG 77
15 9 July 1942 16:08 LaGG-3[34] 6./JG 77 37 13 August 1942 09:00 LaGG-3 PQ 93791[37]
50 km (31 mi) north-northeast of Voronezh		 6./JG 77
16♠ 12 July 1942 06:38 LaGG-3[38] 6./JG 77 38 13 August 1942 13:44 LaGG-3 PQ 83723[37]
50 km (31 mi) south-southwest of Yelets		 6./JG 77
17♠ 12 July 1942 06:45 LaGG-3[38] 6./JG 77 39 13 August 1942 13:52 LaGG-3 PQ 93511[37]
30 km (19 mi) west-southwest of Lipetsk		 6./JG 77
18♠ 12 July 1942 06:52 MiG-3[38] 6./JG 77 40 14 August 1942 14:00 Il-2[39] 6./JG 77
19♠ 12 July 1942 10:48 Il-2[38] 6./JG 77 41 16 August 1942 17:52 Il-2 PQ 83811[39]
50 km (31 mi) north-northeast of Voronezh		 6./JG 77
20♠ 12 July 1942 10:53 Il-2[38] 6./JG 77 42 18 August 1942 15:11 Pe-2 PQ 93782[39] 6./JG 77
21♠ 12 July 1942 10:55 Il-2[38] 6./JG 77 43 18 August 1942 17:10?[Note 4] LaGG-3 PQ 82272[39]
45 km (28 mi) west-northwest of Voronezh		 6./JG 77
22 13 July 1942 09:25 LaGG-3[41] 6./JG 77 44 18 August 1942 17:19 LaGG-3 PQ 82263[39]
25 km (16 mi) north-northwest of Voronezh		 6./JG 77
23 13 July 1942 14:10 LaGG-3[41] 6./JG 77 45 3 September 1942 04:51 LaGG-3 PQ 93873[39]
55 km (34 mi) northeast of Voronezh		 6./JG 77
24 13 July 1942 14:13 LaGG-3[41] 6./JG 77 46 12 September 1942 12:48 LaGG-3 PQ 92811[42]
20 km (12 mi) north of Sloboda		 6./JG 77
25 13 July 1942 19:35 Il-2[41] 6./JG 77 47 14 September 1942 12:09?[Note 5] P-39 PQ 92513[43] 6./JG 77
26 15 July 1942 16:48 R-5[41] 6./JG 77 48 15 September 1942 06:54 LaGG-3 PQ 92323[43]
10 km (6.2 mi) north of Voronezh		 6./JG 77
27 20 July 1942 13:59 LaGG-3[44] 6./JG 77 49 15 September 1942 07:04 LaGG-3 PQ 92183[43]
15 km (9.3 mi) north of Voronezh		 6./JG 77
28 23 July 1942 15:52 Il-2[44] 6./JG 77 50 15 September 1942 07:08 Pe-2 PQ 82763[43]
25 km (16 mi) north-northwest of Voronezh		 6./JG 77
29 23 July 1942 15:58 Il-2 PQ 82222[44]
45 km (28 mi) northwest of Voronezh		 6./JG 77 51 20 September 1942 09:45 Il-2 PQ 92153[45]
25 km (16 mi) north of Voronezh		 6./JG 77
30 23 July 1942 16:00 Il-2 PQ 83881[44]
50 km (31 mi) north-northwest of Voronezh		 6./JG 77 52 20 September 1942 09:48 Il-2 PQ 92223[45]
50 km (31 mi) northeast of Voronezh		 6./JG 77
31 25 July 1942?[Note 6] 13:53 MiG-3[46] 6./JG 77 53 22 September 1942 16:22 LaGG-3 PQ 92133[45]
40 km (25 mi) north-northeast of Voronezh		 6./JG 77
– Claims with Jagdgeschwader 77 on the Western Front –[40]
Mediterranean Theater, North Africa — 1 – 10 January 1943
54 7 January 1943 12:05 Spitfire 50 km (31 mi) south-southeast of Buerat[47] 4./JG 77
– Claims with Jagdgeschwader 77 on the Western Front –[40]
Mediterranean Theater, Italy — 19 August – December 1943
55 16 September 1943 18:28 Spitfire east of Salerno[48] Stab I./JG 77
—
 17 November 1943
—
 P-51 Corsica[48] Stab I./JG 77
—
 16 October 1943 09:30 Spitfire Volturno[48] Stab I./JG 77
– Claims with Jagdgeschwader 1 on the Western Front –[49][40]
Defense of the Reich — January – 5 June 1944
55 2 March 1944 14:30 P-47 PQ 05 Ost S/PM,[50] south of Verviers[51] 7./JG 1
—
 4 May 1944
—
 P-47[50] 7./JG 1
—
 23 March 1944
—
 P-47[50] 7./JG 1
—
 7 May 1944
—
 P-47[50] 7./JG 1
—
 9 April 1944
—
 P-47[50] 7./JG 1
—
 22 May 1944
—
 P-51[50] 7./JG 1
—
 11 April 1944
—
 P-51[50] 7./JG 1
—
 22 May 1944
—
 P-38[50] 7./JG 1
56?[Note 7] 13 April 1944 14:10 P-51 PQ 05 Ost S/RT[50] 7./JG 1
—
 29 May 1944
—
 P-47[50] 7./JG 1
57 22 April 1944 18:10 P-51 PQ 05 Ost S/LS-9, northeast of the Rothaar Mountains[50] 7./JG 1
– Claims with Jagdgeschwader 1 on the Western Front –[52]
Invasion of France — 6 June – 2 July 1944
—
 10 June 1944
—
 P-51[50] 7./JG 1

Awards

Notes

  1. ↑ According to Scherzer his name is Ludwig-Wilhelm Burkhardt.[1]
  2. ↑ Flight training in the Luftwaffe progressed through the levels A1, A2 and B1, B2, referred to as A/B flight training. A training included theoretical and practical training in aerobatics, navigation, long-distance flights and dead-stick landings. The B courses included high-altitude flights, instrument flights, night landings and training to handle the aircraft in difficult situations.[3]
  3. ↑ According to Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike and Bock published in 2006, the first aerial victory was claimed on 9 May 1942.[9] This is also the date presented by Mathews and Foreman.[10] Prien, in his 1993 publication which cites Burckhardt's flight book, does not mention an aerial victory claim by Burckhardt on 9 May 1942.[11]
  4. ↑ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 17:16.[40]
  5. ↑ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 02:09.[40]
  6. ↑ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed on 24 July 1942.[40]
  7. ↑ This claim is not listed by Mathews and Foreman.[40]
  8. ↑ According to Scherzer as pilot in the 6./Jagdgeschwader 77.[1]

References

Citations

  1. 1 2 Scherzer 2007, p. 255.
  2. ↑ Obermaier 1989, p. 97.
  3. ↑ Bergström, Antipov & Sundin 2003, p. 17.
  4. ↑ Prien 1993, pp. 865–866.
  5. ↑ Prien 1993, pp. 974–975.
  6. ↑ Prien et al. 2005, p. 302.
  7. ↑ Prien 1993, p. 982.
  8. ↑ Prien 1993, pp. 985–988.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Prien et al. 2006, p. 297.
  10. 1 2 Mathews & Foreman 2014, p. 176.
  11. ↑ Prien 1993, pp. 996–997.
  12. ↑ Prien et al. 2006, p. 318.
  13. ↑ Prien 1993, p. 1185.
  14. ↑ Prien 1995, p. 2373.
  15. ↑ Shores, Massimello & Guest 2012, p. 466.
  16. ↑ Shores, Massimello & Guest 2012, pp. 487–488.
  17. ↑ Prien et al. 2011, p. 459.
  18. ↑ Prien et al. 2011, p. 452.
  19. 1 2 Prien et al. 2011, p. 380.
  20. ↑ Prien & Rodeike 1994, pp. 567–570.
  21. ↑ Prien & Rodeike 1996, p. 726.
  22. ↑ Prien & Rodeike 1996, p. 1056.
  23. ↑ Forsyth 2008, p. 61.
  24. ↑ Forsyth 2008, pp. 6–10.
  25. ↑ Forsyth 2008, p. 105.
  26. ↑ Zabecki 2014, p. 1616.
  27. 1 2 Mathews & Foreman 2014, pp. 176–177.
  28. ↑ Planquadrat.
  29. ↑ Prien 1995, pp. 2404–2409.
  30. 1 2 3 Prien et al. 2006, p. 299.
  31. 1 2 Prien et al. 2006, p. 300.
  32. ↑ Prien et al. 2006, p. 301.
  33. ↑ Prien 1995, pp. 2410–2418.
  34. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Prien et al. 2006, p. 303.
  35. 1 2 Prien et al. 2006, p. 308.
  36. 1 2 Prien et al. 2006, p. 309.
  37. 1 2 3 4 Prien et al. 2006, p. 310.
  38. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Prien et al. 2006, p. 304.
  39. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Prien et al. 2006, p. 311.
  40. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Mathews & Foreman 2014, p. 177.
  41. 1 2 3 4 5 Prien et al. 2006, p. 305.
  42. ↑ Prien et al. 2006, p. 312.
  43. 1 2 3 4 Prien et al. 2006, p. 313.
  44. 1 2 3 4 Prien et al. 2006, p. 306.
  45. 1 2 3 Prien et al. 2006, p. 314.
  46. ↑ Prien et al. 2006, p. 307.
  47. ↑ Prien et al. 2011, p. 456.
  48. 1 2 3 Prien et al. 2011, p. 387.
  49. ↑ Prien & Rodeike 1996, pp. 1203–1210.
  50. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Prien, Stemmer & Bock 2018, p. 135.
  51. ↑ Prien & Rodeike 1996, p. 1203.
  52. ↑ Prien & Rodeike 1996, pp. 1211–1210.
  53. ↑ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 128.
  54. ↑ Patzwall 2008, p. 61.

Bibliography

  • Bergström, Christer [in Swedish]; Antipov, Vlad; Sundin, Claes (2003). Graf & Grislawski – A Pair of Aces. Hamilton MT: Eagle Editions. ISBN 978-0-9721060-4-7.
  • Bergström, Christer [in Swedish]. "Bergström Black Cross/Red Star website". Identifying a Luftwaffe Planquadrat. Archived from the original on 22 December 2018. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
  • Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer [in German] (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
  • Forsyth, Robert (2008). Jagdgeschwader 7 "Nowotny". Aviation Elite Units. Vol. 29. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-320-9.
  • Mathews, Andrew Johannes; Foreman, John (2014). Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims — Volume 1 A–F. Walton on Thames: Red Kite. ISBN 978-1-906592-18-9.
  • Obermaier, Ernst (1989). Die Ritterkreuzträger der Luftwaffe Jagdflieger 1939 – 1945 [The Knight's Cross Bearers of the Luftwaffe Fighter Force 1939 – 1945] (in German). Mainz, Germany: Verlag Dieter Hoffmann. ISBN 978-3-87341-065-7.
  • Patzwall, Klaus D. (2008). Der Ehrenpokal für besondere Leistung im Luftkrieg [The Honor Trophy for Outstanding Achievement in the Air War] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-08-3.
  • Prien, Jochen; Rodeike, Peter (1994). Jagdgeschwader 1 und 11: Einsatz in der Reichsverteidigung von 1939 bis 1945—Teil 1—1939–1943 [Jagdgeschwader 1 and 11: Operations in the Defense of the Reich from 1939 to 1945—Volume 2—1944] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-21-2.
  • Prien, Jochen; Rodeike, Peter (1996). Jagdgeschwader 1 und 11—Einsatz in der Reichsverteidigung von 1939 bis 1945—Teil 2—1944 [Jagdgeschwader 1 and 11—Operations in the Defense of the Reich from 1939 to 1945—Volume 2—1944] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-24-3.
  • Prien, Jochen (1993). Geschichte des Jagdgeschwaders 77—Teil 2—1941–1942 [History of Jagdgeschwader 77—Volume 2—1941–1942] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-22-9.
  • Prien, Jochen (1995). Geschichte des Jagdgeschwaders 77—Teil 4—1944–1945 [History of Jagdgeschwader 77—Volume 4—1944–1945] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-29-8.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2005). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 9/I—Winterkampf im Osten—6.12.1941 bis 30.4.1942 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 9/I—Winter War in the East—6 December 1941 to 30 April 1942] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-76-2.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2006). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 9/III—Vom Sommerfeldzug 1942 bis zur Niederlage von Stalingrad—1.5.1942 bis 3.2.1943 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 9/III—From the 1942 Summer Campaign to the Defeat at Stalingrad—1 May 1942 to 3 February 1943] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-78-6.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2011). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 11/II—Einsatz im Mittelmeerraum—1.1 bis 31.12.1943 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 11/II—Action in the Mediterranean Theater—1 January to 31 December 1943] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-942943-00-0.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Bock, Winfried (2018). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 13/IV—Einsatz im Reichsverteidigung und im Westen—1.1. bis 31.12.1944 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 13/IV—Action in the Defense of the Reich and in the West—1 January to 31 December 1944] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-942943-19-2.
  • Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.
  • Shores, Christopher F.; Massimello, Giovanni; Guest, Russell (2012). A History of the Mediterranean Air War, 1940–1945 Volume 2: North African Desert, February 1942 – March 1943. London, UK: Grub Street. ISBN 978-1-909166-12-7.
  • Zabecki, David T., ed. (2014). Germany at War: 400 Years of Military History. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio. ISBN 978-1-59884-981-3.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.