Pink Line
สายสีชมพู
Innovia Monorail 300 on a test run at Chaeng Watthana - Pak Kret 28 station, Nonthaburi
Overview
StatusPublic trial operation
OwnerMass Rapid Transit Authority of Thailand
LocaleNonthaburi and Bangkok, Thailand
Termini
Stations30
Service
TypeMonorail
SystemMetropolitan Rapid Transit
Operator(s)Northern Bangkok Monorail Company Limited
Depot(s)Min Buri
Rolling stockBombardier Innovia Monorail 300
4 cars per trainset
History
Opened21 November 2023 (full operation from 7 January 2024)[1]
Technical
Line length34.5 kilometers (21.4 mi) (est.)
Number of tracks2 monorail tracks
CharacterElevated
Electrification750 V DC
Operating speed80 km/h (50 mph)
SignallingBombardier CITYFLO 650 moving block CBTC ATC under ATO GoA 4 (Fully Automated Train Control), with subsystems of ATP, ATS and CBI[2]
Route map

  MRT :Left arrow Tao Poon-Khlong Bang Phai Right arrow
 Nonthaburi Civic Center
  MRT  (planned)
 Khae Rai
 Sanambin Nam
 Samakkhi
 Royal Irrigation Department
 Yaek Pak Kret
 Pak Kret Bypass
 Chaeng Watthana - Pak Kret 28
 Si Rat
 Muang Thong Thani
 Impact Muang Thong Thani
 Lake Muang Thong Thani
 Chaeng Watthana 14
 Government Complex
 National Telecom
 Lak Si
 SRT : Left arrow Krung Thep Aphiwat - Rangsit Right arrow
 Rajabhat Phranakhon
  BTS : Left arrow Kheha - Khu Khot Right arrow
 Wat Phra Sri Mahathat
 Ram Inthra 3
 Lat Pla Khao
 Ram Inthra Kor Mor 4
 Maiyalap
  MRL : Left arrow Tha Phra
 Vacharaphol
 Ram Inthra Kor Mor 6
 Khu Bon
 Ram Inthra Kor Mor 9
 Outer Ring Road - Ram Inthra
 Nopparat
 Bang Chan
 Setthabutbamphen
 Min Buri Market
  MRT :Left arrow Bang Khun Non - Yaek Rom Klao Right arrow
 Min Buri
 Depot
A typical ticket office of the Pink Line
Fare gates in Royal Irrigation Department Station
Signage at Khae Rai Station

The MRT Pink Line is an elevated monorail train line of the MRT in Bangkok and Nonthaburi Province, Thailand. The monorail line is 34.5 kilometres (21.4 mi) long and has 30 stations.[3] It runs in the northern part of the Bangkok Metropolitan Area from Nonthaburi Civic Center in Pak Kret district, Nonthaburi along the major east–west transport corridor of Highway 304 (Chaeng Wattana and Ram Inthra roads) to terminate at Min Buri in Min Buri district in east Bangkok. It opened for free public trial operation on 21 November 2023[4] with Prime Minister Srettha Thavisin taking the inaugural ride.[5]

The line is designed to link the northern areas of Bangkok and Nonthaburi by connecting with three existing and three future mass transit lines. At Nonthaburi Civic Center the line interchanges with the MRT Purple Line and the proposed MRT Brown Line. The line also interchanges with the SRT Dark Red Line, the BTS Sukhumvit Line and the planned BMA Grey Line. At the Min Buri terminus, the line interchanges with the MRT Orange Line.

Construction of the Pink Line began in December 2017. In October 2020, the BSR consortium stated that they aimed to open the first section of the Pink Line by October 2021, with services initially operating from Min Buri (PK30) to Government Complex (PK12). The complete line was originally set to be fully open by June 2022.[6] However, the outbreak of COVID-19 in Bangkok and changes to station locations delayed the opening date. On 24 September 2021, the MRTA Board granted a 290-day extension to the construction contract period.[7] In November 2021, the MRTA Board approved a new phased opening of the line starting from August 2022. On 9 December 2021, daily testing conducted at a maximum speed of 25 km/h (16 mph) began on a short 4 km (2.5 mi) section of the line between the depot at Min Buri and Bang Chan station. After a period of 3 months, testing was conducted at higher speeds and along a longer section of track.[8]

In April 2022, the acting Director-General of the Department of Rail Transport stated that the line would not begin full testing until September 2022 and that the first stage would not open until late December 2022.[9] In May 2023, a further 345-day extension was announced by the MRTA, delaying the start of trial operations for the initial section and later the final opening of the full line to June 2024.[10] However, after the opening of the MRT Yellow line the BSR announced that the first section of the line would open in November 2023.[11]

The line opened for free public trial operation on 21 November 2023 and officially launched on 18 December 2023.[4] Revenue service was initially scheduled to begin on 3 January 2024,[12] but an incident involving conductor rails resulted in a delay to 7 January, with a 15 percent discount for travels between Royal Irrigation Department and Min Buri, and the first four stations will be free of charge, running only in one direction on rails unaffected by the incident as a shuttle service, while the affected rails are being repaired.[1]

Route alignment

The line begins at Nonthaburi Civic Center near Khae Rai Junction, Nonthaburi Province, in the northwest of Greater Bangkok. The line then heads north along Tiwanon Road to Pak Kret Intersection, Pak Kret District, before turning east to run along Chaeng Watthana road. It interchanges with the SRT Dark Red Line at Lak Si Station and passes over Vibhavadi Rangsit Road running east through the Ram Intra intersection and the Lak Si monument in Bang Khen District, where it crosses under the BTS Sukhumvit Line and interchanges with Wat Phra Sri Mahathat. The line then continues farther east along Ram Inthra Road to the northeast of Bangkok before terminating at Min Buri where it finally interchanges with the MRT Orange Line at Min Buri station (OR28).

History

The Pink Line was first proposed in 2005 by the Office of Transport and Traffic Policy and Planning as a heavy rail underground line. It was changed to a monorail line in 2008 to reduce construction costs. The director-general of the Office of Transport and Traffic Policy and Planning had previously stated in an interview that the Pink Line was considered a priority scheme to be completed by 2017–18, as it ran past the then recently opened Bangkok Government Complex.[13] A review was undertaken in early 2012 to reconsider the heavy rail option, but cost restraints prevailed and the Office decided to continue with the monorail plan. The review of the line did result, however, in the addition of 6 new stations. The environmental impact assessment for the Pink Line was finalized in late 2012. In October 2012, members of the new government requested to extend the planned line east by 3.4 km (2.1 mi) beyond the Min Buri terminus to Nong Chok.[14] However, this extension of the line was not approved. The expected cost of the line in 2012 with the additional 6 extra stations was 55 billion baht.[15]

The Pink line was due to be tendered in the third quarter of 2013 with construction due to commence in early 2014.[16] However, delays in preparation of the tender in relation to the selection of monorail rolling stock and political protests resulting in a snap national election in early Feb 2014 further delayed the Pink Line tender.[17] A coup in May 2014 resulted in a new military administration and the tender being deferred while a review of all mass transit projects was undertaken for a period of 18 months. The Pink line tender was then changed to a PPP tender process which was not released until mid 2016.

The BSR consortium consisting of BTS Group Holdings (75% majority stake) with Sino-Thai Engineering and Construction (STEC), and Ratch Group (RATCH) won the bid in early December 2016 to construct and operate the Pink Line.[18] The BSR consortium won the bid for a 30-year concession operate the line and also won the bid to build and operate the MRT Yellow Line.

On 16 June 2017, contracts were signed by the BSR consortium with the Mass Rapid Transit Authority of Thailand.[19] The BSR established the Northern Bangkok Monorail Company Limited (NBM) to operate the line.

Construction progress

Construction of the Pink Line began in December 2017 with the BSR consortium establishing a number of preparation work sites and closing lanes along the east-west Chaeng Wattana-Ram Inthra corridor.[20] By 30 September 2018, overall construction was 10.37% complete.[21] Construction work on Tiwanon Road began at the end of October 2018 with the temporary closure of long stretches of the middle lanes between Khae Rai and Pak Kret intersections. Construction had progressed to 31.46% complete by the end of March 2019.[22] By the end of July 2019, completion of civil constructions had further progressed to 40.13%.[23] Overall construction was 48.15% complete at the end of November 2019.[24]

By the end of January 2020, construction had progressed to 51.96%.[25] By the end of May 2020, construction had progressed to 58.78%.[26] At the end of July 2020, construction had progressed to 61.83%.[27] At the end of September 2020, construction was 66.31% complete.[28] Construction was 70.32% complete by the end of December 2020.[29] Construction progress was 74.14% complete by the end of February 2021.[30] Construction progress was 77.57% complete by the end of April 2021.[31]

The terminus station at Nonthaburi Civic Center (PK01) was moved 337 m (1,106 ft) closer to the Esplanade Cineplex at Khae Rai junction due to objections from civil servants working at the Nonthaburi provincial office who were concerned that their view of the outside would be obstructed. A new EIA was completed for the relocation, but the new station location required Cabinet approval, causing delays to the opening of this section of the line.[6] Nopparat station (PK26) has also been moved 313 metres (1,027 ft) away from Nopparat Rajathanee hospital due to the construction of a new Department of Highways bridge. The Cabinet agreed to the amended EIA for the relocation of both stations on 20 October 2020.[32] On 24 September, the MRTA Board granted a 290-day extension to the construction contract schedule due to station design changes at Noppharat Ratchathani station (PK26) due to a new overpass plan, the relocation of Nonthaburi Civic Center station (PK01) and a flood mitigation project by the Highway Department impacting on the construction timeline of Laksi District (PK13), Chaeng Watthana Government Complex (PK 12) and Chaeng Watthana 14 stations (PK 11).[7]

By the end of November 2021, construction progress was 84.45%.[33] On 9 December 2021, daily testing conducted at a maximum speed of 25 km/h (16 mph) began on a short 4 km (2.5 mi) section of the line from the depot at Minburi to Bang Chan station. After a period of 3 months, testing was then conducted at higher speeds along a longer section of the line.[8] By the end of March 2022, construction progress was at 86.51%. At the end of January 2023, civil works construction had progressed to 94.93%.[34]

By the end of May 2023, construction had progressed to 86.57%.[35] By August 2023, construction had further progressed to 97.54%.[36]

Muang Thong Thani Branch Line

In 2016, the BTSC received a fund for an extension to link Impact, Muang Thong Thani and the Muang Thong Thani condominium buildings from Bangkok Land Public Company Limited. Accordingly, the BSR joint venture proposed a 2.8 km (1.7 mi), 2 station spur monorail route to link to Impact, Muang Thong Thani from what was then Si Rat station (now Muang Thong Thani station; the names were later switched).[37] The two stations will be located adjacent to the Impact Challenger building near Muang Thong Thani Lake and the Impact Forum. In early August 2018, a second public hearing was conducted by the MRTA into the extension proposal.[38]

The spur line proposal required a new EIA, which was completed in August 2020.[39] The proposal was then presented to the Cabinet for approval to commence construction before the end of 2020.[40] On 22 October 2020, the National Environment Board chaired by the Deputy PM approved the EIA and the MRTA evaluated construction costs of the spur line with BSR, with the final proposal proposed to be presented to Cabinet for approval by the end of November 2020.[41] On 9 February 2021, Cabinet approved the 2.8 km spur line which is expected to cost 3.37 billion baht.[42] Construction of the spur line was due to commence in July 2021. However, due to COVID-19 outbreaks in greater Bangkok construction was delayed until after December 2021. Finally, on 20 June 2022 the MRTA issued a Notice to Proceed for the now 4.2 billion baht spur line and soon after construction commenced.[43]

By the end of January 2023, civil works construction had progressed to 16.15%.[44] By the end of May 2023, construction had progressed to 27.77%.[35]

The MRTA may also consider a further 2 km extension in the future from Muang Thong Thani to Tiwanon road.[45]

Rolling stock

Innovia Monorail 300 rolling stock used on the Pink Line at Royal Irrigation Department Station

The BSR selected Bombardier Innovia Monorail 300 rolling stock for the Pink Line. The BSR announced that they will purchase 42 four-car sets to operate the line.[46] The total order of 70 sets of trains for the Pink and Yellow lines will cost 50 billion baht. These trains will be manufactured by CRRC Puzhen Bombardier Transportation Systems (joint venture of Bombardier Transportation and CRRC Nanjing Puzhen) in Wuhu, Anhui, China. The first set was shipped on 4 September 2020[47] and arrived in Thailand on 1 October at Laem Chabang port with a handover ceremony attended by the Thai Prime Minister, the Bangkok Mass Transit System PLC. (BTSC) Chairman, MRTA and the Canadian Ambassador to Thailand.[48] By July 2021, 8 sets had been delivered and were being tested.[49] All sets were due to be delivered by early 2022. However, as of mid-April 2022, only 24 sets had been received and were progressively undergoing testing.[9] The remaining sets were expected to be delivered by July 2022, but this was later delayed with the last sets delivered by early March 2023.[50]

Technical Characteristics

  • Low profile vehicles/low floor height above beam[51]
  • Distinct sloped nose/end-cap
  • Inter-car walkthrough[51]
  • Rubber-tires and permanent magnet motor[51]
  • Aluminum body, steel underframe, composite end cap
  • 4 car sets have a capacity of 24,100 pax p/h each way and 8 car sets a capacity of 49.600 pax p/h each way with a 75-second headway.

[52] Innovia Monorails are all fully automated and are equipped with CITYFLO 650 communications-based train control for driverless operation to increase reliability, shorten head ways between trains and lower maintenance costs.[53]

Guidebeams

Elevated guidebeams at Nonthaburi Civic Center station

The Bombardier Innovia Monorail 300 operates on a narrow, elevated guide beam. Pre-cast, post-tensioned guide beams are constructed at an off-site location and later installed on the system. The guide beams are 690mm wide. The Innovia Monorail 300 was designed to navigate curves as tight as 46 m and a maximum grade of 6%. Monorail switches will be either beam replacement or multi-position pivot switches.[54] The system will have evacuation walkways down the entire length of the guide beam. These walkways will allow passengers to escape onboard hazards. These walkways will be used by the maintenance crew for repairs and general maintenance to the system.[55]

List of stations

Originally, the line was designed with 24 stations, two of which with a park and ride facility. However, six new stations were added in mid-2012 for a total of 30 stations.

Code Station Name[56] No. of Platform Transfer(s) Province
English Thai
Nonthaburi Civic Center ศูนย์ราชการนนทบุรี 2  MRT   MRT  (approved, design phase) Nonthaburi
Khae Rai แคราย 2
Sanambin Nam สนามบินน้ำ 2
Samakkhi สามัคคี 2
Royal Irrigation Department กรมชลประทาน 2
Yaek Pak Kret แยกปากเกร็ด 2
Pak Kret Bypass เลี่ยงเมืองปากเกร็ด 2
Chaeng Watthana - Pak Kret 28 แจ้งวัฒนะ-ปากเกร็ด 28 2
Si Rat ศรีรัช 2
Muang Thong Thani เมืองทองธานี 3  MRT  Impact Link (under construction)
Chaeng Watthana 14 แจ้งวัฒนะ 14 2 Bangkok
Government Complex ศูนย์ราชการเฉลิมพระเกียรติ 2
National Telecom โทรคมนาคมแห่งชาติ 2
Lak Si หลักสี่ 2  SRT 
Rajabhat Phranakhon ราชภัฏพระนคร 2
Wat Phra Sri Mahathat วัดพระศรีมหาธาตุ 2  BTS 
Ram Inthra 3 รามอินทรา 3 2
Lat Pla Khao ลาดปลาเค้า 2
Ram Inthra Kor Mor 4 รามอินทรา ก.ม.4 2
Maiyalap มัยลาภ 2
Vacharaphol วัชรพล 2  MRL  (proposed)
Ram Inthra Kor Mor 6 รามอินทรา ก.ม.6 2
Khu Bon คู้บอน 2
Ram Inthra Kor Mor 9 รามอินทรา ก.ม.9 2
Outer Ring Road - Ram Inthra วงแหวนรามอินทรา 2
Nopparat นพรัตน์ 2
Bang Chan บางชัน 2
Setthabutbamphen เศรษฐบุตรบำเพ็ญ 2
Min Buri Market ตลาดมีนบุรี 2
Min Buri มีนบุรี 2  MRT  (under construction)
Impact Link (Spur line)
Muang Thong Thani เมืองทองธานี 3  MRT  Main Line Nonthaburi
MT01 Impact Muang Thong Thani อิมแพ็คเมืองทองธานี 2
MT02 Lake Muang Thong Thani ทะเลสาบเมืองทองธานี 2

Network Map

Incidents

Equipment Failure

During the free trial period on 24 December 2023 at approximately 4:45 a.m., before daily passenger service had begun, an estimated 300m stretch of electrified conductor rail fell down to the road below near Samakkhi station, with an additional 4km of the conductor rail left hanging above the street.[57] Three cars were damaged, and a train became stuck on the damaged section although no injuries or deaths were reported.[58][59] All stations between Nonthaburi Civic Center and Pak Kret Bypass were closed, and a shuttle service was provided between Chaeng Watthana - Pak Kret 28 and National Telecom stations, while an investigation took place and the conductor rail was repaired.[60]

At 6:00 p.m. on 30 December, the seven stations that were closed has reopened, with trains running in single direction between Nonthaburi Civic Center and Royal Irrigation Department stations on the unaffected rails as a shuttle service, and in both directions on the remaining stations.[1][61]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Siripanjana, Maneerat (2023-12-30). "6 โมงเย็นวันนี้ "สายสีชมพู" เปิดฟรีครบ 30 สถานี เก็บค่าโดยสาร 26 สถานี เริ่ม 7 ม.ค. ลด 15%". Daily News (in Thai). Retrieved 2023-12-30.
  2. ↑ "Alstom's automated Innovia monorail system enters service in Bangkok". Alstom.
  3. ↑ "MRTA Pink Line project".
  4. 1 2 "Bangkok 'Pink Line' set for public trial runs on Nov 21". Pattaya Mail. 2023-11-20. Retrieved 2023-11-21.
  5. ↑ "Srettha joins rehearsal run before Nonthaburi-Min Buri Pink Line opens to public". nationthailand. 2023-11-21. Retrieved 2023-11-21.
  6. 1 2 "เปิดไทม์ไลน์-ค่าตั๋ว รถไฟฟ้าไร้คนขับ "สายสีชมพู-เหลือง"". Prachachat. 1 October 2020.
  7. 1 2 ""รถไฟฟ้าสีชมพู" เปิดบริการเฟสแรก มิ.ย.65 "มีนบุรี-ศูนย์ราชการเฉลิมพระเกียรติ"". Dailynews. 24 September 2021.
  8. 1 2 "วิ่งทดสอบฉลุย! โมโนเรล 'สายสีเหลือง' ทำความเร็ว 80 กม./ชม. พร้อมบริการกลางปี 65". Manager Online. 30 November 2021.
  9. 1 2 ""รถไฟฟ้าชมพู-เหลือง" ทดสอบเดินรถเสมือนจริง ก.ย.นี้". Dailynews. 19 April 2022.
  10. ↑ "MRTA extends contract for Pink Line by 345 days". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 2023-05-21.
  11. ↑ "Yellow Line fare structure to be considered by Cabinet today". The Nation. 20 June 2023.
  12. ↑ "ประชาชนเฮ! ขยายเวลาได้นั่งรถไฟฟ้า "สายสีชมพู" ฟรียาวถึง 2 ม.ค. 2567". Dailynews. 24 November 2023.
  13. ↑ "Mrt pink line route takes step forward" Bangkok Post 5 April 2010
  14. ↑ "Pheu Thai seeks revision of MRT Pink Line". Bangkok Post. 4 October 2012.
  15. ↑ 'รฟม.แบ่งเค้กรถไฟฟ้า2สายลงตัว "สีเขียว-ชมพู"ลงทุนร่วมแสนล้าน', Prachachat News, 6 November 2012.
  16. ↑ "Cabinet to mull rail projects" Bangkok Post, 26 February 2013
  17. ↑ ""ยุบสภาฉุดพ.ร.บ.2ล้านล.สะดุด โครงการรถไฟฟ้าชะงัก สนข.ยันเดินหน้าตั๋วร่วม | ไทยโพสต์". Archived from the original on 2013-12-16. Retrieved 2014-07-18."
  18. ↑ "BSR Joint venture wins rights for Bangkok's Yellow, Pink line MRTA construction". Bangkok Post. 7 December 2016.
  19. ↑ "Pink and Yellow Lines construction contracts signed, operational in 2020". Thai PBS. 17 June 2017.
  20. ↑ "Jams expected as monorail build begins". Bangkok Post. 21 November 2017.
  21. ↑ https://www.mrta.co.th/th/news/information/. MRTA Press, 12 October 2018
  22. ↑ https://www.facebook.com/MRTA.PR/photos/a.1433440196872710/2214355752114480 MRTA Press, 12 April 2019
  23. ↑ https://www.facebook.com/MRTA.PR/photos/a.1433440196872710/2293373100879411 MRTA Press, 16 August 2019
  24. ↑ https://www.facebook.com/CRSTECONPINKLINE/photos/a.1366959683410851/2540072529432888 MRTA Press, 11 December 2019
  25. ↑ https://www.facebook.com/MRTA.PR/photos/a.1409211292628934/2436659376550782 MRTA Press, 7 February 2020
  26. ↑ https://www.facebook.com/MRTA.PR/posts/2526580167558702 MRTA Press, 4 June 2020
  27. ↑ https://www.facebook.com/MRTA.PR/photos/pcb.2574152359468149/2574151689468216 MRTA Press, 5 August 2020
  28. ↑ https://www.facebook.com/MRTA.PR/photos/pcb.2627818000768251/2627816464101738 MRTA Press, 8 October 2020
  29. ↑ "รายงานความก้าวหน้าการก่อสร้าง | การรถไฟฟ้าขนส่งมวลชนแห่งประเทศไทย".
  30. ↑ "MRT Pink Line construction update March 2021". MRTA PR Facebook. 8 March 2021.
  31. ↑ "MRT Pink Line construction update May 2021". MRTA PR Facebook. 7 May 2021.
  32. ↑ "จับตา: เปิดรายละเอียดเปลี่ยนแปลง EIA รถไฟฟ้าสายสีชมพู ช่วงแคราย-มีนบุรี". Thai Civil Rights and Investigative Journal. 23 October 2020.
  33. ↑ "MRT Pink Line construction update December 2021". MRTA PR Facebook. 8 December 2021.
  34. ↑ "MRT Pink Line construction update June 2023". MRTA PR Facebook. 8 February 2023.
  35. 1 2 "MRT Pink Line construction update June 2023". MRTA PR Facebook. 8 June 2023.
  36. ↑ "Pink Line to start trial runs from Tuesday, will offer free rides from next month". Nation Thailand. 13 August 2023.
  37. ↑ "Junta to call bids for most infra projects - The Nation". The Nation. Retrieved 2017-06-17.
  38. ↑ https://www.mrta.co.th/th/news/information/ประช-มร-บฟ-งความค-ดเห-น-คร-งท-2-ส-วนต-อขยาย-โครงการรถไฟฟ-าสายส-ชมพ-ฯ-สถาน-ศร-ร-ช-เม-องทองธาน/
  39. ↑ "รถไฟฟ้า 'สายสีชมพู' ขบวนแรกถึงไทย ปลายปี ตั้งเป้าใช้บริการ2แสนคนต่อวัน". Thansettakij. 22 July 2020.
  40. ↑ "BSR Joint venture wins rights for Bangkok's Yellow, Pink line MRTA constructionรถไฟฟ้าเข้า"เมืองทอง"ผ่านอัยการสูงสุดแล้ว". Daily News. 25 June 2020.
  41. ↑ "ปีนี้ตอกเข็ม "รถไฟฟ้าสายสีชมพู" เข้าเมืองทองธานีเปิดหวูดพร้อมแคราย-มีนบุรี ปี'65". Prachachat. 24 October 2020.
  42. ↑ "Cabinet approves extension of Pink Line to Muang Thong Thani". Bangkok Post. 9 February 2021.
  43. ↑ "20 มิ.ย.คิกออฟ!! รถไฟฟ้าสีชมพูเข้าเมืองทองธานี". Transport Dailynews. 31 May 2022.
  44. ↑ "MRT Pink Line construction update January 2023". MRTA PR Facebook. 8 February 2023.
  45. ↑ "Pink Line could stretch further". Bangkok Post. 6 August 2018.
  46. ↑ "ผู้จัดการออนไลน์ รวดเร็ว สด ทุกเหตุการณ์".
  47. ↑ http://ah.sina.com.cn/news/2020-09-04/detail-iivhvpwy4950163.shtml ah.sina.com.au, 4 September 2020
  48. ↑ "Bangkok monorail trains arrive". Railway Gazette. 2 October 2020.
  49. ↑ "Monorails arrive". Transport Daily news. 22 July 2021.
  50. ↑ "ลุ้นนั่งรถไฟฟ้า "ชมพู-เหลือง" ฟรี 1 เดือน! "EBM-NBM" ขอถกบอร์ดก่อน". Daily news. 7 March 2023.
  51. 1 2 3 "ALWEG - Bombardier Innovia Monorail 300". The Monorail Society - Technical Page. The Monorail Society. Archived from the original on 2015-07-07.
  52. ↑ http://mail.monorails.org/pdfs/INNOVIA%20300.pdf Bombardier Innovia 300 Technical Sheet
  53. ↑ "Bombardier named systems supplier of the year - INNOVIA Monorail 300 system and CITYFLO 650 technology are winners in Sao Paulo". Purchasing B2B. Archived from the original on 2015-07-13. Retrieved 2015-07-06.
  54. ↑ "INNOVIA Monorail 300 System: a mass transport solution for the megacity of São Paulo" (PDF). CG/LA Infrastructure, Inc. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2020-08-15.
  55. ↑ "URBAN MONORAIL TRACK". Monorail Australia. The Monorail Society.
  56. ↑ "MRT Pink line Route".
  57. ↑ Limited, Bangkok Post Public Company. "Govt seeks free rides after Pink Line fault". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 2023-12-26.
  58. ↑ "News reported by Khaosod".
  59. ↑ "Three cars damaged as MRT train rails fall on the road". The Nation. 2023-12-24. Retrieved 2023-12-30.
  60. ↑ "MRT Pink Line's Facebook page announcement of revised service" (in Thai). Retrieved 2023-12-30.
  61. ↑ "MRT Pink Line's Facebook page announcement of reopening of the closed stations" (in Thai). Retrieved 2023-12-30.
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