Mars-69 (2M)
ManufacturerNPO Lavochkin
Country of originSoviet Union
Specifications
Launch mass4,850 kg (10,690 lb)
← Luna E-8 M-71 →

The Mars-69/M-69 or 2M was the designation given to 2 Soviet Mars probes that were to be sent in 1969.[1][2][3] Based on the Luna E-8 landers used for Luna 15-24 (including Lunokhod 1 and 2),[4] they were the first attempted Mars and Interplanetary Orbiters. The probes, however, were both destroyed in separate launches in early 1969.[2]

Development and Launches

After the landing of Venera 4 in October 1967, NPO Lavochkin looked at landing a larger probe on Mars with an Orbiter. Using the newer Proton-K (Blok-D), they could beat NASA's upcoming Mariner 6 and 7 probes in the 1969 Mars launch window. By modifying the E-8 lander, the original M-69 design was created with a lander. The M-69 bus was however changed with a hard lander before finally in 1969, the lander was abandoned due to time constraints.[2]

The first launch occurred on March 27, 1969, when Mars-69A (2M No.521) was launched.[1] Although the first two stages of the Proton-K worked, the third stage failed, and the probe crashed in the Altai mountains.[5]

The second and last launch (2M No.522)[1] on April 2, 1969, failed when the Proton-K Blok-D carrying it first had smoke appearing from the first stage[5] before it veered west, crashing near Site 81/23.[2]

Legacy

After the failure of M-69, NPO Lavochkin redesigned Mars-69 to allow for a landing on Mars in 1971. This design would become the M-71,[5] the first version of 4MV bus.[4]

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Mars M69 #1, #2". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2023-09-25.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "M-69 Mars missions". www.russianspaceweb.com. Retrieved 2022-04-18.
  3. ↑ "Mars M-69". astronautix.com. Retrieved 2023-09-25.
  4. 1 2 "First Pictures of the Surface of Venus". mentallandscape.com. Retrieved 2022-04-18.
  5. 1 2 3 Perminov, V.G. (1999). The Difficult Road to Mars. NASA. ISBN 0-16-058859-6.
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