Before the advent of the Open era of tennis competitions in April 1968, only amateurs were allowed to compete in established tournaments, including the four majors. There was no prize money and players were compensated for travel expenses only. However many top tennis players turned professional to play legally for prize money in the years before the open era. They played in separate professional events, mostly on tours involving head-to-head competition, but also in professional tournaments as the biggest events on the pro tour.[1] Professional tournaments, in particular the professional majors, usually only had a men's draw.

Professional majors

In addition to the head-to-head tours, there were also major pro events, where the world's top professional male players often played. These tournaments held with a certain tradition and longevity. According to Ellsworth Vines, "the Wembley tournament in London..., the U.S. professional championship, and to some extent the tournament in Paris were the major professional tournaments prior to 1968."[2]

The oldest of these three tournaments was the U.S. Pro Tennis Championships, played at a variety of different venues and on a variety of different surfaces, between 1927 and 1999. The Wembley Championship, played between 1934 and 1990 at the Wembley Arena in the United Kingdom, was played on a wood surface through 1967. The third professional major was the French Pro Championship, where between 1930 and 1968 it was played on both clay and wood courts. A player who won all three in a calendar year was considered in retrospect by later tennis writers to achieve a "Professional Grand Slam", or "Pro Slam".[3][4]

In some years, professional tournaments other than the pro majors had stronger fields and offered more prize money. Jack Kramer designated the four major professional tournaments for the 1958/1959 seasons as follows; Forest Hills, Kooyong, L.A. Masters, Sydney.[5]

U.S. Pro Tennis Championships

The U.S. Pro Tennis Championship, also known as the US Pro, and officially known as the Cleveland International Pro or Cleveland World Pro Tennis Championships between 1951 and 1962,[6] was an annual tournament, later known as MFS Pro Championships. It was first organized by player Vincent Richards when promoter C. C. Pyle withdrew interest in the project. It was first played on the Notlek courts located at 119th Street and Riverside Drive, Manhattan. The tournament was held at various locations in several states until 1964, when it moved to the Longwood Cricket Club in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts.[1] In both 1951 and 1954 there are two U.S. Pro tournaments listed here for each year.

French Pro Championship

The French Pro Championship was first held in 1930, held by the "Association Française des Professeurs de Tennis (AFPT)", entitled "Championnat International de France Professionnel" (French Pro Championships) on June 18–22, 1930.[7] From 1930 the French Pro Championship was always played at Paris, on outdoor clay at Roland Garros except from 1963 to 1967 where it was held at Stade Pierre de Coubertin on indoor wood.

Wembley Championship

The Wembley Championship, also known as the Wembley Pro, was held at the Wembley Arena, in London. This professional event ran from 1934 to 1967 and was originally played on a wood surface placed over the top of a drained pool. It was officially known as the "London Indoor Professional Championships" from 1951 through 1967.[8]

List of professional major champions

Singles

Year U.S. Pro Wembley Pro French Pro
1927United States Vincent Richards (1/4)no competitionno competition
1928United States Vincent Richards (2/4)no competitionno competition
1929Czechoslovakia Karel Koželuh (1/4)no competitionno competition
1930United States Vincent Richards (3/4)no competitionCzechoslovakia Karel Koželuh(2/4)
1931United States Bill Tilden (1/3)no competitionFrance Martin Plaa(1/1)
1932Czechoslovakia Karel Koželuh(3/4)no competitionFrance Robert Ramillon (1/1)
1933United States Vincent Richards (4/4)no competitionno competition
1934Germany Hans Nüsslein (1/4)United States Ellsworth Vines(1/4)United States Bill Tilden(2/3)
1935United States Bill Tilden (3/3)United States Ellsworth Vines (2/4)United States Ellsworth Vines(3/4)
1936United States Joe Whalen (1/1)no competition[lower-alpha 1]France Henri Cochet (1/1)
1937Czechoslovakia Karel Koželuh (4/4) [lower-alpha 2]Germany Hans Nüsslein (2/4)Germany Hans Nüsslein (3/4)
1938United Kingdom Fred Perry (1/2)no competition[lower-alpha 1]Germany Hans Nüsslein (4/4)
1939United States Ellsworth Vines (4/4)United States Don Budge (1/4)United States Don Budge(2/4)
1940United States Don Budge (3/4)no competitionno competition
1941United Kingdom Fred Perry(2/2)no competitionno competition
1942United States Don Budge (4/4)no competitionno competition
1943United States Bruce Barnes (1/1)no competitionno competition
1944no competitionno competitionno competition
1945United States Welby Van Horn(1/1)no competitionno competition
1946United States Bobby Riggs (1/3)no competitionno competition
1947United States Bobby Riggs (2/3)no competitionno competition
1948United States Jack Kramer (1/2)no competitionno competition
1949United States Bobby Riggs(3/3)United States Jack Kramer (2/2)no competition
1950Ecuador Pancho Segura(1/3)United States Pancho Gonzales (1/13)no competition[lower-alpha 3]
1951[lower-alpha 4] United States Frank Kovacs (1/1)
(Cleveland)
Ecuador Pancho Segura(2/3)
(Forest Hills)
United States Pancho Gonzales (2/13)no competition
1952Ecuador Pancho Segura(3/3)United States Pancho Gonzales (3/13)no competition[lower-alpha 3]
1953United States Pancho Gonzales (4/13)Australia Frank Sedgman (1/2)no competition[lower-alpha 3]
1954United States Pancho Gonzales (5/13)
(Cleveland)
United States Pancho Gonzales (6/13)
(Los Angeles)
no competitionno competition
1955United States Pancho Gonzales (7/13)no competitionno competition
1956United States Pancho Gonzales (8/13)United States Pancho Gonzales (9/13)United States Tony Trabert (1/2)
1957United States Pancho Gonzales (10/13)Australia Ken Rosewall(1/15)no competition
1958United States Pancho Gonzales (11/13)Australia Frank Sedgman(2/2)Australia Ken Rosewall(2/15)
1959United States Pancho Gonzales (12/13)Australia Mal Anderson(1/1)United States Tony Trabert (2/2)
1960Peru Alex Olmedo(1/1)Australia Ken Rosewall (3/15)Australia Ken Rosewall(4/15)
1961United States Pancho Gonzales(13/13)Australia Ken Rosewall(5/15)Australia Ken Rosewall(6/15)
1962United States Butch Buchholz(1/1)Australia Ken Rosewall(7/15)Australia Ken Rosewall(8/15)
1963Australia Ken Rosewall(9/15)Australia Ken Rosewall(10/15)Australia Ken Rosewall(11/15)
1964Australia Rod Laver(1/8)Australia Rod Laver(2/8)Australia Ken Rosewall(12/15)
1965Australia Ken Rosewall(13/15)Australia Rod Laver(3/8)Australia Ken Rosewall(14/15)
1966Australia Rod Laver(4/8)Australia Rod Laver(5/8)Australia Ken Rosewall (15/15)
1967Australia Rod Laver(6/8)Australia Rod Laver(7/8)Australia Rod Laver(8/8)
  1. 1 2 The Wembley Championships of 1936 and 1938 did not take place. The London Daily Mail of August 24th 1936 contained an article stating that the 1936 Wembley event would not take place due to Tilden and Vines being unavailable. Ray Bowers, in his History of professional tennis, says that 1936 and 1938 Wembley tournaments never occurred and offers substantiating evidence for his assertion.[9][10]
  2. The 1937 US Pro was the first pro event open to amateur players and is considered as both the U.S. Pro Tennis Championship and first "true" U.S. Open event.
  3. 1 2 3 There were 4 man tournaments held in Paris in 1950, 1952 and 1953. The 1950 and 1953 tournaments were held indoors, whilst the 1952 tournament was held on clay at Roland Garros.[11]
  4. The championship events from 1951–1962, were billed as the International Pro or World Pro Championship. In 1951, a U.S. Pro was held at Forest Hills authorized by the USPLTA, and an International Pro was held at Cleveland. There was no USPLTA U.S. Pro event held in 1952 or 1953, but the International Pro was held at Cleveland in those years and was regarded as the U.S. Pro.[12][13][14][15][16] In 1954, the USPLTA authorized Kramer to hold the U.S. Pro at L.A. Tennis Club in Los Angeles (this was the successor tournament to the 1951 U.S. Pro at Forest Hills and Segura was the defending champion).[17] The International Pro and World Pro events at Cleveland from 1951–62 were not authorized by the USPLTA to be the U.S. Pro, and were not billed as such.[18] The USPLTA were an organisation of teaching professionals and the touring professionals did enter U.S. Pro events in this period.[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] In some interviews in the 1950s, Gonzales and Segura referred to the Cleveland World Pro as "the National" or the "U.S. National Professional Championships".[27] There were many newspaper and magazine articles in the 1950s that also referred to Cleveland events as U.S. Pro.[28][20][29][30][31][32][33][34]

Doubles

Year U.S. Pro Wembley Pro French Pro
1929Czechoslovakia Karel Koželuh
United States Vinny Richards
no competitionno competition
1930United States Howard Kinsey
United States Vincent Richards
no competitionCzechoslovakia Karel Koželuh
Germany Roman Najuch
1931United States Howard Kinsey
United States Vincent Richards
no competition
1932United States Bruce Barnes
United States Bill Tilden
no competition
1933United States Vincent Richards
United States Charles Wood
no competitionno competition
1934United States Bruce Barnes
France Emmett Paré
1935United States George Lott
United States Lester Stoefen
United States Bill Tilden
United States Ellsworth Vines
United States Bill Tilden
United States Ellsworth Vines
1936United States Harold Blauer
United States Charles Wood
no competitionFrance Henri Cochet
Republic of Ireland Albert Burke
1937United States George Lott
United States Vincent Richards
Germany Hans Nüsslein
France Martin Plaa
United States Lester Stoefen
United States Bill Tilden
1938United Kingdom Fred Perry
United States Vincent Richards
no competitionFrance Martin Plaa
France Robert Ramillon
1939United States Bruce Barnes
United States Keith Gledhill
United States Don Budge
United States Ellsworth Vines
1940United States Don Budge
United Kingdom Fred Perry
no competitionno competition
1941United States Don Budge
United Kingdom Fred Perry
no competitionno competition
1942United States Don Budge
United States Bobby Riggs
no competitionno competition
1943United States Bruce Barnes
United States Gene Mako
no competitionno competition
1944no competitionno competitionno competition
1945United States Vincent Richards
United States Bill Tilden
no competitionno competition
1946United States Frank Kovacs
United Kingdom Fred Perry
no competitionno competition
1947United States Don Budge
United States Bobby Riggs
no competitionno competition
1948United States Jack Kramer
Ecuador Pancho Segura
no competitionno competition
1949United States Don Budge
United States Frank Kovacs
United States Jack Kramer
United States Bobby Riggs
no competition
1950United States Frank Kovacs
United States Welby Van Horn
United States Don Budge
United States Pancho Gonzales
no competition
1951 United States Pancho Gonzales
Ecuador Pancho Segura
(Forest Hills)
United States Pancho Gonzales
Ecuador Pancho Segura
no competition
1952no competitionUnited States Pancho Gonzales
Ecuador Pancho Segura
no competition
1953United States Don Budge
United States Pancho Gonzales
United States Don Budge
Australia Frank Sedgman
no competition
1954United States Pancho Gonzales
Ecuador Pancho Segura
(Cleveland)
Australia Frank Sedgman
United States Jack Kramer
(Los Angeles)
no competitionno competition
1955United States Jack Kramer
Ecuador Pancho Segura
no competitionno competition
1956Australia Rex Hartwig
United States Tony Trabert
United States Pancho Gonzales
United States Tony Trabert
United States Pancho Gonzales
United States Tony Trabert
1957United States Pancho Gonzales
Australia Ken Rosewall
Australia Lew Hoad
Australia Ken Rosewall
no competition
1958United States Pancho Gonzales
Ecuador Pancho Segura
United States Pancho Gonzales
Australia Ken Rosewall
Australia Lew Hoad
United States Tony Trabert
1959no competitionAustralia Lew Hoad
United States Tony Trabert
Australia Lew Hoad
United States Tony Trabert
1960Australia Ashley Cooper
Peru Alex Olmedo
Australia Ken Rosewall
Australia Frank Sedgman
Australia Lew Hoad
United States Tony Trabert
1961Spain Andrés Gimeno
Australia Frank Sedgman
Australia Lew Hoad
Australia Ken Rosewall
Australia Lew Hoad
Australia Ken Rosewall
1962United States Butch Buchholz
United States Barry MacKay
Australia Lew Hoad
Australia Ken Rosewall
Australia Lew Hoad
Australia Ken Rosewall
1963Australia Rod Laver
Australia Ken Rosewall
Peru Alex Olmedo
Australia Frank Sedgman
Australia Lew Hoad
Australia Ken Rosewall
1964no competitionAustralia Lew Hoad
Australia Ken Rosewall
Australia Lew Hoad
Australia Ken Rosewall
1965no competitionUnited States Butch Buchholz
Australia Rod Laver
Australia Mal Anderson
Australia Ken Rosewall
1966United States Butch Buchholz
Australia Rod Laver
Australia Lew Hoad
Australia Ken Rosewall
United States Butch Buchholz
Australia Rod Laver
1967United States Dennis Ralston
Australia Ken Rosewall
Australia Rod Laver
Australia Fred Stolle
France Pierre Barthès
Spain Andrés Gimeno

Source:[35]

Other important tournaments

The Championships at Wimbledon, the U.S. Championships, the French Championships, and the Australian Championships were typically the top events, where amateur players could compete for the title, albeit without prize money. Since the professional circuit was less organized and somewhat less popular than the amateur circuit, the professional events hierarchy changed each year. In 1934 the U.S. Pro was a high-class tournament with all top ranked pro players whereas in 1936 it was a meeting between pro teachers without any leading pro players. A tournament could even be canceled at any time due to poor attendance.

Consequently, for a given year a pro tournament was important when it attracted the best pro players and then another year this same tournament could be a second-rank tournament because few or no leading players came. Before the open era in addition to numerous small tournaments and head-to-head tours between the leading professionals, there were some major tournaments which stood out at different periods. Some survived sporadically because of financial collapses while others temporarily rose to the highest levels of competition when other tournaments weren't held. These include:

Bristol Cup: 1920–1932

Sometimes labelled "Professional Championships of France" this tournament was held on the French Riviera at Menton, at Cannes.[36]

Professional Championship of the World: 1927–1928

This event was held in October on clay courts, at the Queen's Club in London. In 1928 Myers of the Daily Telegraph wrote that "this was the best pro tournament ever held in England."[36]

List of Queen's Club Pro winners:

Year Champion Runner-up Score
1927United Kingdom Dan MaskellUnited Kingdom Charles R Read6–3, 6–3, 6–4
1928France Robert RamillonRepublic of Ireland Edmund Burke6–1, 6–3, 5–7, 6–4

World Pro Championship: 1932–1933

The World Pro Championship were held in 1932 and 1933 in Berlin at the Rot-Weiss club, on clay. It had a very large participation (over 80 players). According to Ray Bowers, the tournament at the time was regarded as the most prestigious professional tournament in the world.[37]

List of World Pro winners:

Year Champion Runner-up
1932France Martin PlaaUnited States Bill Tilden
1933Nazi Germany Hans NüssleinUnited States Bill Tilden

Bonnardel Cup: 1935–1937

This was a team tournament created by Bill Tilden and modeled on the Davis Cup format. In 1935, early rounds in France were hoped to be played at Roland Garros,[38] but the French Tennis Association would not allow the event to be played at the stadium.[39][40]

Year Champions
1935France France
1936United States United States
1937France France

International Pro Championship of Britain: 1935–1939

The International Pro Championship of Britain (also known as the Southport Pro, as well as the Southport Dunlop Cup for sponsorship purposes) was a professional tennis tournament held at Victoria Park in Southport between 1935 and 1939. It was open to professional players only, amateurs were not allowed to compete. The tournament was held on outdoor En-tout-cas, "all-weather" artificial clay.[39]

List of International Pro Championship of Britain winners:

Year Champion Runner-up Score
1935United States Ellsworth VinesUnited States Bill Tilden6–1, 6–8, 4–6, 6–2, 6–2[41]
1936Nazi Germany Hans NüssleinFrance Henri Cochet(Round Robin)[42]
1937Nazi Germany Hans NüssleinFrance Robert Ramillon6–4, 6–3, 2–6, 6–4[43]
1938Nazi Germany Hans NüssleinUnited States Bill Tilden(Round Robin)[44]
1939Nazi Germany Hans NüssleinUnited States Bill Tilden6–2, 7–5, 6–4 [45]

U.S. Pro Hard Courts: 1945–1946

In LA; the only significant pro tournament of the last year of World War II, although missing Frank Kovacs and Welby Van Horn.

Year Champion
1945United States Bobby Riggs
1946United States Bobby Riggs

Philadelphia U.S. Pro Indoor: 1950–1952

Year Champion
1950United States Pancho Gonzales
1951United States Jack Kramer
1952United States Pancho Gonzales

Australian Pro: 1954

The Australian Pro was a men's professional tournament held in 1954 and it was billed as the Australian Professional Championships.[46]

Tournament of Champions: 1957–1959

The Tournament of Champions was a prominent professional tennis tournament series between 1957 and 1959. The tournament was held on the grass-courts of Forest Hills, New York, between 1957 and 1959, and an Australian version of the Tournament of Champions was held on grass at White City, Sydney in 1957 and 1959, and at Kooyong Stadium in Melbourne in 1958. The 1957 and 1958 Forest Hills tournaments had a round robin format, while the 1959 Forest Hills was an elimination tournament with 10 players. The Sydney version was an elimination event, while the 1958 Kooyong event was a round robin format.

The 1957 Forest Hills Tournament of Champions was broadcast live nationally in the U.S.A. on the CBS television network in its entirety, the only known professional tennis tournament in the U.S.A. to achieve this status before the Open Era. (The CBS Dallas pro tennis tournament in 1965 was filmed and broadcast one match at a time in a weekly series.) The 1959 Forest Hills Tournament of Champions offered the largest winners' cheques of the year. The current designation by the West Side Tennis Club of the 1957–59 Forest Hills TOC is "WCT Tournament of Champions".[47] Kramer's contemporary brochures described the Ampol series, of which the 1959 Forest Hills TOC was a part, with the term "World Championship Tennis".[48]

The 1958 Kooyong Tournament of Champions was the richest tournament of the series, with a prize money of 10,000 Australian pounds (US$24,000).

List of Tournament of Champions winners:
Forest Hills (New York)

Year Champion Runner-up Score
1957United States Pancho Gonzales[49]Australia Frank Sedgman(Round Robin)
1958United States Pancho Gonzales[50]Australia Ken Rosewall(Round Robin)
1959Australia Lew Hoad[51]United States Pancho Gonzales6–1, 5–7, 6–2, 6–1

White City (Sydney) and Kooyong (Melbourne)

Year Champion Runner-up Score
1957Ecuador Pancho SeguraAustralia Frank Sedgman7–5, 6–0, 6–4
1958Australia Lew Hoad[52] Australia Frank Sedgman(Round Robin)
1959United States Pancho GonzalesAustralia Lew Hoad11–9, 6–1, 6–1

Masters Pro: 1956–1965

Round Robin in Los Angeles, held from 1956 to 1960, and again in 1964, 1965, and 1967. The Ampol Masters Pro was held at White City in Sydney in 1958.

Masters Pro winners:

Year Champion Runner-up Score
1956United States Pancho GonzalesAustralia Frank Sedgman(Round Robin)
1957United States Pancho GonzalesAustralia Frank Sedgman(Round Robin)
1958Ecuador Pancho Segura
(L.A. Tennis Club)
United States Pancho Gonzales(Round Robin)
Australia Frank Sedgman
(Sydney White City)
United States Tony Trabert3–6, 4–6, 7–5, 6–3, 6–4
1959United States Pancho GonzalesAustralia Lew Hoad(Round Robin)
1960Australia Ken Rosewall
1964Australia Ken RosewallAustralia Frank Sedgman6–2, 6–4
1965Australia Rod LaverUnited States Pancho Gonzales3–6, 6–3, 7–5

Kramer Cup: 1961–1963

A team format tournament.[53]

Year Champions
1961Australia Australia
1962Australia Australia
1963Australia Australia

Madison Square Garden Pro: 1966–1967

Madison Square Garden Pro winners:

Year Champion Runner-up Score
1954United States Pancho GonzalesEcuador Pancho Segura7–9, 6–4, 6–4
1966Australia Ken RosewallAustralia Rod Laver6–3, 6–3
1967Australia Rod LaverAustralia Ken Rosewall6–4, 6–4
1968Australia Tony RocheUnited States Pancho Gonzales6–3, 6–4
1969Australia Rod LaverAustralia Roy Emerson6–2, 4–6, 6–1

Forest Hills Pro: 1966

The Forest Hills Pro was held in June 1966 on the grass courts of the West Side Tennis Club using the VASSS Scoring System.

Forest Hills Pro winner:

Year Champion
1966Australia Rod Laver

Wimbledon Pro: 1967

The Wimbledon World Professional Championship, also known as the Wimbledon Pro, was held in August 1967. It was first time that professional tennis players played on Centre Court at Wimbledon.[54] The tournament was sponsored and broadcast by the BBC to mark the invention of colour television.[55]

Wimbledon Pro winner:

Year Champion Runner-up Score
1967Australia Rod LaverAustralia Ken Rosewall6–2, 6–2, 12–10

References

  1. 1 2 Robertson, Max (1974). Encyclopedia of Tennis. New York, Viking Press. pp. 60–71. ISBN 9780670294084.
  2. Tennis Myth and Method (1978), Ellsworth Vines and Gene Vier (ISBN 9780670696659), page 43
  3. Geist, Robert (1999). Ken Rosewall: Der Grosse Meister. Austria. p. 137.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  4. Lee, Raymond (September 2007). "Greatest Player of All Time: A Statistical Analysis". Tennis Week Magazine.
  5. World Tennis, November, 1958
  6. Sports Illustrated, 22 April 1957, "...officially known as the World Pro Tennis Championships." https://vault.si.com/vault/1957/04/22/a-class-reunion
  7. Chevallier, Jean-Pierre (2007). le Tennis en France 1875-1955. Alan Sutton. ISBN 978-2849106266.
  8. "Forgotten Victories". Retrieved September 26, 2012.
  9. "History of the Pro Tennis Wars Chapter VII". Retrieved September 25, 2012.
  10. "History of the Pro Tennis Wars, Chapter IX". Retrieved September 25, 2012.
  11. McCauley (2000)
  12. "The Philadelphia Inquirer, 20 December 1953". 20 December 1953 via newspapers.com.
  13. "Corpus Christi Caller Times, 12 March 1953". 12 March 1953 via newspapers.com.
  14. "The Philadelphia Inquirer, 4 April 1953". 4 April 1953 via newspapers.com.
  15. "The Tampa Tribune, 11 April 1953". 11 April 1953 via newspapers.com.
  16. "The Philadelphia Inquirer, 27 December 1953". 27 December 1953 via newspapers.com.
  17. The Los Angeles Times, 11 May 1954
  18. "Renowned players grace USPTA Championships". USPTA. Archived from the original on 5 June 2019. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
  19. "The Philadelphia Inquirer, 20 December 1953". 20 December 1953 via newspapers.com.
  20. 1 2 Harold E. Donohue (July 1956). "Pancho Gonzales: Mixed-Up Champion". Pageant. p. 112.
  21. "Corpus Christi Caller Times, 12 March 1953". 12 March 1953 via newspapers.com.
  22. "The Philadelphia Inquirer, 4 April 1953". 4 April 1953 via newspapers.com.
  23. "The Tampa Tribune, 11 April 1953". 11 April 1953 via newspapers.com.
  24. "The Philadelphia Inquirer, 27 December 1953". 27 December 1953 via newspapers.com.
  25. "The Times (Shreveport), 16 February 1956". 16 February 1956 via newspapers.com.
  26. "Star Press (Muncie), 18 March 1957". 18 March 1957 via newspapers.com.
  27. Man with a racket: The autobiography of Pancho Gonzales (1959), p.111
  28. "The Philadelphia Inquirer, 20 December 1953". 20 December 1953 via newspapers.com.
  29. "Corpus Christi Caller Times, 12 March 1953". 12 March 1953 via newspapers.com.
  30. "The Philadelphia Inquirer, 4 April 1953". 4 April 1953 via newspapers.com.
  31. "The Tampa Tribune, 11 April 1953". 11 April 1953 via newspapers.com.
  32. "The Philadelphia Inquirer, 27 December 1953". 27 December 1953 via newspapers.com.
  33. "The Times (Shreveport), 16 February 1956". 16 February 1956 via newspapers.com.
  34. "Star Press (Muncie), 18 March 1957". 18 March 1957 via newspapers.com.
  35. McCauley (2000), pp. 256–257.
  36. 1 2 Bowers, Ray. "History of the Pro Tennis Wars, Chapter 2, part 1: 1927-1928". tennisserver.com.
  37. Bowers, Ray. "History of the Pro Tennis Wars Chapter IV: Tilden and Nusslein, 1932-1933". tennisserver.com.
  38. "Professional Davis Cup Is Created; 9 Countries to Compete for Trophy". The Tribune. Vol. IX, no. 220. International, Australia. 15 December 1933. p. 7. Retrieved 25 April 2022 via National Library of Australia.
  39. 1 2 Bowers, Ray. "History of the Pro Tennis Wars, Chapter VI: Vines's Second Year: 1935". tennisserver.com.
  40. "Professional Tennis Ban". Barrier Miner. 1935. Retrieved September 26, 2012.
  41. "Forgotten Victories: History of the Pro Tennis Wars, Chapter VI: Vines's Second Year: 1935". tennisserver.com. Retrieved 2011-08-07.
  42. "History of the Pro Tennis Wars, Chapter VII: Awaiting Perry, 1936". tennisserver.com. Retrieved 2011-08-07.
  43. "History of the Pro Tennis Wars, Chapter VIII: Perry and Vines, 1937". tennisserver.com. Retrieved 2011-08-07.
  44. "History of the Pro Tennis Wars, Chapter IX: Readying for Budge, 1938". tennisserver.com. Retrieved 2011-08-07.
  45. "Forgotten Victories: History of the Pro Tennis Wars 1926-1945, Chapter X: Budge's Great Pro Year, 1939". tennisserver.com. Retrieved 2011-08-07.
  46. "Pro. title goes to Sedgman". The Sun-Herald. 28 November 1954. p. 40 via National Library of Australia.
  47. "History Timeline".
  48. Kramer 1959 tour fall brochure. https://douglasstewart.com.au/product/jack-kramer-presents-world-championship-tennis/
  49. McCauley (2000), pp. 75–77, 206
  50. McCauley (2000), pp. 84, 209
  51. McCauley (2000), pp. 93, 212–213
  52. "Hoad defeats Sedgman to take Tourney". Canberra Times. 31 January 1958. p. 16. Retrieved 28 November 2019 via National Library of Australia.
  53. "The Kramer Cup Runneth All Over The Court". Sports Illustrated. Nov 20, 1961.
  54. Barrett, John (2014). Wimbledon: The Official History (4th ed.). Vision Sports Publishing. p. 122. ISBN 9-781909-534230.
  55. "First regular colour television programme". BBC. 22 June 2013.

Bibliography

  • McCauley, Joe (2000). The History of Professional Tennis. Windsor: The Short Run Book Company Limited.
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