Sequence of Saint Eulalia[1]

The Manifesto for Walloon Culture (French: Manifeste pour la culture wallonne), was published in Liège on 15 September 1983 and signed by seventy-five "key figures in artistic, journalistic and university circles"[2] of Wallonia.

Walloon language, regional varieties of French and Walloon culture

The Flemish journalist, Guido Fonteyn, described it as a Walloon awakening.[3]

For Dimitrios Karmis and Alain Gagnon, on the road to cultural self-assertion this manifesto has marked a powerful moment.[4]

For Emmanuelle Labeau, Arthur Masson's novels before the period of the Manifesto (Masson died in 1970), are located in Wallonia,

not only a provincial region, it is also a different country from one that possesses linguistic legitimacy : France. It is worth noting that a positive image -relying on affective and non linguistic qualities – is given of this peripheral region. On the other hand, the novels are intended to obtain literary recognition by exploiting the exoticism of this milieu [...] In his writings, Masson manages to convey the ambivalent attitude of educated Francophone Belgium: regional varieties of French are felt to have positive affective features but lack sophistication. By dividing his writings between two areas – his character's language which unshamefully uses regional features and his own language, which aims at neutrality – Masson tried to resolve the tensions of a national linguistic inferiority complex.

— [5]

The regional varieties of French are not necessarily the Walloon dialect but Philip Mosley wrote:

Walloon dialect has carried neither official status as a language in administrative, ecclesiastical, or political affairs, nor sufficient weight to act as a popular and influential vehicle for the expression of Walloon cultural identity. This latter task has fallend instead in the last thirty years to politically conscious writers in French who published for instance a Manifesto for Walloon culture

— [6]

Criticism from Brussels

This Manifesto was violently criticized in Brussels:

In Brussels, despite the federalization process the unitary vision historically characteristic of the Franco-Bruxellois still seems to have some hold. In the eyes of many Franco-Bruxellois, the country is far from the picture proposed by the Manifeste pour la culture wallonne. Home of the EU Commission, Capital of Belgium and bastion of pan-Belgian nationalism since 1830, Brussels tends to be contemptuous of Walloon and Flemish identities, which are considered too particularistic in the context of the European integration. Brussels pan-Belgian nationalism has professed moral superiority and has often conceived of itself as the path toward a more universal belonging, in a perspective similar to Trudeau's vision...

— [7]

Further response

According to Michael Keating, John Loughlin, and Kris Deschouwer in 2003: The "single French culture" is still the official discourse, and is defended by the French community authorities (...) The Walloon movement of today, supported by a small number of intellectual elites, defends very much the typical Walloon difference, but has not been able to mobilise for it. [8]

In December 2006, a Brussels manifesto was published partly in the same spirit as the Walloon manifesto, claiming a regionalisation (in favour of Brussels as well in favour of Wallonia), of the French Community.[9] It was also signed by key figures of Brussels, such as the philosophers Philippe Van Parijs and Jean-Marc Ferry, so the Brussels manifesto has given the Walloon “regionalists" an opportunity to remind everyone that they have been calling for an end to the French-speaking Community and the transfer of its powers, especially its responsibilities for education and culture, to the Walloon Region since their 1983 "Manifesto for Walloon culture". [10]

Benoît Lechat summarized the issue:

Although the cultural aspect was already present in the “renardisme”, it was with the Manifeste pour la culture wallonne that culture truly became a priority within the Walloon culture. Conversely, some defenders of the French-speaking community have supported the idea of a fusion between the Walloon Region and the French-speaking Community. It’s the argument of the “French-speaking Nation” defended at the time by the president of the PRL, Jean Gol, and others who blamed the regionalists of “falling back on" a Walloon identity. Recently a Brussels regionalism has arisen, in particular through the association “Manifesto” which advocates the development of educational and cultural policies adapted to the needs of the Brussels Region. The Walloon and Brussels regionalists privilege an institutional system based on three Regions with equal levels of autonomy and power. The Flemish movement has always preferred a system composed of two main regions, Flanders and Wallonia, for the joint rule of the Brussels Region.

— [11]

The conclusion of the Manifesto for Wallon culture states: All those who live and work in the Walloon region are undeniably part of Wallonia. All respectable human ideas and beliefs are also part of Wallonia (...) Being a straightforward community of human beings, Wallonia wishes to emerge as an appropriate entity which opens itself to the entire world. [12]

New debates

The Walloon Minister President started a debate about the Walloon identity on 1 March 2010 in the newspaper La Meuse. He made a proposal to his government to rename the 'Walloon Region' as 'Wallonia'. The director of the Institut Destrée commented on this initiative the day after on the RTBF. He linked this initiative and the Manifesto for Walloon culture together:

Everybody who is an inhabitant of Wallonia is a Walloon and that's the spirit of the Manifesto for Walloon Culture of 1983. That's the great difference between the debate in France about the national identity and our debate.

— [13]

Le Figaro (4 March 2010) reminds the last sentences of the Manifesto for Walloon Culture : 'All those who live and work in the Walloon region are undeniably part of Wallonia.' These sentences are hopefully a reason to hope a peaceful debate...' [14]

Criticism about this new debate appears both in Wallonia and Brussels, but perhaps mainly in the Brussels' Newspapers. For instance Pascal Lorent in Le Soir 4 March 2010 writes: 'The Walloon identity doesn't exist'. And Pierre Bouillon wrote in Le Soir 6 March 2010 that the Walloon identity refers mainly to tourism, unemployment and bribery in Charleroi.[15] It seems that the dispute between Brussels and Wallonia about this issue remains as for instance Europe since 1945: an encyclopedia, Tome I wrote it for some years: 'A Walloon identity is also emerging that exhibits at the political level the still mainly hidden tension between French-speaking Brussels and Wallonia' [16] On the contrary, it seems to Paul Piret, journalist at La Libre Belgique, a debate on the concept 'Identity' is good about political citizenship, roots, collective project and even pride.[17]

Bouli Lanners said that his films are the reflection of the Walloon culture but with an American inspiration because we are overflowed by the American culture [18]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Maurice Delbouille, the first literary text, possibly written in a Walloon region, or at least in a French Region next to the present-day Wallonia in Maurice Delbouille Romanité d'oïl Les origines : la langue - les plus anciens textes in La Wallonie, le pays et les hommes Tome I (Lettres, arts, culture), La Renaissance du Livre, Bruxelles,1977, pp. 99-107. There are some traits of Walloon, Champennois, and Picard in the Sequence, i.e. three linguistic regions of present-day Wallonia. It is also the opinion of D'Arco Silvio Avalle in Alle origini della letteratura francese: i Giuramenti di Strasburgo e la Sequenza di santa Eulalia, G. Giappichelli, Torino, 1966. and Léopold Genicot wrote: it is in Picard or in Walloon region that the French Literature began with the Sequence of Saint Eulalia in Léopold Genicot (editor) Histoire de la Wallonie, Privat Toulouse, 1973,pp. 124-185, p. 170
  2. ↑ Dimitrios Karmis and Alain Gagnon, Federalism, federation and collective identities in Canada and Belgium: different routes, similar fragmentation in Alain Gagnon, James Tully (editors) Multinational Democracies, Cambridge University Press, 2001,pp. 137–170, p. 166 ISBN 0-521-80473-6
  3. ↑ Dutch Het Waalse Reveil, De Standaard, 3 October 1983
  4. ↑ Federalism, federation and collective identities in Canada and Belgium: different routes, similar fragmentation, p. 166
  5. ↑ Emmanuelle Labeau The paradox of Linguistic specificity and Dependence on Central Norms ibn the Belgian Regionalist Novels of Arthur Masson in Kamal Salhi Francophone Post-colonial Cultures: Critical Essays, Published by Lexington Books, 2003 pp 275–282, p. 282 ISBN 0-7391-0568-X Conclusion
  6. ↑ Philip Mosley, Belgian Cinema and Cultural Identity, Suny Press, New-York, 2001,p. 19 ISBN 0-7914-4747-2
  7. ↑ D.Karmis and A.Gagnon, Federalism, federation and collective identities in Canada and Belgium: different routes, similar fragmentation , p.168
  8. ↑ Michael Keating, John Loughlin, Kris Deschouwer Culture, Institutions, and Economic Development: A Study of Eight European Regions, pp.96–97
  9. ↑ We Exist the first 200 signers
  10. ↑ The institutionnal future of Brussels double vision
  11. ↑ An alphabetic guide to the Belgian community dispute By Benoit Lechat, chargé d’études à Etopia August 2007 Heinrich Bôll Stiftung
  12. ↑ Translation of Philippe Destatte in Present-Day Wallonia. The search for an Identity without Nationalist Mania in Kas Deprez, Louis Vos, Nationalism in Belgium, MACMILLAN Press, London, 1998, ISBN 0-333-65737-3, ST.MARTIN'S PRESS, New York, 1998, ISBN 0-312-21249-6 pp. 219–228, pp223-224
  13. ↑ French Et tous les gens qui habitent (ça nous renvoie au manifeste pour la culture wallonne de 1983, qui est une des bases de la question de l'identité) dans ce territoire, et bien ce sont des Wallonnes et des Wallons, quelle que soit leur nationalité, a été dit plus tard. Ce qui montre la nature complètement différente, du débat qui existe en France aujourd'hui.
  14. ↑ Dans les années 1980, un manifeste pour la culture wallonne postulait que sont de Wallonie «tous ceux qui vivent, travaillent dans l'espace wallon». Une définition assez large pour espérer un débat apaisé.Le Figaro
  15. ↑ French Quand un Bruxellois, un Flamand ou un étranger songe à la Wallonie, on peut raisonnablement deviner que les mots qui lui viennent spontanément à l’esprit (à part Grottes de Han ou circuit de Spa), c’est Charleroi, déclin industriel, chômage colossal, Michel Daerden, pratiques politiques douteuses. Ceci posé, le discours sur l’image, à la longue, ça devient un peu lassant. Parce que travailler l’image, les perceptions, ça sert à rien quand la réalité n’est pas, comment dire, synchrone ? (...) Qu’on cesse de dire que l'image de la Wallonie doit changer. C’est la Wallonie qui doit changer.
  16. ↑ Europe since 1945: an Encyclopedia, Tome I, Garland Publishing, Inc., 29, West 35th Street, New-York, 2001, p. 94 ISBN 0-8153-4058-3
  17. ↑ French 'Le concept est tout sauf négatif si on singularise par là un type de citoyenneté politique, d'enracinement, de dessein collectif voire de fierté.' La Libre Belgique, 10 March 2010.
  18. ↑ Mes films sont le reflet d'une culture wallonne mais avec inspiration américaine. Comme beaucoup de Wallons d'ailleurs, je n'ai pas eu vraiment le choix : on est inondé de culture américaine, à la télé, au cinéma, à la radio. C'est la même chose en musique d'ailleurs. In La Nouvelle Gazette, 3 October 2011.
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