Magnetogenetics is a medical research technique whereby magnetic fields are used to affect cell function.[1]

History

The development of genetic technologies that can modulate cellular processes has greatly contributed to biological research. A representative example is the development of optogenetics, which is a neuromodulation tool kit that involves light-sensitive proteins such as opsins. This progress provided the grounds for a breakthrough in linking the causal relationship between neuronal activity and behavioral outcome.

The foremost strength of the genetic toolkits used in neuromodulation is that it can provide either spatially or temporally, or both, precise modulation of the brain nervous system. To date, several technologies are adapted with genetics (e.g. optogenetics, chemogenetics, etc.), and each technology has strengths and limits. For example, optogenetics has advantages in that it can provide temporally and spatially precise manipulation of neurons. On the other hand, it involves light stimulation, which cannot penetrate tissues effectively and requires implanted optical devices, limiting its applications for in vivo live animal studies

Techniques that rely on the magnetic control of cellular process are relatively new. This technique may provide an approach that does not require implantation of invasive electrodes or optical devices. This method will allow penetration in to the deeper region of the brain, and may have lower response latency.[2] In 1980, Young and colleagues have shown that magnetic fields with magnitudes in millitesla range are able to penetrate into the brain without attenuation of the signal or side effects because of the negligible magnetic susceptibility and low conductivity of biological tissue.[3] Early attempts to manipulate electrical signaling within brain using magnetic fields was performed by Baker et al., who later developed devices for transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in 1985.

To apply magnetogenetics in biological and neuroscientific research, fusing TRPV class receptors with a paramagnetic protein (typically ferritin) was suggested. These paramagnetic proteins, which typically contain iron or have iron-containing cofactors, are then magnetically stimulated. How this technique can modulate neuronal activity remains unclear but it is thought that the ion channels are activated and opened either by mechanical force exerted by the paramagnetic proteins, or by heating of these via magnetic stimulation. However, availability of such paramagnetic proteins as a transducer for magnetic field to mechanical or temperature stimuli is controversial.

On the other hand, nanoparticles have been suggested as possible candidates that can function as the transducer of magnetic field to the stimulus cue. Based on this concept, next generation of magnetogenetics technique is being developed. In 2010, Arnd Pralle and colleges showed that the first in vivo magneto-thermal stimulation of heat sensitive ion channel TRPV1 that employs magnetic nanoparticles as a transducer in C. elegans.[4]In 2012, Seung Chan Kim showed gene expression profile change of total human genome approximately 30,000 genes using 0.2T static magnetic fields.[5] In 2015, Polina Anikeeva's research group demonstrated that similar concept can enhance the neuronal signals in mammalian brain.[6] In 2021, Jinwoo Cheon's research group has successfully developed the magneto-mechanical genetics which uses magnetic stimulation derived mechanical force in mammalian.[7] In this study, magnetic torque by rotating magnetic field was employed to activate the mechanosensitive cation channel Piezo1. Results of this study show that remote, in vivo manipulation of behavior of mice can be done using magnetogenetics.

Issues

Physical limitation of the ferritin

One of the main issues in magnetogenetics is related the physical properties of the ferritin.[8] The ferritin is composed of 24 subunits of protein complex and a small iron oxide core. The core of the ferritin is in the form of ferric hydroxide which has antiferromagnetic properties. Some researchers have reported that ferritin has remnant magnetization due to their intrinsic defect and impurities.[9] However, even with optimistic calculations, the magnetic interaction energy for heat or force generation is several orders below than thermal fluctuation energy. Recently, other researchers hypothesized that there are other possible mechanisms for activate the ion channels, but these studies remain inconclusive.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Del Sol-Fernández S, Martínez-Vicente P, Gomollón-Zueco P, Castro-Hinojosa C, Gutiérrez L, Fratila RM, Moros M (February 2022). "Magnetogenetics: remote activation of cellular functions triggered by magnetic switches". Nanoscale. 14 (6): 2091–2118. doi:10.1039/d1nr06303k. PMC 8830762. PMID 35103278.
  2. ↑ Roet M, Hescham SA, Jahanshahi A, Rutten BP, Anikeeva PO, Temel Y (June 2019). "Progress in neuromodulation of the brain: A role for magnetic nanoparticles?" (PDF). Progress in Neurobiology. 177: 1–14. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.03.002. PMID 30878723. S2CID 75139154.
  3. ↑ Young JH, Wang MT, Brezovich IA (1980-05-09). "Frequency/depth-penetration considerations in hyperthermia by magnetically induced currents". Electronics Letters. 16 (10): 358–359. Bibcode:1980ElL....16..358Y. doi:10.1049/el:19800255. ISSN 1350-911X.
  4. ↑ Huang, Heng; Delikanli, Savas; Zeng, Hao; Ferkey, Denise M.; Pralle, Arnd (August 2010). "Remote control of ion channels and neurons through magnetic-field heating of nanoparticles". Nature Nanotechnology. 5 (8): 602–606. Bibcode:2010NatNa...5..602H. doi:10.1038/nnano.2010.125. ISSN 1748-3387. PMID 20581833.
  5. ↑ https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13206-012-6308-z
  6. ↑ Chen R, Romero G, Christiansen MG, Mohr A, Anikeeva P (March 2015). "Wireless magnetothermal deep brain stimulation". Science. 347 (6229): 1477–80. Bibcode:2015Sci...347.1477C. doi:10.1126/science.1261821. hdl:1721.1/96011. PMID 25765068. S2CID 43687881.
  7. ↑ Lee, Jung-uk; Shin, Wookjin; Lim, Yongjun; Kim, Jungsil; Kim, Woon Ryoung; Kim, Heehun; Lee, Jae-Hyun; Cheon, Jinwoo (2021-01-28). "Non-contact long-range magnetic stimulation of mechanosensitive ion channels in freely moving animals". Nature Materials. 20 (7): 1029–1036. Bibcode:2021NatMa..20.1029L. doi:10.1038/s41563-020-00896-y. ISSN 1476-1122. PMID 33510447. S2CID 231747654.
  8. ↑ Meister M (August 2016). "Physical limits to magnetogenetics". eLife. 5: e17210. arXiv:1604.01359. doi:10.7554/eLife.17210. PMC 5016093. PMID 27529126.
  9. ↑ Jutz G, van Rijn P, Santos Miranda B, Böker A (February 2015). "Ferritin: a versatile building block for bionanotechnology". Chemical Reviews. 115 (4): 1653–701. doi:10.1021/cr400011b. PMID 25683244.
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