Fleurus (1956–1958)

Tenured at publisher Fleurus from 1956 to 1958 after his first sales, Giraud did so, but concurrently continued to steadfastly create realistically drawn Western comics (alongside several others of a French historical nature) and illustrations for magazine editorials in their magazines Fripounet et Marisette, Cœurs Vaillants, and Âmes vaillantes – all of them of a strong, edifying nature aimed at France's adolescent youth – up to a point that his realistically drawn comics had become his mainstay. Among his realistic Westerns was a comic called "Le roi des bisons" ("King of the Buffalo" – has had an English publication^[17]), and another called "Un géant chez lez Hurons" ("A Giant with the Hurons").^[20] Actually, several of his Western comics, including "King of the Buffalo", featured the same protagonist Art Howell, and these can be considered as Giraud's de facto first realistic Western series, as he himself did in effect, since he, save the first one, endowed these stories with the subtitle "Un aventure d'Art Howell".^[21] For Fleurus, Giraud also illustrated his first three books.^[22] Already in this period, his style was heavily influenced by his later mentor, Belgian comic artist Joseph "Jijé" Gillain, who at that time was the major source of inspiration for an entire generation of young, aspiring French comic artists, including Giraud's friend Mézières, interested in doing realistically drawn comics.^[17] How major Jijé's influence was on these young artists, was amply demonstrated by the Fleurus publications these youngsters submitted their work to, as their work strongly resembled each other. For example, two of the books Giraud illustrated for Fleurus, were co-illustrated with Guy Mouminoux, another name of some future renown in the Franco-Belgian comic world, and Giraud's work can only be identified, because he signed his work, whereas Mouminoux did not sign his. While not ample, Giraud's earnings at Fleurus were just enough to allow him – disenchanted as he was with the courses, prevalent atmosphere, and academic discipline – to quit his art academy education after only two years, though he came to somewhat regret the decision in later life.^[23]

Jijé apprenticeship (1961–1962)

Shortly before he entered military service, Giraud visited his idol at his home for the first time with Mézières and Mallet, followed by a few visits on his own to see the master at work for himself. In 1961, returning from military service and his stint on 5/5 Forces Françaises, Giraud, not wanting to return to Fleurus, as he felt that he "had to do something else, if he ever wanted to evolve", became an apprentice of Jijé on his invitation, after he saw that Giraud had made artistic progress during his stay at 5/5 Forces Françaises.^[24] Jijé was then one of the leading comic artists in Europe and known for his gracious tendency to voluntarily act as a mentor for young, aspiring comic artists, of whom Giraud was but one, going even as far as opening up his family home in Champrosay for days on end for these youngsters, which, again, included Giraud.^[25] In this, Jijé resembled Belgian comic grandmaster Hergé, but unlike Jijé, Hergé only did so on a purely commercial basis, never on a voluntarily one. For Jijé, Giraud created several other shorts and illustrations for the short-lived magazine Bonux-Boy (1960/61), his first comic work after military service, and his penultimate one before embarking on Blueberry.^[26] In this period, Jijé used his apprentice for the inks on an outing of his Western series Jerry Spring – after whom Giraud had, unsurprisingly, modeled his Art Howell character previously – "The Road to Coronado", which Giraud inked.^[18] Actually, Jijé had intended his promising pupil for the entirety of the story art, but the still-inexperienced Giraud, who was used to working under the relaxed conditions at Fleurus, found himself overwhelmed by the strict time schedules that production for a periodical (Spirou in this case) demanded. Conceding that he had been a bit too cocky and ambitious, Giraud stated, "I started the story all by myself, but after a week, I had only finished half a plate, and aside from being soaked with my sweat, it was a complete disaster. So Joseph went on to do the penciling, whereas I did the inks."^[10] Even though Giraud did lose touch with his mentor eventually, he never forgot what "his master" had provided him with, both "aesthetically and professionally",^[27] the fatherless Giraud gratefully stating in later life, "It was as if he had asked me «Do you want me to be your father?», and if by a miracle, I was provided with one, a[n] [comic] artist no less!".^[25]

Hachette (1962–1963)

After his stint at Jijé's, Giraud was again approached by friend Mézières to see if he was interested to work alongside him as an illustrator on Hachette's ambitious multivolume L'histoire des civilisations history reference work.^[28] Spurred on by Jijé, who considered the opportunity a wonderful one for his pupil, Giraud accepted. Though he considered the assignment a daunting one, having to create in oil paints from historical objects and imagery, it was, besides being the best-paying job he had ever had, a seminal appointment.^[25] At Hachette, Giraud discovered that he had a knack for creating art in gouaches, something that served him well not that much later when creating Blueberry magazine/album cover art,^[29] as well as for his 1968 side project "Buffalo Bill: le roi des éclaireurs" history book written by George Fronval, for whom Giraud provided two-thirds of the illustrations in gouache, including the cover.^[30] The assignment at Hachette being cut short because of his invitation to embark on Fort Navajo, meant he only participated on the first three to four volumes of the book series, leaving the completion to Mézières. In the Pilote era, Giraud additionally provided art in gouache for two Western-themed vinyl record music productions as sleeve art,^[31] as well as the covers for the first seven outings in the French-language edition of the Morgan Kane Western novel series written by Louis Masterson.^[32] Much of his Western-themed gouache artwork of this era, including that of Blueberry, has been collected in the 1983 artbook "Le tireur solitaire".^[33]

Aside from its professional importance, Giraud's stint at Hachette was also of personal importance, as he met Claudine Conin, an editorial researcher at Hachette, and who described her future husband as being at the time "funny, uncomplicated, friendly, a nice boy next-door", but on the other hand, "mysterious, dark, intellectual", already recognizing that he had all the makings of a "visionary", long before others did.^[34] Married in 1967, after Giraud had become the recognized Blueberry artist, the couple had two children, Hélène (b:1970) and Julien (b:1972). Daughter Hélène in particular has inherited her father's graphics talents and has carved out a career as a graphics artist in the animation industry,^[35] earning her a 2014 French civilian knighthood, the same her father had already received in 1985. Besides raising their children, wife Claudine not only took care of the business aspects of her husband's art work, but has on occasion also contributed to it as colorist.^[36] The 1976 feminist fantasy short story, "La tarte aux pommes",^[37] was written by her under her maiden name. Additionally, the appearance of a later, major character in Giraud's Blueberry series, Chihuahua Pearl, was in part based on Claudine's looks.^[38] The Mœbiusienne 1973 fantasy road trip short story "La déviation",^[39] created as "Gir"^[40] before the artist fully embarked on his Mœbius career, featured the Giraud family as the protagonists, save Julien.

Pilote (1963–1974)

In October 1963, Giraud and writer Jean-Michel Charlier started the comic strip Fort Navajo for the Charlier-co-founded Pilote magazine, issue 210.^[41] At this time the affinity between the styles of Giraud and Jijé (who in effect had been Charlier's first choice for the series, but who was reverted to Giraud by Jijé) was so close that Jijé penciled several pages for the series when Giraud went AWOL. In effect, when "Fort Navajo" started its run, Pilote received angry letters, accusing Giraud of plagiarism, which was however foreseen by Jijé and Giraud. Shirking off the accusations, Jijé encouraged his former pupil to stay the course instead, thereby propping up his self-confidence.^[25] The first time Jijé had to fill in for Giraud, was during the production of the second story, "Thunder in the West" (1964), when the still inexperienced Giraud, buckling under the stress of having to produce a strictly scheduled magazine serial, suffered from a nervous breakdown, with Jijé taking on plates 28–36.^[42] The second time occurred one year later, during the production of "Mission to Mexico (The Lost Rider)", when Giraud unexpectedly packed up and left to travel the United States,^[43] and, again, Mexico; yet again former mentor Jijé came to the rescue by penciling plates 17–38.^[44][45] While the art style of both artists had been nearly indistinguishable from each other in "Thunder in the West", after Giraud resumed work on plate 39 of "Mission to Mexico", a clearly noticeable style breach was now observable, indicating that Giraud was now well on his way to develop his own signature style, eventually surpassing that of his former teacher Jijé, who, impressed by his former pupil's achievements, has later coined him the "Rimbaud de la BD".^[25]

Blueberry, created by Giraud and writer Jean-Michel Charlier. Within the series, he turned from the classic Western comic to a grittier realism

The Lieutenant Blueberry character, whose facial features were based on those of the actor Jean-Paul Belmondo, was created in 1963 by Charlier (scenario) and Giraud (drawings) for Pilote.^[46][47] While the Fort Navajo series had originally been intended as an ensemble narrative, it quickly gravitated towards having Blueberry as its central figure. His featured adventures, in what was later called the Blueberry series, may be Giraud's best known work in native France and the rest of Europe, before later collaborations with Alejandro Jodorowsky. The early Blueberry comics used a simple line drawing style similar to that of Jijé, and standard Western themes and imagery (specifically, those of John Ford's US Cavalry Western trilogy, with Howard Hawk's 1959 Rio Bravo thrown in for good measure for the sixth, one-shot title "The Man with the Silver Star"), but gradually Giraud developed a darker and grittier style inspired by, firstly the 1970 Westerns Soldier Blue and Little Big Man (for the "Iron Horse" story-arc), and subsequently by the Spaghetti Westerns of Sergio Leone and the dark realism of Sam Peckinpah in particular (for the "Lost Goldmine" story-arc and beyond).^[48] With the fifth album, "The Trail of the Navajos", Giraud established his own style, and after both editorial control and censorship laws were loosened in the wake of the May 1968 social upheaval in France – the former in no small part due to the revolt key comic artists, Giraud chief among them, staged a short time thereafter in the editorial offices of Dargaud, the publisher of Pilote, demanding and ultimately receiving more creative freedom from editor-in-chief René Goscinny^{[lower-alpha 1]} – the strip became more explicitly adult, and also adopted a thematically wider range.^[3][45] The first Blueberry album penciled by Giraud after he had begun publishing science fiction as Mœbius, "Nez Cassé" ("Broken Nose"), was much more experimental than his previous Western work.^[45] While the editorial revolt at Dargaud had effectively become the starting point of the emancipation of the French comic world,^[50] Giraud admitted that it also had caused a severe breach in his hitherto warm relationship with the conservative Goscinny, which never fully mended.^[51]

Giraud left the series and publisher in 1974, partly because he was tired of the publication pressure he was under in order to produce the series, partly because of an emerging royalties conflict, but mostly because he wanted further explore and develop his "Mœbius" alter ego, in particular because Jodorowsky, who was impressed by the graphic qualities of Blueberry, had already invited him to Los Angeles to start production design on his Dune movie project, and which constituted the first Jodorowsky/Mœbius collaboration. Giraud was so eager to return to the project during a stopover from the United States while the project was in hiatus, that he greatly accelerated the work on the "Angel Face" outing of Blueberry he was working on at the time, shearing off weeks from its originally intended completion.^[52] The project fell through though, and after he had returned definitely to France later that year, he started to produce comic work under this pseudonym that was published in the magazine he co-founded, Métal Hurlant, which started its run in December 1974 and revolutionized the Franco-Belgian comic world in the process.

It was Jodorowsky who introduced Giraud to the writings of Carlos Castaneda, who had written a series of books that describe his training in shamanism, particularly with a group whose lineage descended from the Toltecs. The books, narrated in the first person, related his experiences under the tutelage of a Yaqui "Man of Knowledge" named Don Juan Matus. Castaneda's writings made a deep and everlasting impression on Giraud, already open to Native-Mexican folk culture due to his three previous extended trips to the country (he had visited the country a third time in 1972^[53]), and it did influence his art as "Mœbius", particularly in regard to dream sequences, though he was not quite able to work in such influences in his mainstream Blueberry comic.^{[lower-alpha 2][55]} Yet, unbeknownst to writer Charlier, he did already sneak in some Castaneda elements in "Nez Cassé".^[56] Castaneda's influence reasserted itself in full in Giraud's later life, having worked in elements more openly after Charlier's death in his 1999 Blueberry outing "Geronimo l'Apache", and was to become a major element for his Blueberry 1900-project, which however, had refused to come to fruition for extraneous reasons.^[57][58]

Even though Giraud had vainly tried to introduce his Blueberry co-worker to the writings of Castaneda, Charlier, being of a previous generation, conservative in nature and wary of science fiction in general, never understood what his younger colleague tried to achieve as "Mœbius". Nonetheless, he never tried to hinder Giraud in the least, as he understood that an artist of Giraud's caliber needed a "mental shower" from time to time. Furthermore, Charlier was very appreciative of the graphic innovations Giraud ported over from his work as "Mœbius" into the mainstream Blueberry series, most specifically "Nez Cassé", making him "one of the all-time greatest artists in the comic medium," as Charlier himself put it in 1982.^[59] Artist Michel Rouge, who was taken on by Giraud in 1980 for the inks of "La longue marche" ("The Long March") painted a slightly different picture though. Already recognizing that the two men were living in different worlds, he noted that Charlier was not pleased with Giraud taking on an assistant, afraid that it might have been a prelude to his leaving the series in order to pursue his "experimentations" as Mœbius further. While Charlier was willing to overlook Giraud's "philandering" in his case only, he was otherwise of the firm conviction that artists, especially his own, should totally and wholeheartedly devote themselves to their craft, as Charlier had always considered the medium.^[60] Even Giraud was in later life led to believe that Charlier apparently "detested" his other work, looking upon it as something akin to "treason", though his personal experiences with the author was that he had kept an "open mind" in this regard, at least in his case. According to Giraud, Charlier's purported stance negatively influenced his son Philippe, causing their relationship to rapidly deteriorate into open animosity, after the death of his father.^[57][61]

Post-Pilote (1979–2007)

Giraud returned to the Blueberry series in 1979 with "Nez Cassé" as a free-lancer. Later that year however, the long-running disagreement Charlier and Giraud had with their publishing house Dargaud, the publisher of Pilote, over the residuals from Blueberry came to a head. They began the Western comic Jim Cutlass as a means to put the pressure on Dargaud.^[57] It did not work, and Charlier and Giraud turned their back on the parent publisher definitively,^[49] leaving for greener pastures elsewhere, and in the process taking all of Charlier's other co-creations with them. It would be nearly fifteen years before the Blueberry series (and the others) returned to Dargaud after Charlier died. (For further particulars, including the royalties conflict, see: Blueberry publication history.) After the first album, "Mississippi River", first serialized in Métal Hurlant and for two decades remaining a one-shot, Giraud took on scripting the revitalized series after Charlier had died, while leaving the artwork to Christian Rossi.^[62]

When Charlier, Giraud's collaborator on Blueberry, died in 1989, Giraud assumed responsibility for the scripting of the main series, the last outing of which, "Apaches", released in 2007, became the last title Giraud created for the parent publisher. Blueberry has been translated into 19 languages, the first English book translations being published in 1977/78 by UK publisher Egmont/Methuen, though its publication was cut short after only four volumes. The original Blueberry series has spun off a prequel series called Young Blueberry in the Pilote-era (1968–1970), but the artwork was in 1984, when that series was resurrected, left to Colin Wilson and later Michel Blanc-Dumont after the first three original volumes in that series, as well as the Giraud-written, but William Vance-penciled, 1991-2000 intermezzo series called Marshal Blueberry.^[46] All these series, except Jim Cutlass, had returned to the parent publisher Dargaud in late 1993, though Giraud himself – having already left the employ of the publisher in 1974 (see below) – had not, instead plying his trade as a free-lancer, explaining the Jim Cutlass exception.

While Giraud has garnered universal praise and acclaim for his work as "Mœbius" (especially in the US, the UK and Japan), as "Gir", Blueberry has always remained his most successful and most recognized work in native France itself and in mainland Europe, despite its artist developing somewhat of a love/hate relationship with his co-creation in later life, which was exemplified by his regularly taking extended leaves of absence from it. That Blueberry has always remained his primary source of income, allowing him to fully indulge in his artistic endeavors as Mœbius, was admitted as such by Giraud as early as 1979: "If an album of Moebius is released, about 10,000 people are interested. A Blueberry album sells at least 100,000 copies [in France],"^[63][56] and as late as 2005, "Blueberry is in some ways the 'sponsor' of Moebius, for years now."^[64]

L'Écho des savanes (1974)

In 1974 he truly revived the Mœbius pseudonym for comics, and the very first, 12-page, story he created as such – while on one of his stopovers from America when the Dune production was in a lull – was "Cauchemar Blanc" ("White Nightmare"), published in the magazine L'Écho des savanes, issue 8, 1974. The black & white story dealt with the racist murder of an immigrant of North-African descent, and stands out as one of the very few emphatic socially engaged works of Giraud.^[69] Bearing in mind Giraud's fascination with the Western genre in general and the cultural aspects of Native Americans in particular – and whose plight Giraud had always been sympathetic to^{[lower-alpha 3]} – it is hardly a surprise that two later examples of such rare works were Native-American themed.^{[lower-alpha 4]} These concerned the 2-page short story "Wounded Knee",^[71] inspired by the eponymous 1973 incident staged by Oglala Lakota, and the 3-page short story "Discours du Chef Seattle", first published in the artbook "Made in L.A."^[72] ("The Words of Chief Seattle", in Epic's "Ballad for a Coffin"). Giraud suddenly bursting out onto the comic scene as "Mœbius", caught European readership by surprise, and it took many of them, especially outside France, a couple of years before the realization had sunk in that "Jean Gir[raud]" and "Mœbius" were, physically at least, one and the same artist.^[69]

It was when he was brainstorming with the founding editors of the magazine (founded by former Pilote friends and co-artists in the wake of the revolt at the publisher, when they decided to strike out on their own), that Giraud came up with his first major Mœbius work, "Le bandard fou" ("The Horny Goof"). Released directly as album (a first for Mœbius comics) in black & white by the magazine's publisher,^[73] the humorous and satirical story dealt with a law-abiding citizen of the planet Souldaï, who awakens one day, only to find himself with a permanent erection. Pursued through space and time by his own puritanical authorities, who frown upon the condition, and other parties, who have their own intentions with the hapless bandard, he eventually finds a safe haven on the asteroid Fleur of Madame Kowalsky, after several hilarious adventures. When discounting the as "Gir" signed "La déviation", it is in this story that Giraud's signature, minute "Mœbius" art style, for which he became famed not that much later, truly comes into its own. Another novelty introduced in the book, is that the narrative is only related on the right-hand pages; the left-hand pages are taken up by one-page panels depicting an entirely unrelated cinematographic sequence of a man transforming after he has snapped his fingers. The story did raise some eyebrows with critics accusing Giraud of pornography at the time, but one reviewer put it in perspective when stating, "Peut-être Porno, mais Graphique!", which loosely translates as "Porn maybe, but Graphic Art for sure!".^[74] In the editorial of the 1990 American edition, Giraud has conceded that he was envious of what his former Pilote colleagues had achieved with L'Écho des savanes in regard to creating a free, creative environment for their artists, he had already enjoyed so much back at Hara-Kiri, and that it was an inspiration for the endeavor, Giraud embarked upon next.

Métal Hurlant (1974–1982)

Mœbius cover art for the first Métal Hurlant issue and the second Heavy Metal issue (l), the opening panel of Arzach (c), and the Mœbius cover art for Humanoids Publishing's 2014 US hardcover trade collection of The Incal (r).

Later that year, after Dune was permanently canceled with him definitively returning to France, Giraud became one of the founding members of the comics art group and publishing house "Les Humanoïdes Associés", together with fellow comic artists Jean-Pierre Dionnet, Philippe Druillet (likewise Pilote colleagues) and (outsider) financial director Bernard Farkas. In imitation of the example set by the L'Écho des savanes founding editors, it was therefore as such also an indirect result of the revolt these artists had previously staged at Pilote, and whose employ they had left for the undertaking.^[75] Together they started the monthly magazine Métal hurlant ("Screaming metal") in December 1974,^[76] and for which he had temporarily abandoned his Blueberry series. The translated version was known in the English-speaking world as Heavy Metal, and started its release in April 1977, actually introducing Giraud's work to North-American readership.^[77] Mœbius' famous serial "The Airtight Garage" and his groundbreaking "Arzach" both began in Métal hurlant.^[78] Unlike Hara-Kiri and L'Écho des savanes though, whose appeal has always remained somewhat limited to the socially engaged satire and underground comic scenes, it was Métal hurlant in particular that revolutionized the world of Franco-Belgian bandes dessinées,^[50] whereas its American cousin left an indelible impression on a generation of not only American comic artists, but on film makers as well, as evidenced below.

Starting its publication in the first issue of Métal hurlant, "Arzach" is a wordless 1974–1975 comic, executed directly in color and created as a conscious attempt to breathe new life into the comic genre which at the time was dominated by American superhero comics in the United States, and by the traditional, adolescent oriented bandes dessinée in Europe.^[79] It tracks the journey of the title character flying on the back of his pterodactyl through a fantastic world mixing medieval fantasy with futurism. Unlike most science fiction comics, it is, save for the artfully executed story titles, entirely devoid of captions, speech balloons and written sound effects. It has been argued that the wordlessness provides the strip with a sense of timelessness, setting up Arzach's journey as a quest for eternal, universal truths.^[2] The short stories "L'Homme est-il bon?" ("Is Man Good?", in issue 10, 1976, after the first publication in Pilote, issue 744, 1974, which however woke Giraud up to the "unbearable realization" that he was "enriching" the publisher with his Mœbius work, thereby expediting his departure.^[80]), "Ballade" ("The Ballade", 1977 and inspired by the poem "Fleur" by French poet Arthur Rimbaud^[81]), "Ktulu" (issue 33bis, 1978, an H. P. Lovecraft-inspired story) and "Citadelle aveugle" ("The White Castle", in issue 51, 1980 and oddly enough signed as "Gir") were examples of additional stories Giraud created directly in color, shortly after "Arzach". 1976 saw the Métal hurlant, issues 7–8, publication of "The Long Tomorrow", written by Dan O'Bannon in 1974 during lulls in the pre-production of Jodorowsky's Dune.^[82]

His series The Airtight Garage, starting its magazine run in issue 6, 1976, is particularly notable for its non-linear plot, where movement and temporality can be traced in multiple directions depending on the readers' own interpretation even within a single planche (page or picture). The series tells of Major Grubert, who is constructing his own multi-level universe on an asteroid named Fleur (from the "Bandard fou" universe incidentally, and the first known instance of the artist's attempts of tying all his "Mœbius" creations into one coherent Airtight Garage universe), where he encounters a wealth of fantastic characters including Michael Moorcock's creation Jerry Cornelius.^[83]

The cover illustration for the later commercial editions of the acclaimed "Les yeux du chat"

1978 marked the publication of the 54-page "Les yeux du chat" ("Eyes of the Cat"). The dark, disturbing and surreal tale dealt with a blind boy in a non-descript empty cityscape, who has his pet eagle scout for eyes, which it finds by taking these from a street cat and offering them to his awaiting companion who, while grateful, expresses his preference for the eyes of a child. The story premise originated from a brainstorming session Alejandro Jodorowsky had with his fellows of the Académie Panique, a group concentrated on chaotic and surreal performance art, as a response to surrealism becoming mainstream.^[84] Jodorowsky worked out the story premise as a therapy to alleviate the depression he was in after the failure of his Dune project and presented the script to Giraud in 1977 during a visit to Paris. Deeming the story too short for a regular, traditional comic, it was Giraud who suggested the story to be told on the format he had already introduced in "Le bandard fou", to wit, as single panel pages. On recommendation of Jodorowsky, he refined the format by relating the eagle's quest on the right-hand pages, while depicting the awaiting boy in smaller single panel left-hand pages from a contra point-of-view. Giraud furthermore greatly increased his already high level of detail by making extensive use of zipatone for the first time.^[85] Considered a key and seminal work, both for its art and storytelling, setting Jodorowsky off on his career as comic writer,^[86] the art evoked memories of the wood engravings from the 19th century, including those of Gustave Doré, that Giraud discovered and admired in the books of his grandparents when he was living there in his childhood. However, it—like "La déviation"—has remained somewhat of a one-shot in Giraud's body of work in its utilization of such a high level of detail.^[87] The story, printed on yellow paper to accentuate the black & white art, was originally published directly as a, to 5000 copies limited book edition, gift item for relations of the publisher.^[88] It was only after expensive pirate editions started to appear that the publisher decided to make the work available commercially on a wider scale, starting in 1981.^[89][90] Jodorowsky had intended the work to be the first of a trilogy, but that never came to fruition.^[91]

In a certain way "Les yeux du chat" concluded a phase that had started with "La Déviation",^[86] and this viewpoint was adhered to by the publisher who had coined the era "Les années Métal Hurlant" on one of its latter-day anthologies.^[92] The very first "Mœbius" anthology collection the publisher released as such, was the 1980–1985 Moebius œuvres complètes six-volume collection of which two, volumes 4, "La Complainte de l'Homme Programme"^[93] and 5, "Le Désintégré Réintégré"^[94] (the two of them in essence comprising an expanded version of the 1980 original^[67]), were Mœbius art books.^[95] It also concluded a phase in which Giraud was preoccupied in a "characteristic period in his life" in which he was "very somber and pessimistic about my life", resulting in several of his "Mœbius" stories of that period ending in death and destruction.^[96] These included the poetic "Ballade", in which Giraud killed off the two protagonists, something he came to regret a decade later in this particular case.^[81]

In the magazine's issue 58 of 1980 Giraud started his famous L'Incal series in his third collaboration with Jodorowsky.^[97] However, by this time Giraud felt that his break-out success as "Mœbius" had come at a cost. He had left Pilote to escape the pressure and stifling conditions he was forced to work under, seeking complete creative freedom, but now it was increasingly becoming "as stifling as it had been before with Blueberry", as he conceded in 1982, adding philosophically, "The more you free yourself, the more powerless you become!".^[98] How deeply ingrained this sentiment was, was evidenced in a short interview in Métal Hurlant, issue 82, later that year, where an overworked Giraud stated, "I will finish the Blueberry series, I will finish the John Difool [Incal] series and then I'm done. Then I will quit comics!" At the time he had just finished working as storyboard, and production design artist on the Movie Tron, something he had enjoyed immensely. Fortunately for his fans, Giraud did not act upon his impulse as history has shown, though he did take action to escape the hectic Parisian comic scene in 1980 by moving himself and his family as far away from Paris as possible in France, and relocated to the small city of Pau at the foothills of the Pyrenees.^[56] It was while he was residing in Pau that Giraud started to take an interest in the teachings of Jean-Paul Appel-Guéry, becoming an active member of his group and partaking in their gatherings.^[99]

Tahiti (1983–1984)

From 1985 to 2001 he also created his six-volume fantasy series Le Monde d'Edena, which has appeared in English as The Aedena Cycle.^[100] The stories were strongly influenced by the teachings of Jean-Paul Appel-Guéry,^{[lower-alpha 5]} and Guy-Claude Burger's instinctotherapy. In effect, Giraud and his family did join Appel-Guéry's commune on Tahiti in 1983, until late 1984, when the family moved to the United States, where Giraud set up shop first in Santa Monica, and subsequently in Venice and Woodland Hills, California.^[102] Giraud's one-shot comic book "La nuit de l'étoile"^[103] was co-written by Appel-Guéry, and has been the most visible manifestation of Giraud's stay on Tahiti, aside from the artbooks "La memoire du futur"^[104] and "Venise celeste".^[105] Concurrently collaborating on "La nuit de l'étoile" was young artist Marc Bati, also residing at the commune at the time, and for whom Giraud afterwards wrote the comic series Altor (The Magic Crystal), while in the US.^[106] It was under the influence of Appel-Guéry's teachings that Giraud conceived a third pseudonym, Jean Gir – formally introduced to the public as "Jean Gir, Le Nouveau Mœbius" in "Venise celeste" (p. 33), though Giraud had by the time of publication already dispensed with the pseudonym himself – which appeared on the art he created while on Tahiti, though not using it for his Aedena Cycle. Another member of the commune was Paula Salomon, for whom Giraud had already illustrated her 1980 book "La parapsychologie et vous".^[107] Having to move stateside for work served Giraud well, as he became increasingly disenchanted at a later stage with the way Appel-Guéry ran his commune on Tahiti, in the process dispensing with his short-lived third pseudonym.^[15] His stay at the commune though, had practical implications on his personal life; Giraud gave up eating meat, smoking, coffee, alcohol and, for the time being, the use of mind-expanding substances, adhering to his newfound abstinence for the most part for the remainder of his life.^[108]

During his stay on Tahiti, Giraud had co-founded his second publishing house under two concurrent imprints, Éditions Gentiane^[109] (predominantly for his work as Gir, most notably Blueberry) and Aedena^[110] (predominantly for his work as Mœbius, and not entirely by coincidence named after the series he was working on at the time), together with friend and former editor at Les Humanoïdes Associés, Jean Annestay, for the express purpose to release his work in a more artful manner, such as limited edition art prints, art books ("La memoire du futur" was first released under the Gentiane imprint, and reprinted under that of Aedena) and art portfolios. Both men had already released the very first such art book in the Humanoïdes days,^[67] and the format then conceived – to wit, a large 30x30cm book format at first, with art organized around themes, introduced by philosophical poetry by Mœbius – was adhered to for later such releases, including "La memoire du futur".

Marvel Comics (1984–1989)

There were thousands of professionals who knew my work. That has always amazed me every time I entered some graphics, or animation studio, at Marvel or even at George Lucas'. Mentioning the name Jean Giraud did not cause any of the present pencillers, colorists or storyboard artists to even bat an eye. Yet, whenever I introduced myself as "Mœbius", all of them jumped up to shake my hand. It was incredible!

— Giraud, Cagnes-sur-Mer 1988, on his notoriety as "Mœbius" in the United States.^[111]

Mœbius cover for the 1998 edition of Silver Surfer: Parable on the left, and the Mœbius cover of the 1987 US Epic edition of The Airtight Garage on the right.

After having arrived in California, Giraud's wife Claudine set up Giraud's third publishing house Starwatcher Graphics in 1985,^[112] essentially the US branch of Gentiane/Aedena with the same goals, resulting in the release of, among others, the extremely limited art portfolio La Cité de Feu, a collaborative art project of Giraud with Geoff Darrow (see below). However, due to their unfamiliarity with the American publishing world, the company did not do well, and in an effort to remedy the situation Claudine hired the French/American editor couple Jean-Marc and Randy Lofficier, whom she had met at the summer 1985 San Diego ComicCon,^[113] as translators and editors-in-chief for Starwatcher, also becoming shareholders in the company.^[111] Already veterans of the US publishing world (and Mœbius fans), it was the Lofficier couple that managed to convince editor-in-chief Archie Goodwin of Marvel Comics to publish most of Moebius' hitherto produced work on a wider scale in the US—in contrast with the Heavy Metal niche market releases by HM Communications in the late 1970s—in graphic novel format trade editions, under its Epic imprint from 1987 to 1994. These incidentally, included three of Mœbius' latter-day art books, as well as the majority of his Blueberry Western comic.^[114]

It was for the Marvel/Epic publication effort that it was decided to dispense with the "Jean [Gir]aud"/"Mœbius" dichotomy—until then strictly adhered-to by the artist—as both the artist's given name and his Blueberry creation were all but unknown in the English speaking world. This was contrary to his reputation as "Mœbius", already acquired in the Heavy Metal days, and from then on used for all his work in the English speaking world (and Japan), though the dichotomy remained elsewhere, including native France.^[115]

A two-issue Silver Surfer miniseries (later collected as Silver Surfer: Parable), written by Stan Lee and drawn by Giraud (as Mœbius), was published through Marvel's Epic Comics imprint in 1988 and 1989. According to Giraud, this was his first time working under the Marvel method instead of from a full script, and he has admitted to being baffled by the fact that he already had a complete story synopsis on his desk only two days after he had met Stan Lee for the first time, having discussed what Giraud had assumed was a mere proposition over lunch.^[76] This miniseries won the Eisner Award for best finite/limited series in 1989. Mœbius' version was discussed in the 1995 submarine thriller Crimson Tide by two sailors pitting his version against those of Jack Kirby, with the main character played by Denzel Washington, emphasizing the Kirby one being the better of the two. Becoming aware of the reference around 1997, Giraud was later told around 2005 by the movie's director Tony Scott, that it was he who had written in the dialog as an homage to the artist on behalf of his brother Ridley, a Mœbius admirer, and not (uncredited) script doctor Quentin Tarentino (known for infusing his works with pop culture references) as he was previously led to believe.^[116] An amused Giraud quipped, "It's better than a big stature, because in a way, I can not dream of anything better to be immortal [than] being in a movie about submarines!"^[1]

As a result, from his cooperation with Marvel, Giraud delved deeper into the American superhero mythology and created superhero art stemming from both Marvel and DC Comics, which were sold as art prints, posters or included in calendars.^[117] Even as late as 1997, Giraud had created cover art for two DC comic book outings, Hardware (Vol. 1, issue 49, March 1997) and Static (Vol. 1, issue 45, March 1997), after an earlier cover for Marvel Tales (Vol. 2, issue 253, September 1991). Another project Giraud embarked upon in his "American period", was for a venture into that other staple of American pop culture, trading cards. Trading card company Comic Images released a "Mœbius Collector Cards" set in 1993, featuring characters and imagery from all over his Mœbius universe, though his Western work was excluded. None of the images were lifted from already existing work, but were especially created by Giraud the year previously.

Although Giraud had taken up residence in California for five years – holding a temporary residence (the O-1 "Extraordinary Ability" category,^[118] including the "International Artist" status^[119]) visa – he maintained a transient lifestyle, as his work had him frequently travel to Belgium and native France (maintaining a home in Paris), as well as to Japan, for extended periods of time. His stay in the United States was an inspiration for his aptly called Made in L.A. art book,^[72] and much of his art he had produced in this period of time, including his super hero art, was reproduced in this, and the follow-up art book Fusions,^[120] the latter of which having seen a translation in English by Epic.

Giraud's extended stay in the US, garnered him a 1986 Inkpot Award, an additional 1991 Eisner Award, as well as three Harvey Awards in the period 1988–1991 for the various graphic novel releases by Marvel. It was in this period that Giraud, who had already picked up Spanish as a second language as a result from his various trips to Mexico and his dealings with Jodorowsky and his retinue, also picked up sufficient language skills to communicate in English.^[121][1]

Movie adaptations

Cauchemar Blanc DVD cover by Mœbius

In 1991 his graphic novel short, "Cauchemar Blanc", was cinematized by Mathieu Kassovitz, winning Kassovitz (but not Giraud) two film awards.^[169] With Arzak Rhapsody, Giraud saw his ambitions as a full-fledged animation movie maker at least in part fulfilled. A 2002 series for French television broadcaster France 2, it consisted of fourteen four minute long animated vignettes, based on Giraud's seminal character, for which he did the writing, drawings and co-production. Young daughter Nausicaa had voice-over appearances in three of the episodes together with her father.^[170]

"The Lost Dutchman's Mine" story cycle of the Blueberry series was adapted for the screen in 2004, by Jan Kounen, as Blueberry: L'expérience secrète. Three prior attempts to bring Blueberry to the silver screen had fallen through two decades earlier; in 1986 Charlier disclosed how American actor Martin Kove had actually already been signed to play the titular role – with whom Kove shared a remarkable resemblance at the time – for the first two early-1980s attempts, which were both based on the "Confederate Gold" cycle. It was Kove who introduced the two Blueberry creators to would-be American film producers on both occasions. The first attempt failed because American producers intended a complete script rewrite turning Blueberry into a completely unrecognizable standard western. The second attempt suffered even worse as its American producer, "inspired" by the success of the 1981 movie Raiders of the Lost Ark, wanted to turn the project into a Raiders 2.0, set in the Yucatán peninsula, complete with Aztec warriors and pyramids and featuring a daring escape in a zeppelin-type airship. Helped by his background in law, an aghast Charlier instructed Giraud to sabotage the project as much as possible and the Blueberry creators eventually managed to buy back the rights for US$30.000. Already mentioned by Charlier in his 1986 interview, Kove had even traveled to Europe to shoot some test-footage scenes from the comic series in this role in order to entice potential investors, and that some of it was still in his possession as it turned out decades later. Convinced that the project was a viable one, Kove has also revealed in 2014 that he, together with the two Blueberry creators, tried to save it by putting up his own money as well when the project was falling apart due to arguments about funding among European/American would-be producers – to no avail however,^[171] which was a slightly different version of events as had been related by Charlier. The third (and last) attempt concerned a European only endeavor, which had at one point actually involved Sergio Leone, according to Charlier,^[172] and was actually conceived as a television movie series and slated to be produced by the Swiss/French/Belgian production/distribution company Technisonor,^[173] more faithfully adhering – than the later 2004 film adaptation – to the main comic series and intended to span the "Iron Horse" through the "Rehabilitation" story cycles. That 1983 attempt petered out without so much as a whimper, most likely due to lack of interest on the part of European investors.

2010 saw the adaptation of "La planète encore" ("The Still Planet"), a short story from the Le Monde d'Edena universe – and which had won him his 1991 Eisner Award – into an animated short. Moebius Production served as a production company, with Isabelle Giraud serving as one of its producers. Giraud himself was one of the two directors of the short and it premiered at the «Mœbius transe forme» exposition at the Fondation Cartier pour l'art contemporain in Paris.^[174]

In November 2021 it was announced Oscar winner Taika Waititi would direct the screen adaptation of Jodorowsky/Moebius's graphic novel The Incal and co-write the script with frequent collaborators Jemaine Clement and Peter Warren.^[175]

HM Communications

The English-language versions of many of Mœbius' comics have been collected into various editions, beginning with a small series of US graphic novel sized trade paperbacks from HM Communications, Inc., collecting work originally published in its Heavy Metal magazine (the US version of the French original, co-founded by Giraud), and in which Moebius' work was introduced to American readership in the 1970s. It has been noted by Taboo Editor-in-Chief Stephen R. Bissette that the quality of the translations of HM Communications had been very poor.^[77]

Heavy Metal presents (1977–1981)

• Arzach (64 pages, HM Communications, 1977, ISBN 0930368886)
• Is Man Good? (64 pages, HM Communications, 1978, ISBN 0930368924)
• Moebius (96 pages, HM Communications, 1981, OCLC 9043362, issued without ISBN^[248]); art/comic book hybrid with an introduction by Federico Fellini, featuring a selection of art lifted from the French 1980 "Mœbius" source art book,^[67] and the entirety of the first volume of the Incal series, "The Black Incal", therefore constituting the first English-language book release of the series.

Marvel/Epic

A far more comprehensive effort was undertaken at Marvel Comics under its Epic imprint in the late 1980s and early 1990s, initiated, translated and introduced by Jean-Marc and Randy Lofficier. The intent was to collect all comics Giraud had hitherto published in Europe as Mœbius into one single format collection, and in this Epic largely succeeded, when the eventual two – three when counting Blueberry as well – collections had run their courses around 1992. When initiated, the collections were otherwise unaltered published in Great Britain as well, with a lag ranging from a few months to a year, by Titan Books in a smaller print run of 6.000 copies per title – like the previous HM Communications book releases had been – as opposed to the initial 20.000 copies per title release by Epic with a continuous reprint option for those volumes selling out while the Epic publication effort was underway, a relative novelty in the US comic world at the time.^[111] However, of the eventual eleven titles in the Fantasies softcover collection, only six (Mœbius 1 - Mœbius 6) were ultimately released by Titan Books. With the exception of Mœbius 9 – Stel (itself a very late addition to the Fantasies collection, being a near simultaneous international 1994 release), Giraud created new cover art for the Marvel/Epic releases, including the Incal (and Blueberry) series. Save for Mœbius 1⁄2 and aside from the covers, it was for the Fantasies collection that stories originally done in black & white in the French source publications, received first time coloring, most notably The Airtight Garage, but excepting the seminal short story "The Detour".^[39] Remarkably, Epic was aided by outsiders Dark Horse Comics and Graphitti Designs, who each added a volume to the Fantasies collection, adhering to the style and format as set by Epic, in which work was published Marvel/Epic itself apparently deemed too controversial to publish themselves, particularly the 0-volume for its heavy, albeit humorous, phallic theme.

Though some purist fans have frowned upon the coloring of the originally black & white stories, the Marvel/Epic Fantasies collection has nevertheless served as the template for similar collections subsequently released in not only native France, but in other countries as well.^[249]

The Collected Fantasies of Jean Giraud (1987–1994):

• Mœbius 0 – The Horny Goof & Other Underground Stories (72 pages, Dark Horse Comics, June 1990, ISBN 1878574167)^[250]
• Mœbius 1⁄2 – The Early Mœbius & Other Humorous Stories (60 pages, Graphitti Designs, 1992, ISBN 0936211288);^[251] black & white, expanded English-language version of "John Watercolor et sa redingote qui tue!!"
• Mœbius 1 – Upon A Star (72 pages, Marvel/Epic, September 1987, ISBN 0871352788;^[252] Titan, 1988, ISBN 1852860448)
• Mœbius 2 – Arzach & Other Fantasy Stories (72 pages, Marvel/Epic, April 1987, ISBN 0871352796;^[253] Titan, November 1988, ISBN 1852860456)
• Mœbius 3 – The Airtight Garage (120 pages, Marvel/Epic, April 1987, ISBN 087135280X;^[254] Titan, January 1990, ISBN 1852860464)
• Mœbius 4 – The Long Tomorrow & Other Science Fiction Stories (70 pages, Marvel/Epic, 1987, ISBN 0871352818;^[255] Titan, February 1988, ISBN 185286043X)
• Mœbius 5 – The Gardens of Aedena (72 pages, Marvel/Epic, 1988, ISBN 0871352826;^[256] Titan, 1988, ISBN 1852860472)
• Mœbius 6 – Pharagonesia & Other Strange Stories (72 pages, Marvel/Epic, June 1987, ISBN 0871352834;^[257] Titan, June 1988, ISBN 1852860480)
• Mœbius 7 – The Goddess (88 pages, Marvel/Epic, October 1990, ISBN 0871357143)^[258]
• Mœbius 8 – Mississippi River (64 pages, Marvel/Epic, January 1991, ISBN 0871357151^[259])
• Mœbius 9 – Stel (80 pages, Marvel/Epic, 1994, ISBN 0785100202^[260]); executed in the European standard A4 comic album format as opposed to the smaller American graphic novel format hitherto employed.

The Incal collection (1988)
Mœbius' magnum opus as such, The Incal, was separately released both in the US and Great Britain in its own mini series, each title collecting two of the original French source publications:

• The Incal 1 (96 pages, Marvel/Epic, July 1988, ISBN 0871354365; Titan, 1988, ISBN 1852861061)
• The Incal 2 (118 pages, Marvel/Epic, 1988, ISBN 0871354373; Titan, October 1988, ISBN 185286107X)
• The Incal 3 (96 pages, Marvel/Epic, September 1988, ISBN 0871354381; Titan, November 1988, ISBN 1852861088)

The Marvel/Epic graphic novel releases earned Giraud his three Harvey Awards in the category "Best American Edition of Foreign Material" in 1988 (for the Fantasies collection), in 1989 (for The Incal collection) and in 1991 (for the Blueberry collection).

The Silver Surfer (1988–2012)
This miniseries won Giraud his Eisner Award for best finite/limited series in 1989, each comic book issue enjoying a print run of 200,000 copies.^[111]

• The Silver Surfer, Part 1 (32 pages, Epic, December 1988); US standard comic book.
• The Silver Surfer, Part 2 (32 pages, Epic, January 1989); US standard comic book.
• The Silver Surfer (68 pages, Epic, December 1988, ISBN 0871354918); with new cover and editorial enhanced, limited deluxe hardcover anthology edition in dust jacket, though print run is unknown.
• The Silver Surfer: Parable (68 pages, Marvel, 1998/Q1, ISBN 0785106561); softcover trade paperback reissue.
• The Silver Surfer: Parable (168 pages, Marvel, May 2012, ISBN 9780785162094); hardcover trade edition, augmented with work from Keith Pollard, concurrently released as a numbered, limited to 640 copies, hardcover edition in dust jacket (ISBN 9780785162100).

Art Books (1989–1995)
In between, Epic Comics did release four stand-alone art book titles, with Chaos and Metallic Memories reproducing most of the 1980 original:^[67]

• The Art of Mœbius (96 pages, Epic/Byron Preiss, October 1989, ISBN 0871356104^[261]); softcover US graphic novel format, collecting a selection of art previously published in the French source publications, including "La memoire du futur", but – being otherwise an American initiative – it does not adhere to either the content or size format of the source publications, rather featuring artist's annotations on each piece of artwork. Foreword by George Lucas.
• Chaos (96 pages, Epic, November 1991, ISBN 0871358336^[262]); hardcover book in deviant 30x30cm format issued without dust jacket, faithful reproduction of the French source publication.
• Metallic Memories (88 pages, Epic, November 1992, ISBN 0871358344^[263]); hardcover book in deviant 30x30cm format issued without dust jacket, faithful reproduction of the French source publication.
• Fusion (126 pages, Epic, 1995, ISBN 0785101551^[264]); oversized European graphic novel format hardcover book issued without dust jacket, faithful reproduction of the French source publication.

The Elsewhere Prince (1990)
While Giraud (with Lofficier) was only the co-writer of this US standard comic book mini series, which took place in "The Airtight Garage" universe, there was additional art from him featured in short accompanying editorials, as well as one to two page short stories.

• Sonnet 1: The Jouk (32 pages, Epic, May 1990)
• Sonnet 2: The Princess (32 pages, Epic, June 1990)
• Sonnet 3: Abagoo (32 pages, Epic, July 1990)
• Sonnet 4: The Prince (32 pages, Epic, August 1990)
• Sonnet 5: The Bouch' Tarhai (32 pages, Epic, September 1990)
• Sonnet 6: The Artist (32 pages, Epic, October 1990)

Onyx Overlord (1992–1993)
By Giraud co-written sequel to The Elsewhere Prince, and like that series, also featuring additional art from his hand. While Giraud was very pleased with Shanower's art for The Elsewhere Prince for its "naive qualities" he found very fitting for the story-arc, he was deeply disappointed with Bingham's art for Onyx Overlord, considering the work of the "old comics veteran" uninspired and "truly undignified", suspecting Bingham did not like the work. Because of this, Giraud decided not to dispatch the already completed scenarios for Logs 5 and 6. Disappointing sales of the European editions left the cycle uncompleted indefinitely.^[265]

• Log 1: Armjourth (32 pages, Epic, October 1992)
• Log 2: Randomearth Yby (32 pages, Epic, November 1992)
• Log 3: Onyx (32 pages, Epic, December 1992)
• Log 4: Return to Armjourth (32 pages, Epic, January 1993)

Moebius' Airtight Garage (1993)
Standard US comic book reissue of the 1987 graphic novel, with some additional art in the editorials.

• Volume 1 (32 pages, Epic, July 1993)
• Volume 2 (32 pages, Epic, August 1993)
• Volume 3 (32 pages, Epic, September 1993)
• Volume 4 (32 pages, Epic, October 1993)

The Halo Graphic Novel (2006)
Comprising four chapters, Giraud provided the 16-page art for chapter 4, "Second Sunrise over New Mombasa". In the editorial of the novel (p. 99), Giraud explained that son Raphaël's enjoyment of the game series ultimately compelled him to accept an invitation to contribute his art; before penciling the story, he had never played the video games.

• The Halo Graphic Novel (128 pages, Marvel, August 2006, ISBN 9780785123729); hardcover in dust jacket, US graphic novel format
• Halo Graphic Novel (128 pages, Marvel, June 2010, ISBN 9780785123781); softcover trade paperback, US graphic novel format

Graphitti Designs

Excepting The Art of Mœbius, Mœbius 9, Fusion (being Johnny-come-lately's, the latter two were released too late for inclusion, whereas the first one, having been a co-publication, could not for copyright reasons), The Silver Surfer and The Elsewhere Prince/Onyx Overlord, all these volumes were very shortly thereafter reissued by Graphitti Designs – having themselves added a volume to the Collected Fantasies series – as part of their signed and numbered, "Limited Hardcover Edition" 1500 copy each collection (in dust jacket), combining these with the similar Blueberry releases by Epic and Catalan Communications, in a single "Mœbius" ten-volume complete works anthology release. Excepting the last volume, the Mœbius collection was executed in the standard European graphic novel size. The "Young Blueberry" and "Virtual Meltdown" anthology titles differed from the others in that they were not printed on high gloss paper, but on matte paper as in the original ComCat/Epic publications, and was in itself a stark indication – aside from the very quick release after the original Marvel/Epic/ComCat individual publications – that the Graphitti Designs release had always been foreseen, resulting in that the original print run of the interior pages for the individual volumes had already accounted for inclusion in the anthology collection as well.

Mœbius anthology collection (1988–1993)

• Limited Hardcover Edition 12 - Mœbius 1 (272 pages, Graphitti Designs, July 1987, ISBN 0936211105); collects Moebius 1 - 3
• Limited Hardcover Edition 13 - Mœbius 2 (220 pages, Graphitti Designs, 1988, ISBN 0936211113); collects Moebius 4 - 6
• Limited Hardcover Edition 14 - Mœbius 3; The Incal (312 pages, Graphitti Designs, 1988, ISBN 0936211121); collects the Marvel/Epic Incal series
• Limited Hardcover Edition 22 - Mœbius 4; Blueberry (240 pages, Graphitti Designs, 1989, ISBN 0936211202); collects the Marvel/Epic Blueberry series
• Limited Hardcover Edition 23 - Mœbius 5; Blueberry (240 pages, Graphitti Designs, 1990, ISBN 0936211210); collects the Marvel/Epic Blueberry series
• Limited Hardcover Edition 24 - Mœbius 6; Young Blueberry (168 pages, Graphitti Designs, 1990, ISBN 0936211229); collects the ComCat Young Blueberry series
• Limited Hardcover Edition 35 - Mœbius 7 (220 pages, Graphitti Designs, 1990, ISBN 0936211334); collects Moebius 0,1⁄2 and 7
• Limited Hardcover Edition 36 - Mœbius 8; Blueberry (240 pages, Graphitti Designs, 1991, ISBN 0936211350); collects the Marvel/Epic Blueberry series
• Limited Hardcover Edition 37 - Mœbius 9; Blueberry (180 pages, Graphitti Designs, 1991, ISBN 0936211350); collects the Marvel/Epic Blueberry series & Moebius 8; erroneous use of the same ISBN as the previous volume
• Limited Hardcover Edition 44 - Virtual Meltdown: Images of Mœbius (188 pages, Graphitti Designs, 1993, ISBN 0936211385); collects Chaos and Metallic Memories; issued without dust jacket in deviant 30x30cm format

Dark Horse

The Abyss (1989)
This mini comic book series, is the comic adaptation of the eponymous movie. The eight-page editorials in each are dedicated to the production design art Giraud had provided for the movie.

• The Abyss, issue 1 (32 pages, Dark Horse Comics, June 1989)
• The Abyss, issue 2 (32 pages, Dark Horse Comics, July 1989)

Concrete (1990)
This special in the Concrete comic book series, featured the first time, full color publication of the 23-page short story "The Still Planet", set in the Edena universe. Accounting for half the contents of the comic book, the story was instrumental in making Mœbius co-winner of the 1991 Eisner Award in the category "Best Single Issue".

• Concrete Celebrates Earth Day 1990 (52 pages, Dark Horse Comics, April 1990)^[266]

Dark Horse Presents (1992-1993)

• Issue 63 (32 pages, Dark Horse Comics, June 1992)^[267]
  • "Marie Dakar"; eight-page text-less short story and cover artist.
• Issues 70-76 (32 pages, Dark Horse Comics, February - August 1993)^[268]
  • "Madwoman of the Sacred Heart" (Volume 1); black & white, art and cover artist issues 70 and 73

City of Fire art portfolio (1993)
The fourth Mœbius outing of Dark Horse concerned a reissue of the art portfolio La Cité Feu – a collaborative art project of Giraud with Geoff Darrow – Starwatcher Graphics had released as an English language (for the introduction folio) "Limited American lux edition" version of 100 signed and numbered copies in January 1985 under its original title, alongside the French 950 copy original by Aedena.^[269] Some of the art is reproduced in the aforementioned Fusion art book by Epic.

• City of Fire (10 folios, Dark Horse, 1993); Unsigned and limited, though print run is unknown, 14.5"x19" sized lithograph prints with cover folio in envelope, as opposed to the hardboard box of the 1985 release. Also lacking the by Mœbius written introduction folio for that release, original cover, description and two black and white art folios, which are however replaced by two color additions.

Mœbius collection (1996)
Having added the 0-volume to the Collected Fantasies series in 1990, Dark Horse Comics too decided to release a Mœbius specific – meaning without his Western work – collection themselves, this time executed in the standard US comic book-sized format and soliciting the editorial input from Jean-Marc Lofficier who had already done so for the previous efforts. Though much of the contents was essentially a recapitulation of the Marvel/Epic publications, Lofficier made use of the opportunity to add work Mœbius had created after the Marvel/Epic publications had run its course, such as the story The Man from the Ciguri (a sequel to The Airtight Garage) and the first two outings of the Madwomen of the sacred Heart series.

• Arzach (80 pages, Dark Horse Comics, February 1996, ISBN 1569711321)
• Exotics (80 pages, Dark Horse Comics, April 1996, ISBN 1569711348)^[270]
• The Man from the Ciguri (80 pages, Dark Horse Comics, May 1996, ISBN 1569711356), collecting the episodes as originally serialized in black & white in the publisher's Cheval Noir (French for Dark Horse) magazine (issues 26–30, 33–37, 40–41, and 50, 1992–1994).
• H.P.'s Rock City (80 pages, Dark Horse Comics, June 1996, ISBN 156971133X)^[271]
• Madwomen of the sacred Heart (144 pages, Dark Horse Comics, August 1996, ISBN 1569711364); black & white, collecting the first volume as serialized in their 1993 Dark Horse Presents magazine, augmented with volume 2.

Mœbius Library (2016-)
Twenty years later, in April 2016, Dark Horse announced an ambitious project called the "Mœbius Library" to be released by its book division in American graphic novel hardcover format^[272] – even though the later added Doctor Moebius and Mister Gir title became executed as a softcover release. The stated intent was to predominantly publish latter day work by Mœbius in conjunction with, and originally published under the auspices of, his own publishing house "Mœbius Production", headed after his death in 2012 by second wife Isabelle. The first title was released in October 2016, which promptly won an Eisner Award.

• Mœbius Library 1 - The World of Edena (360 pages, Dark Horse Books, October 2016, ISBN 9781506702162); featuring the first time English language version of the last installment Sra, thereby completing The World of Edena series in English. Recipient of a 2017 Eisner Award in the category "Best U.S. Edition of International Material".^[232]
• Mœbius Library 2 - Inside Moebius, Part 1 (216 pages, Dark Horse Books, February 2018, ISBN 9781506703206); collects the first two volumes of the French source publication
• Mœbius Library 3 - The Art of Edena (208 pages, Dark Horse Books, April 2018, ISBN 9781506703213); art/comic book hybrid, collects the Edena short stories as well as Edena associated art.
• Mœbius Library 4 - Inside Moebius, Part 2 (264 pages, Dark Horse Books, June 2018, ISBN 9781506704968); collects the middle two volumes of the French source publication
• Mœbius Library 5 - Inside Moebius, Part 3 (280 pages, Dark Horse Books, October 2018, ISBN 9781506706047); collects the last two volumes of the French source publication
• Mœbius Library Special 1 - Doctor Moebius and Mister Gir (288 pages, Dark Horse Books, 16 December 2023, ISBN 9781506713434; faithful translation of the 2015 French source publication, but with minute editorial differences such as the omission of some accompanying art and the addition of the postscript editorial glossary.

Halo Graphic Novel (2021)

• Halo Graphic Novel (128 pages, Dark Horse Books, October 2021, ISBN 9781506725871); softcover trade paperback, US graphic novel format; reprint of the 2010 Marvel edition.

Kitchen Sink Press

Kitchen Sink Press was a publisher of underground comics, explaining the French Ticklers series, and had connotations with HM Communications, adopting some of its artist after the latter had become defunct. Concurrently they had merged with Tundra Publishing in 1993, explaining the Visions of Arzach anthology art book.

French Ticklers (1989-1990)
A short-lived comic book series, collecting work from French underground comic artists, including Giraud. Giraud's contributions concerned some of his early "Mœbius" work he had produced for Hara-Kiri in 1963–1964. Graphitti Designs subsequently collected all early Mœbius work in their 1992 Collected Fantasies contribution as "Mœbius ½". All three black & white issues featured a (color) cover by Mœbius.

• Issue 1 (32 pages, Kitchen Sink Press, October 1989)^[273]
• Issue 2 (32 pages, Kitchen Sink Press, December 1989)^[274]
• Issue 3 (32 pages, Kitchen Sink Press, February 1990)^[275]

Legends of Arzach (1992)
This original American publication consists of six, 9.2"x12.2" sized, art portfolios, each of them containing an introduction plate, a by Giraud illustrated booklet featuring a short story by R.J.M. Lofficier, set in the Arzach universe, and eight art prints by American comic artists, paying homage to Mœbius' seminal character, 48 in total. Lofficier later expanded upon his short stories in his 2000 book title by iBOOKS, mentioned below.

• Gallery 1 - Charcoal burner of Ravenwood (Tundra Publishing, January 1992, ISBN 1879450216)
• Gallery 2 - White Pteron (Tundra Publishing, March 1992, ISBN 1879450240)
• Gallery 3 - Keep of two moons (Tundra Publishing, May 1992, ISBN 1879450259)
• Gallery 4 - The Rock of Everlasting Despair (Tundra Publishing, July 1992, ISBN 1879450267)
• Gallery 5 - The Keeper of the Earth's Treasures (Tundra Publishing, September 1992, ISBN 1879450275)
• Gallery 6 - The Fountains of Summer (Tundra Publishing, November 1992, ISBN 1879450283)

"Visions of Arzach" (1993)
Original American art book publication with a new cover by Mœbius, collecting the art prints by American artists from Legends of Arzach with a few additions.

• Visions of Arzach (56 pages, Kitchen Sink Press, December 1993, ISBN 087816233X); European graphic novel format sized hardcover trade edition.

iBOOKS

iBOOKS Inc. was a publishing imprint of Byron Preiss, who had previously been the editor-in-chief and co-publisher of the 1989 The Art of Mœbius book by Epic. Preiss incidentally, was also the editor-in-chief for the hereafter mentioned by Mœbius illustrated 1987 Project Pendulum science fiction novel.^[146]

"Mœbius Arzach" (2000)

• Mœbius Arzach (291 pages, iBOOKS, August 2000, ISBN 0743400151); Illustrated trade paperback softcover novel, taking place in the Arzach universe.

Icaro (2003–2004)

• Book 1 (160 pages, iBOOKS, November 2003, ISBN 0743475380); Softcover trade paperback
• Book 2 (140 pages, iBOOKS, January 2004, ISBN 0743479807); Softcover trade paperback

Humanoids Publishing

After the initial cooperation with DC Comics in the mid-2000s, publisher Humanoids, Inc. (until 2013 the US subsidiary of the French publisher co-founded by Moebius in 1974) has from 2010 onward begun to reissue new editions of Mœbius works on its own, starting with two of Mœbius's past collaborations with Alejandro Jodorowsky: The Incal and Madwoman of the Sacred Heart. Humanoids releases these latter-day hardcover editions, usually without dust jacket, in variant size formats, US graphic novel format (trade editions), oversized format (which is essentially the larger, standard European graphic novel A4 format), and the even larger coffee table format, the latter typically in a limited print run. Aside from the English language publications, Humanoids occasionally imports French deluxe, limited edition specialty Moebius editions, such as Le Garage hermétique (ISBN 9782731652253) and Arzach (ISBN 9782731634365), from the parent publisher especially on behalf of its American readership. The post-2010 Humanoids editions are also intended for, and disseminated to, the British-Canadian and UK markets, with the exception of two 2011 Incal editions, which were licensed and featured variant cover art.

The Metabarons (2002)
Giraud had created one 8-page short story "Au coeur de l'inviolable meta bunker" in 1989,^[276] focusing on one of the major secondary characters from the Incal saga, The Metabaron, whose ancestry later received its own The Metabarons spin-off series. Though that story was redrawn by the series' artist Juan Giménez for later book publications, Giraud's original was published in black & white in the below-mentioned 1990 British publication, and subsequently included in an outing of Humanoids' "Prestige Format Comic Book" collection as "Metabaron 1: The Lost Pages", which introduced Valérie Beltran's new coloring for Giraud's Incal series.

• The Metabarons: "Alpa/Omega" (48 pages, Humanoids Inc, October 2002, ISBN 1930652410); Softcover trade edition

The Incal (2005–2022)
Excepting the early 2005 co-productions with DC Comics, all subsequent editions feature the original coloring. The two co-editions with DC featured an entirely new coloring by Valérie Beltran as well as some censorship in regard to nudity, neither of which sitting well with writer Jodorowsky, who interpreted the changes as a cheap ploy to entice a younger readership.^[277] Customer reviews for both titles on Amazon.com, showed that fans were largely in concordance with Jodorowsky's assessment. Considered a commercial failure, Beltran's coloring has never been used again after the initial (international) releases, be it in the United States or elsewhere in the world.

• The Incal (2005)
  • Volume 1:The Epic Conspiracy (160 pages, Humanoids/DC Comics, January 2005, ISBN 1401206298); Softcover trade edition, collecting volumes 1–3 from the French original source publications, including "Metabaron 1: The Lost Pages" as "Solune's Origin".
  • Volume 2:The Epic Journey (160 pages, Humanoids/DC Comics, June 2005, ISBN 1401206468); Softcover trade edition, collecting volumes 4–6 from the French original source publications.
• The Incal anthology collections (2010–2022)
  • The Incal Classic Collection (308 pages, Humanoids Inc, December 2010, ISBN 9781594650116); To 750 copies limited oversized hardcover edition in hardboard slipcase.
  • The Incal Classic Collection (308 pages, Humanoids Inc, June 2011, ISBN 9781594650154); Hardcover trade edition, reprinted in May 2012, and April 2013.
  • The Incal (316 pages, Humanoids Inc, September 2014, ISBN 9781594650932); Hardcover trade edition, essentially a reprint, but featuring new introductions.
  • The Incal (324 pages, Humanoids Inc, February 2019, ISBN 9781594653445); To 1550 copies limited oversized two-volume hardcover collector's edition in deluxe hardboard slipcase.
  • The Incal (320 pages, Humanoids Inc, August 2020), ISBN 9781643379791); "Exclusive Direct Market Edition" softcover trade edition with deviant cover.
  • The Incal (320 pages, Humanoids Inc, September 2020), ISBN 9781643377803); Softcover trade edition.
  • The Incal (320 pages, Humanoids Inc, January 2022), ISBN 9781643378169); Oversized deluxe hardcover black & white edition.
• The Incal anthology collections (2011 licensed UK editions)
  • The Incal Classic Collection (308 pages, Titan Books, May 2011, ISBN 9780857685865); Hardcover trade edition.
  • The Incal (308 pages, SelfMadeHero, October 2011, ISBN 9781906838393); Hardcover trade edition.
• The Incal individual volumes (2013–2017); The six, 2013–2014, single title volumes, are each executed as a, to 999 copies limited, hardcover coffee table edition.
  • Volume 1: The Black Incal (48 pages, Humanoids Inc, January 2013, ISBN 9781594650291)
  • Volume 2: The Luminous Incal (48 pages, Humanoids Inc, March 2013, ISBN 9781594650277)
  • Volume 3: What Lies Beneath (56 pages, Humanoids Inc, May 2013, ISBN 9781594650093)
  • Volume 4: What Is Above (60 pages, Humanoids Inc, August 2013, ISBN 9781594650499)
  • Volume 5: The Fifth Essence Part One: The Dreaming Galaxy (48 pages, Humanoids Inc, November 2013, ISBN 9781594650543)
  • Volume 6: The Fifth Essence Part Two: Planet Difool (48 pages, Humanoids Inc, January 2014, ISBN 9781594650697)
  • Volume 1: The Incal - FCBD 2017 (32 pages, Humanoids Inc, May 2017, UPC 709445833524); truncated standard US comic book version of volume 1 as Humanoids' first "Free Comic Book Day" offering.

Madwoman of the Sacred Heart (2010–2022)
With the translation of volume 3 of the series, "The Sorbonne's Madman", these anthology collections complete the series.

• Madwoman of the Sacred Heart (192 pages, Humanoids Inc, December 2010, ISBN 9781594650987); Hardcover trade edition in dust jacket.
• Madwoman of the Sacred Heart (192 pages, Humanoids Inc, February 2012, ISBN 9781594650628); Softcover trade edition.
• Madwoman of the Sacred Heart (192 pages, Humanoids Inc, September 2013, ISBN 9781594650468); Hardcover trade edition with deviant cover.
• Madwoman of the Sacred Heart (192 pages, Humanoids Inc, September 2022, ISBN 9781643376523); Oversized hardcover edition, but essentially a reprint of the 2013 edition.
• The Jodorowsky Library, Volume 6 (304 pages, Humanoids Inc, June 2023, ISBN 9781643379548); Hardcover trade edition.

"The Eyes of the Cat" (2011–2013)

• The Eyes of the Cat (56 pages, Humanoids Inc, December 2011, ISBN 9781594650581); To 750 copies limited hardcover coffee table format edition with black & white art featured on white paper.
• The Eyes of the Cat (56 pages, Humanoids Inc, August 2012, ISBN 9781594650321); Hardcover trade edition with black & white art featured on white paper.
• The Eyes of the Cat (56 pages, Humanoids Inc, June 2013, ISBN 9781594650420); "Yellow edition" with deviant cover, hardcover trade edition with black & white art featured on yellow paper as originally published in French (and as published in Taboo 4).

"Angel Claws" (2013-2019)
Essentially a reissue of the 1997 Eurotica title, but on this occasion issued without a dust jacket, using the plural for the title, and featuring a deviant cover.

• Angel Claws (72 pages, Humanoids Inc, March 2013, ISBN 9781594650123); To 800 copies limited black & white hardcover coffee table format edition.
• Angel Claws (72 pages, Humanoids Inc, March 2019, ISBN 9781594653230); Hardcover trade edition.

Final Incal (2014-2022)
Though this three-volume series (originally called Après l'Incal – After the Incal) was ultimately realized with art from José Ladrönn, Giraud had actually already penciled the first outing in the series, "Le nouveau rêve",^[132] but which was replaced by a re-scripted and by Ladronn redrawn variant for reprint runs. The anthology editions below however, feature the Moebius 56-page original as well as a bonus. Actually, the series was from the start intended to be a purely Jodorowsky/Moebius follow-up to their acclaimed main series, but as stated above, it was Giraud who declined to continue afterwards.

• Final Incal (216 pages, Humanoids Inc, May 2014, ISBN 9781594650871); To 200 copies limited coffee table format edition in hardboard slipcase, issued with three art prints and a by Jodorowsky and Ladrönn signed and numbered bookplate.
• Final Incal (216 pages, Humanoids Inc, May 2014, ISBN 9781594650864); To 1500 copies limited oversized format edition in hardboard slipcase.
• The Jodorowsky Library, Volume 3 (416 pages, Humanoids Inc, August 2022, ISBN 9781643379067); Hardcover trade edition.

"Deconstructing The Incal" (2017)
An illustrated reference book dealing with the Incal universe. Faithful reproduction of the 2016 second, updated and expanded edition of the 1989 French "Les Mystères de l'Incal" original,^[246] but without the "Au coeur de l'inviolable meta bunker" short story in its original coloring, which was however published by the publisher in July 2020 as a digital release (ISBN 9781643379739) under its English title "In the Heart of the Impregnable Metabunker" (aka "Solune's Origin" as the story was coined by the publisher in its 2005 co-publication with DC).

• "Deconstructing The Incal" (112 pages, Humanoids Inc, October 2017, ISBN 9781594656903); Oversized hardcover trade edition.

Various

"Buffalo Bill, Scout and Frontiersman" (1968)
Earliest known English book publication with art by Giraud, faithful reproduction of the French original.^[30]

• Buffalo Bill, Scout and Frontiersman (68 pages, Feltham:Odhams Books, Ltd, 1968, OCLC 124715); illustrated hardcover textbook in European graphic novel format.

"Project Pendulum" (1987) An illustrated hardback science fiction novel with dust jacket written by Robert Silverberg and therefore a USA original. The by Mœbius illustrated book has as such seen reciprocally a translation in native French as a mass paperback release in J'ai lu's SF pocketbook collection (#3059, ISBN 2277230596) in 1991, with a reprint in 1994.

• "Project Pendulum" (200 pages, New York City:Walker & Company, September 1987, ISBN 0802767125)

The Magic Crystal (1989–1990)
Executed as softcovers in the European graphic novel format.

• #1 - The Magic Crystal (48 pages, New York City:Catalan Communications, September 1989, ISBN 0874160677)
• #2 - Island of the Unicorn (48 pages, Catalan Communications, February 1990, ISBN 0874160847)
• #3 - Aurelys's Secret (48 pages, Catalan Communications, May 1990, ISBN 0874161029)

"Eyes of the Cat" (1990)
For unknown reasons, this 54-page work had been left out of the Marvel/Epic collection of the 1980s–1990s, despite the fact that the work was hailed by comic critics as a graphic masterpiece. Still, the story did see a contemporary first-time English-language publication, with elaborate annotations from its authors, in this graphic novel anthology. The black & white Mœbius story was as only one printed on yellow paper, like it was in the original French source publication. The anthology featured the rejected Les Chiens 1979 movie poster by Mœbius as cover. In the 2010s reissued several times by Humanoides Publishing as specified above.

• Taboo 4 (168 pages, Wilmington, VT:Spiderbaby Grafix & Publications, January 1990, ISBN 0922003033); black & white softcover trade paperback

The Mœbius Portfolio (1990)
By Lofficier coined section name (1 illustrated page) for the three Moebius contributions to this British graphic novel anthology, which consisted of "In the heart of the impregnable meta-bunker" (8 pages, first time English language publication), "Carnet 3: The Mœbius Sketchbook" (8 pages), and "Mœbius Circa '74" (8 pages). Giraud provided the promotional poster art for this outing, but not the cover.

• A1: Book Four (96 pages, London: Atomeka Press, April 1990, ISBN 187187856X); black & white softcover trade paperback

Mœbius Collector Cards (1993)

• Mœbius Collector Cards trading card set (Saddle Brook, NJ: Comic Images, 1993, OCLC 931830987); basic set of 90 cards plus 6 chase "Chromium Cards", original US release without any other (-language) editions.

"Mœbius: a retrospective" (1995)
A to 2500 copies limited exposition catalog for the similarly named exhibition at the Cartoon Art Museum, listed above.

• Mœbius: a retrospective (40 pages, San Francisco: Cartoon Art Museum, April 1995, OCLC 472884855); standard American softcover comic book format

Mœbius Ashcan Comics (1995-1999)
A publication by Giraud's own American publisher, and therefore not only an American original, but also a typical company release, to wit a limited, collector's edition intended for sale at comic conventions only. The mini-series collected hitherto unpublished art and shorts, and were edited by the company's co-shareholder J.M. Lofficier after the artist's return to native France.^[278]

• #1 - Moebius ashcan comics 1 (16 pages, Los Angeles:Starwatcher Graphics, 1995); black & white standard American comic book format, limited to 250 numbered copies + 25 "artist proofs" (AP) with embossed publisher seal
• #2 - Moebius ashcan comics presents: Ratman (16 pages, Los Angeles:Starwatcher Graphics, 1995); black & white standard American comic book format, limited to 250 numbered copies + 25 "artist proofs" (AP) with embossed publisher seal
• #3 - Moebius ashcan comics presents: Dune (16 pages, Starwatcher Graphics, 1995); black & white standard American comic book format, limited to 100 numbered copies + 25 "artist proofs" (AP) with embossed publisher seal; featuring storyboards and conceptart for Jodorowsky's abandoned Dune movie project
• #4 - Moebius ashcan comics 4 (16 pages, Starwatcher Graphics, 1997); black & white standard American comic book format, limited to 100 numbered copies + 25 "artist proofs" (AP) with embossed publisher seal
• #5 - Moebius ashcan comics presents: Coffee Dreams (16 pages, Starwatcher Graphics, 1997); black & white standard American comic book format, limited to 100 numbered copies + 25 "artist proofs" (AP) with embossed publisher seal
• #6 - Moebius ashcan comics presents: Crystal Dream (16 pages, Starwatcher Graphics, 1998); black & white standard American comic book format, limited to 100 numbered copies + 25 "artist proofs" (AP) with embossed publisher seal
• #7 - Moebius ashcan comics presents: Metreon (16 pages, Starwatcher Graphics, 1999); "special color issue" standard American comic book format in wraparound cover, limited to 100 numbered copies + 25 "artist proofs" (AP) with embossed publisher seal

Mœbius Comics (1996–1997)
Interior art executed in black & white, the series features a reprint of The Man from the Ciguri, but also new, and previously unseen Mœbius comics and art. Noteworthy are his storyboards for the abandoned Internal Transfer movie. Also featured in the series is a black & white version of the short story "The Still Planet", previously published in Concrete Celebrates Earth Day 1990, but this version sporting a different last page. J.M. Lofficier reprised his role as series editor for these comic book outings.

• Issue 1 (32 pages, Wayne County, MI:Caliber Comics, May 1996)
• Issue 2 (32 pages, Caliber Comics, July 1996)
• Issue 3 (32 pages, Caliber Comics, September 1996)
• Issue 4 (32 pages, Caliber Comics, November 1996)
• Issue 5 (32 pages, Caliber Comics, January 1997)
• Issue 6 (32 pages, Caliber Comics, March 1997); in wraparound cover.

"Angel Claw" (1997)
Due to the graphic, erotic nature of the book, this work of Moebius has not been published in the US in the 1990s by the "usual suspects", but rather by outlier NBM Publishing under its "Eurotica" imprint, as a European A4 format padded hardcover in dust jacket book. In the 2010s reissued several times by Humanoides Publishing as specified above.

• Angel Claw (72 pages, New York City:Eurotica, February 1997, ISBN 1561631531); black & white.

"The story of an idea" (2007)
A ten-page promotional brochure, featuring an eight-page comic by Giraud as Mœbius, detailing the history and aims of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. Especially created for the organization, the full color, standard European comic album sized, brochure was widely disseminated by the organization in French, English, Mandarin, Arabic and Spanish. The English language edition enjoyed a first print run of 48,000 copies, augmented with a 40,000 copy reprint run in May 2009.

• The story of an idea (10 pages, Geneva:International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, December 2007)

XIII (2013)

• #18 - The Irish Version (48 pages, Canterbury:Cinebook, April 2013, ISBN 9781849181457)