Malaysia–North Korea relations
Map indicating locations of Malaysia and North Korea

Malaysia
North Korea
Diplomatic mission
Embassy of Malaysia, PyongyangEmbassy of North Korea, Kuala Lumpur
Envoy
Ambassador VacantAmbassador Vacant

Malaysia–North Korea relations[lower-alpha 1] were once strong but deteriorated following the 2017 assassination of Kim Jong-nam in Kuala Lumpur.

Malaysia was once one of the few countries with which North Korea enjoyed functional diplomatic and economic relationships. However, ties between the two countries have disintegrated. Malaysia had an embassy in Pyongyang,[1] and North Korea had an embassy in Kuala Lumpur.[2]

Relations between the two countries deteriorated in 2017, in the aftermath of the assassination of Kim Jong-nam in Kuala Lumpur International Airport, which made global headlines and sparked a major diplomatic row between the two countries.[3] In retaliation for Malaysia's refusal to release Kim's body pending the results of an autopsy, staff at the Malaysian embassy were prevented from leaving North Korea, and were only allowed to return home after Malaysia relented to North Korea's request to hand over Kim's remains (after an autopsy had been performed) and two North Korean nationals who had been detained for questioning in Malaysia.[4]

Amid the 2018–19 Korean peace process, Malaysia announced it would re-open its embassy in North Korea and resume relations. Because of ongoing bilateral complications, the Malaysian embassy remained vacant.[5][6][7] North Korea severed ties with Malaysia on 19 March 2021 due to the latter's extradition of a North Korean national to the United States.[8][9] The same day, the Malaysian government declared all North Korean diplomatic staff and their dependents personae non gratae and ordered them to leave the country within 48 hours.[10][11][12] As of 2024, Malaysia is the only country in Southeast Asia that does not maintain diplomatic relations with North Korea.

History

Before

Relations between the two countries started on 30 June 1973.[13] This was part of a broader campaign by North Korea to enhance its ties with the developing world.[14]

The North Korean embassy was opened in Kuala Lumpur in 1974 and Malaysia sent its first ambassador to the DPRK in 2004.[15] After Mahathir Mohamad became prime minister of Malaysia in 1981, relations developed quickly with exchanges of ministerial visits and aspirations to promote mutual economic development and peace on the peninsula.

Relations between both countries improved and in 2009, Malaysia became the first country whose citizens were able to travel to North Korea without a visa.[16][17] In 2013, the supreme leader of North Korea Kim Jong-un received an honorary doctorate from HELP University, a Malaysian university.[18][19]

Assassination of Kim Jong-nam in Malaysia

On 13 February 2017, Kim Jong-nam, Kim Jong-un's half-brother, was killed in Malaysia in a presumed assassination. This resulted in a rapid escalation of tensions.

The Malaysian authorities conducted an autopsy which resulted in opposition from North Korea.[20] The North Korean government said that it will oppose any results of the findings, claiming that it was conducted on its citizen without their permission, and that they will take the issue to the International Court of Justice (ICJ). It also accused Malaysia of colluding with its enemies.[21] The Malaysian side argued that any such incidents happening on a country's soil are subject to that country's laws, and stressed the need to find the cause of death and confirm the identity of the deceased.[22][23][24] After North Korean ambassador Kang Chol's comments, he was summoned by the Malaysian Foreign affairs ministry on 20 February, while the Malaysian ambassador to North Korea had also been recalled.[25]

Following the revelation that Kim's death was the result of the VX nerve agent, a nerve agent classified as a weapon of mass destruction by the United Nations Security Council Resolution 687 and outlawed by the Chemical Weapons Convention of 1993, Malaysia threatened the expulsion of the North Korean ambassador to Malaysia, referring to his claims of collusion as "delusional".[26] The North Korean government then dispatched a high-level delegation to Malaysia.[27]

Beginning on 6 March, Malaysia cancelled the visa-free entry for North Koreans, citing "security issues" following the murder incident.[28] On 4 March, the North Korean ambassador Kang Chol was declared a persona non grata and expelled for the next 48 hours,[29] to which North Korea reacted in kind.[30] North Korean authorities also reacted on 7 March by forbidding all Malaysian citizens in North Korea from entering or leaving the country.[31] Malaysian authorities retaliated by forbidding North Korean citizens from entering or leaving Malaysia.[32]

On 30 March, after negotiations between both sides to end their dispute, all stranded Malaysians in North Korea and North Koreans in Malaysia were allowed to return to their respective countries with a recent receipt of a letter from the deceased's family requesting the remains of Kim's be returned to his country following the completion of further autopsy.[33]

Shortly after the deal, Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak said that the Government of Malaysia had no intention to cut diplomatic ties with North Korea and considers the hostage crisis over, hoping that North Korea will never resort to unlawful action and going against international law again for holding up hostages.[34][35]

However, in the aftermath of the incident, in September 2017, the Malaysian government banned all of its citizens from travelling to North Korea, with the Malaysian government’s view that travel to North Korea would be permitted once the diplomatic situation became normal.[36] In 2018, Malaysia chose not to accept the North Korean invitation to attend military parades in Pyongyang.[37]

Following the 2018 North Korea–United States Summit held in Singapore on 12 June 2018, the new Pakatan Harapan government in Malaysia under Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad said "the world should not treat North Korea leader Kim Jong-un with skepticism and instead learn from his new attitude towards bringing about peace".[38] In a joint press conference in Tokyo with Japan, he said: "We hoped for a successful outcome from the historic meeting",[39] adding that "Malaysia will re-open their embassy in North Korea as an end to the diplomatic row over the assassination of Kim Jong-nam".[40] On 13 February 2019, Mahathir said that Malaysia will settle its problem with North Korea soon after the second summit between North Korea and the United States held in Vietnam on 27 February.[41][42] On 25 October 2019, Mahathir met with the President of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly Choe Ryong-hae in Baku, Azerbaijan, to discuss re-establishing diplomatic ties.[43]

On 3 January 2020, Malaysia officially announced the reopening of its embassy in North Korea.[44] However, the reopening did not occur, due to the 2020 Malaysian political crisis.

Severance of diplomatic ties between Malaysia and North Korea

On 19 March 2021, North Korea announced the severance of diplomatic ties with Malaysia, after the Kuala Lumpur High Court rejected North Korean businessman Mun Chol Myong’s appeal from extradition to the United States, on money laundering charges, which his lawyers maintained were related mainly to his activities in Singapore.[8][9]

In response on the same day, Malaysia noted that it deeply regretted North Korea’s decision, whilst also denouncing it as “unfriendly and unconstructive, disrespecting the spirit of mutual respect and good neighbourly relations among members of the international community”. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia also noted that the Executive complied with the judicial process of Malaysia, the charges of money laundering along with violating United Nations sanctions are also considered offences in Malaysia and the extradition only occurred after all appeals were exhausted. Malaysia was compelled to close its Embassy in Pyongyang, although its operations were suspended by Malaysia since 2017. Malaysia also issued an order for all North Korean diplomatic staff (and their dependents) in Kuala Lumpur to leave the country within 48 hours of the severance of ties.[10][11]

Economic and cultural relations

North Korea imports refined oil, natural rubber and palm oil from Malaysia.[45] Malaysia imports iron and steel products from North Korea.[46] In 2017, there were 300 North Koreans working in the coal mining industry in Sarawak state of Malaysia.[16]

In 2011, Malaysia's Bernama reported that the two countries will enhance co-operation in information-related areas.[47] In 2017, both countries signed a memorandum of understanding in the exchange of culture.[48]

North Korea has been working together with Malaysia's tourism sector to promote travel to North Korea. Since 2001, more than 1,000 Malaysians have visited North Korea.[17] In 2011, North Korea opened an air route to Malaysia to attract more tourists from the country.[49] In early January 2017, the Malaysian government had decided to stop allowing North Korean state airline Air Koryo access to the country following the implementation of recent United Nations Security Council sanctions due to pressure from the United States.[48][50][51] By September 2017, Malaysian Sarawak State Immigration Department confirmed there are no more North Koreans working in Sarawak with the mine where they working also had stopped their operation.[52]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Malay: Hubungan Korea Utara–Malaysia; Korean: 말레이시아–조선민주주의인민공화국 관계 malleisia–joseonminjujuuiinmingonghwagug gwangye

References

  1. ↑ "Official Website of Embassy of Malaysia, Pyongyang". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
  2. ↑ "Embassy of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
  3. ↑ "Malaysia expels North Korea ambassador over Kim murder". Agence France-Presse. New Vision. 5 March 2017. Archived from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
  4. ↑ Kim Jong-nam: Malaysians stranded in North Korea return home
  5. ↑ Toh Kyung-hwan (26 April 2018). "Column: Malaysia A Partner On The Korean Road To Peace". Bernama. Malaysian Digest. Archived from the original on 26 April 2018. Retrieved 15 June 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  6. ↑ Jonathan Loh (12 June 2018). "Malaysia PM Mahathir says the world can learn from Kim Jong Un's 'new attitude' and decision to meet Trump". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 15 June 2018. Retrieved 15 June 2018.
  7. ↑ Praveen Menon; Darren Schuettler (12 June 2018). "Malaysia to reopen embassy in North Korea: Mahathir". Reuters. Retrieved 15 June 2018.
  8. 1 2 "North Korea says it will sever ties with Malaysia over extradition of 'innocent citizen' to US". Channel News Asia. Archived from the original on 22 March 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  9. 1 2 hermesauto (9 March 2021). "North Korean in Malaysia loses final appeal against US extradition". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 20 March 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  10. 1 2 "MALAYSIA DEEPLY REGRETS THE DPRK'S DECISION TO SEVER TIES 19 MARCH 2021". Malaysia Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 19 March 2021. Archived from the original on 19 March 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  11. 1 2 Ng, Eileen (22 March 2021). "N. Korean diplomats leaving Malaysia after ties are severed". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 22 March 2021. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
  12. ↑ 北朝鮮大使館関係者らマレーシア出国 現地メディア90分ライブ配信. KoreaWorldTimes (in Japanese). 22 March 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
  13. ↑ Wertz, Daniel. "DPRK Diplomatic Relations". The National Committee on North Korea. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
  14. ↑ Parameswaran, Prashanth (23 February 2017). "The Myth of a North Korea-Malaysia Special Relationship". The Diplomat.
  15. ↑ "Head Of Mission". Wisma Putra.
  16. 1 2 G. Surach (15 February 2017). "Malaysia-North Korean ties low-key but stable since 1973". The Sun. Archived from the original on 16 February 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2017.
  17. 1 2 Fazleena Aziz (9 March 2009). "Only Malaysians can visit North Korea without a visa". The Star. Archived from the original on 23 January 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
  18. ↑ "Kim Jong Un Receives Honorary Doctorate From Malaysian University". Huffington Post. 24 October 2013. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
  19. ↑ Greg Lopez (23 October 2013). "Malaysia to build bridges with North Korea". New Mandala. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
  20. ↑ Joon Ian Wong (18 February 2017). "Kim Jong-nam's death is straining Malaysia's surprisingly cozy ties with North Korea". Quartz. Retrieved 19 February 2017.
  21. ↑ M Kumar (18 February 2017). "North Korea will reject autopsy report, says ambassador". The Star. Retrieved 19 February 2017.
  22. ↑ Tim Sullivan; Eileen Ng (18 February 2017). "North Korea, Malaysia tussle over Kim Jong Nam's corpse". CTV News. Associated Press. Retrieved 19 February 2017.
  23. ↑ David Iaconangelo (18 February 2017). "Why Malaysia is refusing to return Kim Jong Nam's body to North Korea". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 19 February 2017.
  24. ↑ "N. Korea must abide by our law, says IGP". The Star. 19 February 2017. Retrieved 19 February 2017.
  25. ↑ "Malaysia-North Korea row escalates over Kim Jong-nam". Al Jazeera. 20 February 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
  26. ↑ "Malaysia-North Korea row escalates over Kim Jong-nam". BBC News. 24 February 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
  27. ↑ Ashwin Kumar (28 February 2017). "North Korea sends high powered envoy to solve issues with Malaysia". The Sun. Retrieved 1 March 2017.
  28. ↑ "Kim Jong-nam death: Malaysia scraps visa-free entry for North Koreans". The Guardian. Associated Press. 2 March 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
  29. ↑ Ashwin Kumar (4 March 2017). "N. Korean ambassador given 48 hours to leave Malaysia". The Sun. Retrieved 4 March 2017.
  30. ↑ "North Korea Has Expelled Malaysia's Ambassador as Tensions Over Kim Jong Nam's Death Mount". Time. Associated Press. 6 March 2017. Archived from the original on 6 March 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
  31. ↑ "Pyongyang bans Malaysians from leaving N. Korea". Agence France-Presse. The Star. 7 March 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
  32. ↑ "Malaysia, North Korea bar each other's citizens from leaving amid worsening row over Kim Jong Nam's murder". The Straits Times. 7 March 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
  33. ↑ "Kim body to be sent to Pyongyang, Malaysians freed: Najib". Agence France-Presse. Business Times. 30 March 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
  34. ↑ Paul Gabriel (31 March 2017). "Najib: Malaysia will not sever diplomatic ties with North Korea". The Star. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
  35. ↑ "Malaysia-North Korea ties not severed". Bernama. The Sun. 31 March 2017. Archived from the original on 1 April 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
  36. ↑ "Rising tension spurs Malaysia to ban travel to North Korea". Reuters. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  37. ↑ Ananthalakshmi, Rozanna Latiff, A. (13 February 2018). "Malaysia further downgrading ties with North Korea a year after airport assassination: sources". Reuters. Retrieved 19 March 2021.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  38. ↑ Jonathan Loh (12 June 2018). "Malaysia PM Mahathir says the world can learn from Kim Jong Un's 'new attitude' and decision to meet Trump". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 15 June 2018. Retrieved 13 February 2019.
  39. ↑ "Malaysia, Japan hope for successful US - North Korea summit". Bernama. New Straits Times. 12 June 2018. Retrieved 13 February 2019.
  40. ↑ Praveen Menon; Darren Schuettler (12 June 2018). "Malaysia to reopen embassy in North Korea: Mahathir". Reuters. Retrieved 13 February 2019.
  41. ↑ "Malaysia to settle its problem with North Korea — Dr M". Bernama. The Borneo Post. 13 February 2019. Retrieved 13 February 2019.
  42. ↑ Takashi Nanako (13 February 2019). "North Korea and ASEAN heal ties torn by Kim brother's murder". Nikkei Asian Review. Retrieved 13 February 2019.
  43. ↑ Zwirko, Colin (28 October 2019). "Malaysian PM met top N. Korean official at NAM summit to talk normalizing ties". NK News.
  44. ↑ Parameswaran, Prashanth. "What's Behind Malaysia's North Korea Embassy Reopening Announcement?". thediplomat.com. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  45. ↑ North Korea Handbook. M.E. Sharpe. January 2003. pp. 627–. ISBN 978-0-7656-3523-5.
  46. ↑ Cheng, Jonathan; Hookway, James; Fernandez, Celine (15 February 2017). "Malaysia, North Korea Ties Run Deep". Wall Street Journal.
  47. ↑ "Malaysia-North Korea To Enhance Information Cooperation". NK News. Archived from the original on 15 April 2013. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
  48. 1 2 Chad O'Carroll (10 February 2017). "Malaysia, N.Korea sign MOU on cultural exchange". NK News. Retrieved 16 February 2017.
  49. ↑ "N.Korea opens new air route with Malaysia". My Sinchew. 9 August 2011. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
  50. ↑ Samuel Rubenfeld (2 December 2016). "U.S. Escalates Sanctions on North Korea, Targeting Air Koryo". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 16 February 2017.(subscription required)
  51. ↑ Ham Jiha; Jenny Lee (25 January 2017). "UN: North Korean Airline Facing Growing Restrictions". Voice of America. Retrieved 16 February 2017.
  52. ↑ Adib Povera (21 September 2017). "All North Koreans in Sarawak have been sent back". New Straits Times. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
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