| Madrid | |
|---|---|
| Congress of Deputies Electoral constituency | |
.png.webp) Location of Madrid within Spain | |
| Province | Madrid |
| Autonomous community | Community of Madrid |
| Population |  6,750,336 (2022)[1] |
| Electorate | 5,224,561 (2023) |
| Major settlements | Madrid, Móstoles, Alcalá de Henares, Fuenlabrada, Leganés, Getafe, Alcorcón, Torrejón de Ardoz, Parla, Alcobendas |
| Current constituency | |
| Created | 1977 |
| Seats | 32 (1977–1986) 33 (1986–1993) 34 (1993–2004) 35 (2004–2011) 36 (2011–Apr 2019) 37 (Apr 2019–present) |
| Member(s) | |
Madrid is one of the 52 constituencies (Spanish: circunscripciones) represented in the Congress of Deputies, the lower chamber of the Spanish parliament, the Cortes Generales. The constituency currently elects 36 deputies. Its boundaries correspond to those of the Spanish province of Madrid. The electoral system uses the D'Hondt method and a closed-list proportional representation, with a minimum threshold of three percent.
Electoral system
The constituency was created as per the Political Reform Act 1977 and was first contested in the 1977 general election. The Act provided for the provinces of Spain to be established as multi-member districts in the Congress of Deputies,[2] with this regulation being maintained under the Spanish Constitution of 1978. Additionally, the Constitution requires for any modification of the provincial limits to be approved under an organic law, needing an absolute majority in the Cortes Generales.[3]
Voting is on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprises all nationals over eighteen and in full enjoyment of their political rights. The only exception was in 1977, when this was limited to nationals over twenty-one and in full enjoyment of their political and civil rights. Amendments to the electoral law in 2011 required for Spaniards abroad to apply for voting before being permitted to vote, a system known as "begged" or expat vote (Spanish: Voto rogado).[4] 348 seats are elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with an electoral threshold of three percent of valid votes—which includes blank ballots—being applied in each constituency. Each provincial constituency is entitled to an initial minimum of two seats, with the remaining 248 being distributed in proportion to their populations. Ceuta and Melilla are allocated the two remaining seats, which are elected using plurality voting.[3][5][6] The use of the D'Hondt method may result in a higher effective threshold, depending on the district magnitude.[7]
The electoral law allows for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election are required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election call—fifteen before 1985—whereas groupings of electors need to secure the signature of at least one percent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they seek election—one-thousandth of the electorate, with a compulsory minimum of 500 signatures, until 1985—disallowing electors from signing for more than one list of candidates. Also since 2011, parties, federations or coalitions that have not obtained a mandate in either chamber of the Cortes at the preceding election are required to secure the signature of at least 0.1 percent of electors in the aforementioned constituencies.[5][6]
Deputies
| Deputies 1977–present | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Legislature | Election | Distribution | ||||||
| Constituent | 1977 |
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| 1st | 1979 |
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| 2nd | 1982 |
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| 3rd | 1986 |
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| 4th | 1989 |
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| 5th | 1993 |
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| 6th | 1996 |
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| 7th | 2000 |
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| 8th | 2004 |
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| 9th | 2008 |
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| 10th | 2011 |
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| 11th | 2015 |
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| 12th | 2016 |
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| 13th | 2019 (Apr) |
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| 14th | 2019 (Nov) |
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| 15th | 2023 |
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Elections
2023 general election
| Parties and alliances | Popular vote | Seats | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− | ||
| People's Party (PP) | 1,463,183 | 40.55 | +15.64 | 16 | +6 | |
| Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 1,004,599 | 27.84 | +0.97 | 10 | ±0 | |
| Unite (Sumar)1 | 557,780 | 15.46 | –3.20 | 6 | –1 | |
| Vox (Vox) | 506,164 | 14.03 | –4.31 | 5 | –2 | |
| Animalist Party with the Environment (PACMA)2 | 21,742 | 0.60 | –0.30 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Workers' Front (FO) | 7,652 | 0.21 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| For a Fairer World (PUM+J) | 6,749 | 0.19 | +0.07 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Zero Cuts (Recortes Cero) | 3,784 | 0.10 | –0.04 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Communist Party of the Workers of Spain (PCTE) | 3,407 | 0.09 | +0.04 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Humanist Party (PH) | 2,902 | 0.08 | +0.01 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) | 1,751 | 0.05 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs) | n/a | n/a | –9.07 | 0 | –3 | |
| Blank ballots | 28,960 | 0.80 | –0.01 | |||
| Total | 3,608,673 | 37 | ±0 | |||
| Valid votes | 3,608,673 | 99.15 | –0.06 | |||
| Invalid votes | 30,827 | 0.85 | +0.06 | |||
| Votes cast / turnout | 3,639,500 | 69.66 | –0.93 | |||
| Abstentions | 1,585,061 | 30.34 | +0.93 | |||
| Registered voters | 5,224,561 | |||||
| Sources[8] | ||||||
Footnotes:
| ||||||
November 2019 general election
| Parties and alliances | Popular vote | Seats | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− | ||
| Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 957,401 | 26.87 | –0.40 | 10 | –1 | |
| People's Party (PP) | 887,474 | 24.91 | +6.27 | 10 | +3 | |
| Vox (Vox) | 653,476 | 18.34 | +4.48 | 7 | +2 | |
| United We Can (Podemos–IU) | 463,629 | 13.01 | –3.22 | 5 | –1 | |
| Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs) | 323,076 | 9.07 | –11.88 | 3 | –5 | |
| More Country–Equo (Más País–Equo) | 201,389 | 5.65 | New | 2 | +2 | |
| Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) | 31,983 | 0.90 | –0.45 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Zero Cuts–Green Group–PCAS–TC (Recortes Cero–GV–PCAS–TC) | 5,129 | 0.14 | –0.06 | 0 | ±0 | |
| For a Fairer World (PUM+J) | 4,305 | 0.12 | –0.02 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Humanist Party (PH) | 2,508 | 0.07 | –0.02 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) | 2,099 | 0.06 | +0.01 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Communist Party of the Workers of Spain (PCTE) | 1,895 | 0.05 | –0.01 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Blank ballots | 28,783 | 0.81 | +0.16 | |||
| Total | 3,563,147 | 37 | ±0 | |||
| Valid votes | 3,563,147 | 99.21 | +0.05 | |||
| Invalid votes | 28,317 | 0.79 | –0.05 | |||
| Votes cast / turnout | 3,591,464 | 70.59 | –4.87 | |||
| Abstentions | 1,496,629 | 29.41 | +4.87 | |||
| Registered voters | 5,088,093 | |||||
| Sources[9] | ||||||
April 2019 general election
| Parties and alliances | Popular vote | Seats | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− | ||
| Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 1,031,534 | 27.27 | +7.70 | 11 | +4 | |
| Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs) | 792,203 | 20.95 | +3.16 | 8 | +2 | |
| People's Party (PP) | 705,119 | 18.64 | –19.61 | 7 | –8 | |
| United We Can (Podemos–IU–Equo) | 613,911 | 16.23 | –5.06 | 6 | –2 | |
| Vox (Vox) | 524,176 | 13.86 | +13.38 | 5 | +5 | |
| Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) | 50,909 | 1.35 | +0.22 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Act (PACT) | 19,208 | 0.51 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Zero Cuts–Green Group–PCAS–TC (Recortes Cero–GV–PCAS–TC) | 7,512 | 0.20 | –0.01 | 0 | ±0 | |
| For a Fairer World (PUM+J) | 5,221 | 0.14 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Humanist Party (PH) | 3,456 | 0.09 | +0.03 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Communist Party of the Workers of Spain (PCTE) | 2,329 | 0.06 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) | 2,038 | 0.05 | –0.04 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Blank ballots | 24,631 | 0.65 | +0.13 | |||
| Total | 3,782,247 | 37 | +1 | |||
| Valid votes | 3,782,247 | 99.16 | –0.16 | |||
| Invalid votes | 32,112 | 0.84 | +0.16 | |||
| Votes cast / turnout | 3,814,359 | 75.46 | +4.65 | |||
| Abstentions | 1,240,596 | 24.54 | –4.65 | |||
| Registered voters | 5,054,955 | |||||
| Sources[9] | ||||||
2016 general election
| Parties and alliances | Popular vote | Seats | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− | ||
| People's Party (PP) | 1,325,665 | 38.25 | +4.81 | 15 | +2 | |
| United We Can (Podemos–IU–Equo–CLI–AS)1 | 737,885 | 21.29 | –4.95 | 8 | –2 | |
| Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 678,340 | 19.57 | +1.73 | 7 | +1 | |
| Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's) | 616,503 | 17.79 | –1.03 | 6 | –1 | |
| Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) | 39,117 | 1.13 | +0.35 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Vox (Vox) | 16,803 | 0.48 | –0.15 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) | 14,659 | 0.42 | –0.78 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV) | 7,377 | 0.21 | +0.10 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) | 3,946 | 0.11 | –0.02 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) | 3,110 | 0.09 | +0.04 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Humanist Party (PH) | 2,148 | 0.06 | +0.01 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Libertarian Party (P–LIB) | 1,111 | 0.03 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Internationalist Solidarity and Self-Management (SAIn) | 994 | 0.03 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Blank ballots | 18,137 | 0.52 | ±0.00 | |||
| Total | 3,465,795 | 36 | ±0 | |||
| Valid votes | 3,465,795 | 99.32 | –0.04 | |||
| Invalid votes | 23,581 | 0.68 | +0.04 | |||
| Votes cast / turnout | 3,489,376 | 70.81 | –3.31 | |||
| Abstentions | 1,438,556 | 29.19 | +3.31 | |||
| Registered voters | 4,927,932 | |||||
| Sources[9] | ||||||
Footnotes:
| ||||||
2015 general election
| Parties and alliances | Popular vote | Seats | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− | ||
| People's Party (PP) | 1,210,219 | 33.44 | –17.53 | 13 | –6 | |
| We Can (Podemos) | 756,257 | 20.90 | New | 8 | +8 | |
| Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's) | 681,167 | 18.82 | New | 7 | +7 | |
| Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 645,645 | 17.84 | –8.21 | 6 | –4 | |
| United Left–Popular Unity in Common (IU–UPeC) | 190,193 | 5.26 | –2.78 | 2 | –1 | |
| Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) | 43,508 | 1.20 | –9.10 | 0 | –4 | |
| Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) | 28,322 | 0.78 | +0.39 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Vox (Vox) | 22,643 | 0.63 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| For the Left–The Greens (X Izda) | 4,994 | 0.14 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) | 4,579 | 0.13 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV) | 4,037 | 0.11 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| For a Fairer World (PUM+J) | 2,870 | 0.08 | –0.08 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Humanist Party (PH) | 1,779 | 0.05 | –0.03 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) | 1,742 | 0.05 | –0.06 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Internationalist Solidarity and Self-Management (SAIn) | 1,137 | 0.03 | –0.01 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Libertarian Party (P–LIB) | 1,075 | 0.03 | –0.02 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Blank ballots | 18,751 | 0.52 | –0.52 | |||
| Total | 3,618,918 | 36 | ±0 | |||
| Valid votes | 3,618,918 | 99.36 | +0.40 | |||
| Invalid votes | 23,209 | 0.64 | –0.40 | |||
| Votes cast / turnout | 3,642,127 | 74.12 | +0.86 | |||
| Abstentions | 1,271,766 | 25.88 | –0.86 | |||
| Registered voters | 4,913,893 | |||||
| Sources[9] | ||||||
2011 general election
| Parties and alliances | Popular vote | Seats | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− | ||
| People's Party (PP) | 1,719,709 | 50.97 | +1.78 | 19 | +1 | |
| Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 878,724 | 26.05 | –13.63 | 10 | –5 | |
| Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) | 347,354 | 10.30 | +6.56 | 4 | +3 | |
| United Left–The Greens: Plural Left (IU–LV) | 271,209 | 8.04 | +3.38 | 3 | +2 | |
| Equo (Equo) | 65,169 | 1.93 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) | 13,136 | 0.39 | +0.26 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Blank Seats (EB) | 12,877 | 0.38 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Asturias Forum (FAC) | 6,645 | 0.20 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| For a Fairer World (PUM+J) | 5,314 | 0.16 | +0.09 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Anti-capitalists (Anticapitalistas) | 4,268 | 0.13 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) | 3,815 | 0.11 | +0.05 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Humanist Party (PH) | 2,706 | 0.08 | –0.05 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Republicans (RPS) | 2,183 | 0.06 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Internationalist Socialist Workers' Party (POSI) | 1,723 | 0.05 | +0.01 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Individual Freedom Party (P–LIB) | 1,655 | 0.05 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Internationalist Solidarity and Self-Management (SAIn) | 1,350 | 0.04 | +0.03 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) | 875 | 0.03 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Blank ballots | 35,093 | 1.04 | +0.09 | |||
| Total | 3,373,805 | 36 | +1 | |||
| Valid votes | 3,373,805 | 98.96 | –0.52 | |||
| Invalid votes | 35,526 | 1.04 | +0.52 | |||
| Votes cast / turnout | 3,409,331 | 73.26 | –5.82 | |||
| Abstentions | 1,244,448 | 26.74 | +5.82 | |||
| Registered voters | 4,653,779 | |||||
| Sources[9] | ||||||
2008 general election
| Parties and alliances | Popular vote | Seats | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− | ||
| People's Party (PP) | 1,737,688 | 49.19 | +4.17 | 18 | +1 | |
| Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 1,401,785 | 39.68 | –4.43 | 15 | –1 | |
| United Left of the Community of Madrid–Alternative (IUCM) | 164,595 | 4.66 | –1.77 | 1 | –1 | |
| Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) | 132,095 | 3.74 | New | 1 | +1 | |
| The Greens–Green Group (LV–GV) | 10,875 | 0.31 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| The Greens of the Community of Madrid–The Greens of Europe (LVCM–LVdE) | 9,925 | 0.28 | –0.28 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Anti-Bullfighting Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) | 4,755 | 0.13 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's) | 3,996 | 0.11 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) | 3,250 | 0.09 | +0.01 | 0 | ±0 | |
| National Democracy (DN) | 3,087 | 0.09 | –0.03 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Citizens for Blank Votes (CenB) | 2,687 | 0.08 | –0.21 | 0 | ±0 | |
| For a Fairer World (PUM+J) | 2,516 | 0.07 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) | 2,130 | 0.06 | +0.01 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Spanish Alternative (AES) | 2,082 | 0.06 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Alternative in Blank (ABLA) | 1,876 | 0.05 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Non-Smokers' Party (PNF) | 1,616 | 0.05 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Union for Leganés (ULEG) | 1,566 | 0.04 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Social Democratic Party (PSD) | 1,350 | 0.04 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Internationalist Socialist Workers' Party (POSI) | 1,340 | 0.04 | +0.01 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) | 1,248 | 0.04 | –0.17 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Family and Life Party (PFyV) | 998 | 0.03 | –0.05 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Humanist Party (PH) | 901 | 0.03 | –0.02 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Spanish Democratic Centre (CDEs) | 828 | 0.02 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Liberal Party of State Employment and Housing (PLEVE) | 786 | 0.02 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Authentic Phalanx (FA) | 776 | 0.02 | –0.01 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Spain 2000 (E-2000) | 764 | 0.02 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Commoners' Land (TC) | 611 | 0.02 | –0.01 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Spanish Front (Frente) | 552 | 0.02 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Internationalist Solidarity and Self-Management (SAIn) | 434 | 0.01 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| National Alliance (AN) | 406 | 0.01 | –0.02 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Carlist Party (PC) | 291 | 0.01 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL) | 250 | 0.01 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| State of Spain Unionist Party (PUEDE) | 214 | 0.01 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Civil Liberties Party (PLCI) | 212 | 0.01 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Internationalist Struggle (LI (LIT–CI)) | 183 | 0.01 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | |
| European Ibero-American Alliance Party (PAIE) | 174 | 0.00 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Aitch Party (PHache) | 0 | 0.00 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Blank ballots | 33,539 | 0.95 | –1.11 | |||
| Total | 3,532,381 | 35 | ±0 | |||
| Valid votes | 3,532,381 | 99.48 | –0.02 | |||
| Invalid votes | 18,477 | 0.52 | +0.02 | |||
| Votes cast / turnout | 3,550,858 | 79.08 | +0.15 | |||
| Abstentions | 939,182 | 20.92 | –0.15 | |||
| Registered voters | 4,490,040 | |||||
| Sources[9] | ||||||
2004 general election
| Parties and alliances | Popular vote | Seats | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− | ||
| People's Party (PP) | 1,576,636 | 45.02 | –7.50 | 17 | –2 | |
| Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 1,544,676 | 44.11 | +11.05 | 16 | +4 | |
| United Left of the Community of Madrid (IUCM) | 225,109 | 6.43 | –2.69 | 2 | –1 | |
| The Greens of the Community of Madrid (LVCM) | 19,600 | 0.56 | –0.12 | 0 | ±0 | |
| The Eco-pacifist Greens (LVEP) | 15,984 | 0.46 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Citizens for Blank Votes (CenB) | 9,990 | 0.29 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) | 7,528 | 0.21 | +0.10 | 0 | ±0 | |
| National Democracy (DN) | 4,036 | 0.12 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Family and Life Party (PFyV) | 2,888 | 0.08 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS)1 | 2,676 | 0.08 | +0.03 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Alliance for Development and Nature (ADN) | 2,215 | 0.06 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Party of Self-employed, Retirees and Widows (PAE) | 2,082 | 0.06 | +0.02 | 0 | ±0 | |
| The Phalanx (FE) | 1,943 | 0.06 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Humanist Party (PH) | 1,770 | 0.05 | –0.02 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) | 1,746 | 0.05 | –0.04 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Republican Left (IR) | 1,530 | 0.04 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Another Democracy is Possible (ODeP) | 1,302 | 0.04 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Romantic Mutual Support Party (PMAR) | 1,211 | 0.03 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Commoners' Land–Castilian Nationalist Party (TC–PNC) | 1,029 | 0.03 | –0.01 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Spanish Democratic Party (PADE) | 1,024 | 0.03 | –0.01 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Alliance for National Unity (AUN) | 923 | 0.03 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Authentic Phalanx (FA) | 909 | 0.03 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Internationalist Socialist Workers' Party (POSI) | 892 | 0.03 | –0.03 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Republican Social Movement (MSR) | 684 | 0.02 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Spain 2000 (E–2000) | 528 | 0.02 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Liberal Centrist Union (UCL) | 410 | 0.01 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Carlist Party (PC) | 238 | 0.01 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Internationalist Struggle (LI (LIT–CI)) | 181 | 0.01 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Blank ballots | 72,038 | 2.06 | +0.18 | |||
| Total | 3,501,778 | 35 | +1 | |||
| Valid votes | 3,501,778 | 99.50 | +0.02 | |||
| Invalid votes | 17,465 | 0.50 | –0.02 | |||
| Votes cast / turnout | 3,519,243 | 78.93 | +6.85 | |||
| Abstentions | 939,297 | 21.07 | –6.85 | |||
| Registered voters | 4,458,540 | |||||
| Sources[9] | ||||||
Footnotes:
| ||||||
2000 general election
| Parties and alliances | Popular vote | Seats | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− | ||
| People's Party (PP) | 1,625,831 | 52.52 | +3.23 | 19 | +2 | |
| Spanish Socialist Workers' Party–Progressives (PSOE–p) | 1,023,212 | 33.06 | +1.64 | 12 | +1 | |
| United Left of the Community of Madrid (IUCM) | 282,180 | 9.12 | –7.32 | 3 | –3 | |
| Liberal Independent Group (GIL) | 32,432 | 1.05 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| The Greens (LV) | 24,372 | 0.79 | +0.63 | 0 | ±0 | |
| The Greens of the Community of Madrid (LVCM) | 21,087 | 0.68 | +0.43 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Centrist Union–Democratic and Social Centre (UC–CDS) | 3,557 | 0.11 | –0.26 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) | 2,836 | 0.09 | +0.04 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Party of Self-employed, Retirees and Independents (EL–PAPI) | 2,336 | 0.08 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Humanist Party (PH) | 2,050 | 0.07 | +0.03 | 0 | ±0 | |
| The Phalanx (FE) | 1,955 | 0.06 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Internationalist Socialist Workers' Party (POSI) | 1,757 | 0.06 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Party Association of Widows and Legal Wives (PAVIEL) | 1,690 | 0.05 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Independent Spanish Phalanx–Phalanx 2000 (FEI–FE 2000) | 1,469 | 0.05 | +0.02 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Madrilenian Independent Regional Party (PRIM) | 1,363 | 0.04 | –0.01 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Spanish Democratic Party (PADE) | 1,306 | 0.04 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Commoners' Land–Castilian Nationalist Party (TC–PNC) | 1,264 | 0.04 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Natural Law Party (PLN) | 1,263 | 0.04 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Party of Self-employed, Retirees and Widows (PAE) | 1,194 | 0.04 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Republican Action (AR) | 1,089 | 0.04 | +0.02 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Spain 2000 Platform (ES2000) | 773 | 0.02 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Liberal and Social Democratic Coalition (CSD–L) | 650 | 0.02 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Federal Progresists (PF) | 609 | 0.02 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Iberian Union (UNIB) | 388 | 0.01 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Carlist Party (PC) | 384 | 0.01 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Internationalist Struggle (LI (LIT–CI)) | 306 | 0.01 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Blank ballots | 58,114 | 1.88 | +0.62 | |||
| Total | 3,095,467 | 34 | ±0 | |||
| Valid votes | 3,095,467 | 99.48 | –0.20 | |||
| Invalid votes | 16,195 | 0.52 | +0.20 | |||
| Votes cast / turnout | 3,111,662 | 72.08 | –7.51 | |||
| Abstentions | 1,205,484 | 27.92 | +7.51 | |||
| Registered voters | 4,317,146 | |||||
| Sources[9] | ||||||
1996 general election
| Parties and alliances | Popular vote | Seats | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− | ||
| People's Party (PP) | 1,642,489 | 49.29 | +5.37 | 17 | +1 | |
| Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 1,046,904 | 31.42 | –3.54 | 11 | –2 | |
| United Left (IU) | 547,901 | 16.44 | +1.86 | 6 | +1 | |
| The Greens–Green Group (LV–GV) | 12,975 | 0.39 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Centrist Union (UC) | 12,220 | 0.37 | –2.62 | 0 | ±0 | |
| The Greens of Madrid (LVM) | 8,483 | 0.25 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| The European Greens–The Alternative Greens (LVE) | 5,492 | 0.16 | –0.91 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Alliance for National Unity (AUN) | 1,907 | 0.06 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Madrilenian Independent Regional Party (PRIM) | 1,671 | 0.05 | –0.01 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) | 1,588 | 0.05 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Humanist Party (PH) | 1,495 | 0.04 | +0.01 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Workers' Revolutionary Party (PRT)1 | 1,339 | 0.04 | –0.11 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Authentic Spanish Phalanx (FEA) | 1,031 | 0.03 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Red–Green Party (PRV) | 976 | 0.03 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Independent Spanish Phalanx (FEI) | 867 | 0.03 | –0.01 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL) | 815 | 0.02 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Republican Coalition (CR)2 | 712 | 0.02 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Republican Action (AR) | 656 | 0.02 | –0.02 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Citizen Democratic Action (ADEC) | 598 | 0.00 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Party of Self-employed of Spain (PAE) | 0 | 0.00 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Revolutionary Workers' Party (POR) | 0 | 0.00 | –0.04 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Blank ballots | 41,927 | 1.26 | +0.28 | |||
| Total | 3,332,046 | 34 | ±0 | |||
| Valid votes | 3,332,046 | 99.68 | +0.07 | |||
| Invalid votes | 10,582 | 0.32 | –0.07 | |||
| Votes cast / turnout | 3,342,628 | 79.59 | +0.67 | |||
| Abstentions | 857,171 | 20.41 | –0.67 | |||
| Registered voters | 4,199,799 | |||||
| Sources[9] | ||||||
Footnotes:
| ||||||
1993 general election
| Parties and alliances | Popular vote | Seats | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− | ||
| People's Party (PP) | 1,373,042 | 43.92 | +9.70 | 16 | +4 | |
| Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 1,093,015 | 34.96 | +1.47 | 13 | +1 | |
| United Left (IU) | 455,685 | 14.58 | –0.84 | 5 | ±0 | |
| Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) | 93,347 | 2.99 | –8.00 | 0 | –4 | |
| The Greens (Verdes) | 33,295 | 1.07 | –0.07 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Ruiz-Mateos Group–European Democratic Alliance (ARM–ADE) | 13,782 | 0.44 | –0.51 | 0 | ±0 | |
| The Ecologists (LE) | 10,429 | 0.33 | –0.56 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Workers' Socialist Party (PST) | 4,808 | 0.15 | –0.16 | 0 | ±0 | |
| United Extremadura (EU) | 3,745 | 0.12 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Madrilenian Independent Regional Party (PRIM) | 1,917 | 0.06 | –0.07 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) | 1,488 | 0.05 | –0.09 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Revolutionary Workers' Party (POR) | 1,391 | 0.04 | –0.03 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Independent Spanish Phalanx (FEI) | 1,212 | 0.04 | +0.01 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Natural Law Party (PLN) | 1,209 | 0.04 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Spanish Democratic Republican Action (ARDE) | 1,202 | 0.04 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Gray Panthers of Spain (ACI) | 1,189 | 0.04 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Spanish Catholic Movement (MCE) | 1,178 | 0.04 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Humanist Party (PH) | 1,079 | 0.03 | –0.04 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Commoners' Land–Castilian Nationalist Party (TC–PNC) | 805 | 0.03 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Progressive Front of Spain (FPE) | 641 | 0.02 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Leonese People's Union (UPL) | 608 | 0.02 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Coalition for a New Socialist Party (CNPS)1 | 529 | 0.02 | –0.04 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) | 0 | 0.00 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Centrist Unity–Democratic Spanish Party (PED) | 0 | 0.00 | –0.04 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Blank ballots | 30,554 | 0.98 | –0.04 | |||
| Total | 3,126,150 | 34 | +1 | |||
| Valid votes | 3,126,150 | 99.61 | +0.14 | |||
| Invalid votes | 12,361 | 0.39 | –0.14 | |||
| Votes cast / turnout | 3,138,511 | 78.92 | +6.20 | |||
| Abstentions | 838,551 | 21.08 | –6.20 | |||
| Registered voters | 3,977,062 | |||||
| Sources[9] | ||||||
Footnotes:
| ||||||
1989 general election
| Parties and alliances | Popular vote | Seats | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− | ||
| People's Party (PP)1 | 919,357 | 34.22 | +2.25 | 12 | +1 | |
| Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 899,723 | 33.49 | –7.32 | 12 | –3 | |
| United Left (IU) | 414,392 | 15.42 | +9.39 | 5 | +3 | |
| Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) | 295,189 | 10.99 | –2.95 | 4 | –1 | |
| The Greens–Green List (LV–LV) | 30,495 | 1.14 | +0.42 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Ruiz-Mateos Group (Ruiz-Mateos) | 25,539 | 0.95 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| The Ecologist Greens (LVE) | 23,996 | 0.89 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Workers' Party of Spain–Communist Unity (PTE–UC)2 | 11,621 | 0.43 | –2.04 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Workers' Socialist Party (PST) | 8,427 | 0.31 | –0.13 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Spanish Vertex Ecological Development Revindication (VERDE) | 4,963 | 0.18 | –0.10 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) | 3,657 | 0.14 | –0.16 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Regional Party of Madrid (PAM) | 3,396 | 0.13 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Group of Madrid Radicals (GRM) | 3,330 | 0.12 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) | 3,002 | 0.11 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Humanist Party (PH) | 1,973 | 0.07 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Liberal and Social Democratic Coalition (CSD y L) | 1,888 | 0.07 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Revolutionary Workers' Party of Spain (PORE) | 1,847 | 0.07 | –0.01 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Alliance for the Republic (AxR)3 | 1,632 | 0.06 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Independent Citizen Group (ACI) | 1,359 | 0.05 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Centrist Unity–Democratic Spanish Party (PED) | 1,057 | 0.04 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Spanish Democratic Republican Action (ARDE) | 975 | 0.04 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Independent Spanish Phalanx (FEI) | 827 | 0.03 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Asturianist Party (PAS) | 767 | 0.03 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Communist Party of Spain (Marxist–Leninist) (PCE (m–l))4 | 0 | 0.00 | –0.08 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Blank ballots | 27,303 | 1.02 | +0.06 | |||
| Total | 2,686,715 | 33 | ±0 | |||
| Valid votes | 2,686,715 | 99.47 | +1.18 | |||
| Invalid votes | 14,227 | 0.53 | –1.18 | |||
| Votes cast / turnout | 2,700,942 | 72.72 | –1.18 | |||
| Abstentions | 1,012,999 | 27.28 | +1.18 | |||
| Registered voters | 3,713,941 | |||||
| Sources[9] | ||||||
Footnotes:
| ||||||
1986 general election
| Parties and alliances | Popular vote | Seats | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− | ||
| Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 1,054,730 | 40.81 | –11.28 | 15 | –3 | |
| People's Coalition (AP–PDP–PL)1 | 826,206 | 31.97 | –0.29 | 11 | ±0 | |
| Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) | 360,246 | 13.94 | +9.84 | 5 | +4 | |
| United Left (IU)2 | 155,932 | 6.03 | +1.05 | 2 | +1 | |
| Communists' Unity Board (MUC) | 63.928 | 2.47 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Democratic Reformist Party (PRD) | 36,709 | 1.42 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| The Greens (LV) | 18,559 | 0.72 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Workers' Socialist Party (PST) | 11,282 | 0.44 | +0.15 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) | 7,761 | 0.30 | +0.30 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Spanish Vertex Ecological Development Revindication (VERDE) | 7,261 | 0.28 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Green Alternative List (LAV) | 3,478 | 0.13 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| National Unity Coalition (CUN) | 3,080 | 0.12 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) | 2,737 | 0.11 | –0.03 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Republican Popular Unity (UPR)3 | 2,191 | 0.08 | +0.03 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Revolutionary Workers' Party of Spain (PORE) | 2,044 | 0.08 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Natural Culture (CN) | 1,886 | 0.07 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Internationalist Socialist Workers' Party (POSI) | 1,422 | 0.06 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Party of the Communists of Catalonia (PCC) | 296 | 0.01 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) | n/a | n/a | –3.35 | 0 | –1 | |
| Blank ballots | 24,814 | 0.96 | +0.53 | |||
| Total | 2,584,562 | 33 | +1 | |||
| Valid votes | 2,584,562 | 98.29 | +0.16 | |||
| Invalid votes | 44,844 | 1.71 | –0.16 | |||
| Votes cast / turnout | 2,629,406 | 73.90 | –12.06 | |||
| Abstentions | 928,522 | 26.10 | +12.06 | |||
| Registered voters | 3,557,928 | |||||
| Sources[9] | ||||||
Footnotes:
| ||||||
1982 general election
| Parties and alliances | Popular vote | Seats | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− | ||
| Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 1,439,137 | 52.09 | +18.75 | 18 | +6 | |
| People's Alliance–People's Democratic Party (AP–PDP)1 | 891,372 | 32.26 | +23.66 | 11 | +8 | |
| Communist Party of Spain (PCE) | 137,459 | 4.98 | –8.48 | 1 | –3 | |
| Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) | 113,384 | 4.10 | New | 1 | +1 | |
| Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) | 92,508 | 3.35 | –29.79 | 1 | –11 | |
| New Force (FN)2 | 22,602 | 0.82 | –3.98 | 0 | –1 | |
| Spanish Solidarity (SE) | 10,017 | 0.36 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Workers' Socialist Party (PST) | 8,064 | 0.29 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Communist Party of Spain (Marxist–Leninist) (PCE (m–l)) | 7,532 | 0.27 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Socialist Party (PS)3 | 6,375 | 0.23 | –0.35 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Spanish Communist Workers' Party (PCOE) | 5,210 | 0.19 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) | 3,900 | 0.14 | –0.15 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Communist Left Front (FIC) | 3,772 | 0.14 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Communist Unity Candidacy (CUC)4 | 3,188 | 0.12 | –0.08 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Falangist Movement of Spain (MFE) | 2,187 | 0.08 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Independent Citizen Group (ACI) | 1,710 | 0.06 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Spanish Catholic Movement (MCE) | 1,694 | 0.06 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Communist League–Internationalist Socialist Workers' Coalition (LC (COSI)) | 634 | 0.02 | –0.10 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) | 92 | 0.00 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Blank ballots | 11,826 | 0.43 | +0.05 | |||
| Total | 2,762,663 | 32 | ±0 | |||
| Valid votes | 2,762,663 | 98.13 | –0.99 | |||
| Invalid votes | 52,635 | 1.87 | +0.99 | |||
| Votes cast / turnout | 2,815,298 | 85.96 | +12.69 | |||
| Abstentions | 459,668 | 14.04 | –12.69 | |||
| Registered voters | 3,274,966 | |||||
| Sources[9] | ||||||
Footnotes:
| ||||||
1979 general election
| Parties and alliances | Popular vote | Seats | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− | ||
| Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)1 | 769,328 | 33.34 | –7.50 | 12 | –2 | |
| Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) | 764,830 | 33.14 | +1.19 | 12 | +1 | |
| Communist Party of Spain (PCE) | 310,496 | 13.46 | +2.76 | 4 | ±0 | |
| Democratic Coalition (CD)2 | 198,345 | 8.60 | –1.88 | 3 | ±0 | |
| National Union (UN)3 | 110,730 | 4.80 | +4.11 | 1 | +1 | |
| Workers' Revolutionary Organization (ORT)4 | 48,354 | 2.10 | +1.39 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Party of Labour of Spain (PTE)5 | 25,832 | 1.12 | +0.54 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (historical) (PSOEh)6 | 13,322 | 0.58 | –0.65 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Communist Movement–Organization of Communist Left (MC–OIC)7 | 9,095 | 0.39 | +0.16 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Republican Left (IR) | 7,950 | 0.34 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) | 6,680 | 0.29 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (Authentic) (FE–JONS(A)) | 5,264 | 0.23 | –0.09 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Liberal Party (PL) | 4,873 | 0.21 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Revolutionary Communist League (LCR)8 | 4,691 | 0.20 | +0.06 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Workers' Communist Party (PCT) | 4,675 | 0.20 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Syndicalist Party (PSIN) | 3,845 | 0.17 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Basque Country Left (EE) | 3,029 | 0.13 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Communist League (LC) | 2,705 | 0.12 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Union for the Freedom of Speech (ULE) | 1,716 | 0.07 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Carlist Party (PC) | 1,683 | 0.07 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Proverist Party (PPr) | 1,510 | 0.07 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Blank ballots | 8,691 | 0.38 | +0.12 | |||
| Total | 2,307,644 | 32 | ±0 | |||
| Valid votes | 2,307,644 | 99.12 | +0.14 | |||
| Invalid votes | 20,585 | 0.88 | –0.14 | |||
| Votes cast / turnout | 2,328,229 | 73.27 | –11.73 | |||
| Abstentions | 849,503 | 26.73 | +11.73 | |||
| Registered voters | 3,177,732 | |||||
| Sources[9] | ||||||
Footnotes:
| ||||||
1977 general election
| Parties and alliances | Popular vote | Seats | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− | ||
| Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) | 737,699 | 31.95 | n/a | 11 | n/a | |
| Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 731,380 | 31.68 | n/a | 11 | n/a | |
| Communist Party of Spain (PCE) | 247,038 | 10.70 | n/a | 4 | n/a | |
| People's Alliance (AP) | 242,077 | 10.48 | n/a | 3 | n/a | |
| People's Socialist Party–Socialist Unity (PSP–US) | 211,440 | 9.16 | n/a | 3 | n/a | |
| Federation of Christian Democracy (FPD–ID) | 34,113 | 1.48 | n/a | 0 | n/a | |
| Democratic Socialist Alliance (ASDCI) | 28,363 | 1.23 | n/a | 0 | n/a | |
| Workers' Electoral Group (AET) | 16,372 | 0.71 | n/a | 0 | n/a | |
| Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) | 13,721 | 0.59 | n/a | 0 | n/a | |
| Democratic Left Front (FDI) | 13,328 | 0.58 | n/a | 0 | n/a | |
| Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (Authentic) (FE–JONS(A)) | 7,345 | 0.32 | n/a | 0 | n/a | |
| Popular Unity Candidates (CUP) | 5,206 | 0.23 | n/a | 0 | n/a | |
| Independent Party of Madrid (PIM) | 4,814 | 0.21 | n/a | 0 | n/a | |
| Spanish Social Reform (RSE) | 4,344 | 0.19 | n/a | 0 | n/a | |
| Front for Workers' Unity (FUT) | 3,264 | 0.14 | n/a | 0 | n/a | |
| José Antonio Circles (CJA) | 2,301 | 0.10 | n/a | 0 | n/a | |
| Blank ballots | 6,111 | 0.26 | n/a | |||
| Total | 2,308,916 | 32 | n/a | |||
| Valid votes | 2,308,916 | 98.98 | n/a | |||
| Invalid votes | 23,744 | 1.02 | n/a | |||
| Votes cast / turnout | 2,332,660 | 85.00 | n/a | |||
| Abstentions | 411,492 | 15.00 | n/a | |||
| Registered voters | 2,744,152 | |||||
| Sources[9] | ||||||
References
- ↑ "Real Decreto 1037/2022, de 20 de diciembre, por el que se declaran oficiales las cifras de población resultantes de la revisión del Padrón municipal referidas al 1 de enero de 2022" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish) (305): 178928–178933. 21 December 2022. ISSN 0212-033X.
- ↑ "Ley 1/1977, de 4 de enero, para la Reforma Política". Law No. 1 of 4 January 1977 (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 December 2016.
- 1 2 "Constitución Española". Act of 29 December 1978 (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 December 2016.
- ↑ Reig Pellicer, Naiara (16 December 2015). "Spanish elections: Begging for the right to vote". cafebabel.co.uk. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
- 1 2 "Real Decreto-ley 20/1977, de 18 de marzo, sobre Normas Electorales". Royal Decree-Law No. 20 of 18 March 1977 (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 December 2019.
- 1 2 "Ley Orgánica 5/1985, de 19 de junio, del Régimen Electoral General". Organic Law No. 5 of 19 June 1985 (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 January 2020.
- ↑ Gallagher, Michael (30 July 2012). "Effective threshold in electoral systems". Trinity College, Dublin. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
- ↑ "Resolución de 30 de agosto de 2023, de la Presidencia de la Junta Electoral Central, por la que se publica el resumen de los resultados de las elecciones al Congreso de los Diputados y al Senado convocadas por Real Decreto 400/2023, de 29 de mayo, y celebradas el 23 de julio de 2023, conforme a las actas de escrutinio general y de proclamación de electos remitidas por las correspondientes Juntas Electorales Provinciales y por las Juntas Electorales de Ceuta y de Melilla" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish) (209): 122201–122274. 1 September 2023. ISSN 0212-033X.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 "Elecciones celebradas. Resultados electorales". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 April 2022.
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