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| 31 | ||||||
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| March 31 in recent years |
| 2023 (Friday) |
| 2022 (Thursday) |
| 2021 (Wednesday) |
| 2020 (Tuesday) |
| 2019 (Sunday) |
| 2018 (Saturday) |
| 2017 (Friday) |
| 2016 (Thursday) |
| 2015 (Tuesday) |
| 2014 (Monday) |
March 31 is the 90th day of the year (91st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar; 275 days remain until the end of the year.
Events
Pre-1600
- 307 – After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, daughter of the retired Roman emperor Maximian.[1]
- 1146 – Bernard of Clairvaux preaches his famous sermon in a field at Vézelay, urging the necessity of a Second Crusade. Louis VII is present, and joins the Crusade.[2]
- 1492 – Queen Isabella of Castile issues the Alhambra Decree, ordering her 150,000 Jewish and Muslim subjects to convert to Christianity or face expulsion.
- 1521 – Ferdinand Magellan and fifty of his men came ashore to present-day Limasawa to participate in the first Catholic mass in the Philippines.[3]
1601–1900
- 1657 – The Long Parliament presents the Humble Petition and Advice offering Oliver Cromwell the British throne, which he eventually declines.[4]
- 1717 – A sermon on "The Nature of the Kingdom of Christ" by Benjamin Hoadly, the Bishop of Bangor, preached in the presence of King George I of Great Britain, provokes the Bangorian Controversy.[5]
- 1761 – The 1761 Lisbon earthquake strikes off the Iberian Peninsula with an estimated magnitude of 8.5, six years after another quake destroyed the city.[6]
- 1774 – American Revolution: The Kingdom of Great Britain orders the port of Boston, Massachusetts closed pursuant to the Boston Port Act.
- 1814 – The Sixth Coalition occupies Paris after Napoleon's Grande Armée capitulates.[7]
- 1854 – Commodore Matthew Perry signs the Convention of Kanagawa with the Tokugawa Shogunate, opening the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to American trade.
- 1885 – The United Kingdom establishes the Bechuanaland Protectorate.
- 1889 – The Eiffel Tower is officially opened.[8]
- 1899 – Malolos, capital of the First Philippine Republic, is captured by American forces.[9]
1901–present
- 1901 – Rusalka by Antonín Dvořák premieres at the National Opera House in Prague.[10]
- 1905 – Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany declares his support for Moroccan independence in Tangier, beginning the First Moroccan Crisis.[11]
- 1906 – The Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States (later the National Collegiate Athletic Association) is established to set rules for college sports in the United States.
- 1909 – Serbia formally withdraws its opposition to Austro-Hungarian actions in the Bosnian Crisis.
- 1913 – The Vienna Concert Society rioted during a performance of modernist music by Arnold Schoenberg, Alban Berg, Alexander von Zemlinsky, and Anton von Webern, causing a premature end to the concert due to violence; this concert became known as the Skandalkonzert.
- 1917 – According to the terms of the Treaty of the Danish West Indies, the islands become American possessions.
- 1918 – Massacre of ethnic Azerbaijanis is committed by allied armed groups of Armenian Revolutionary Federation and Bolsheviks. Nearly 12,000 Azerbaijani Muslims are killed.
- 1918 – Daylight saving time goes into effect in the United States for the first time.
- 1921 – The Royal Australian Air Force is formed.
- 1930 – The Motion Picture Production Code is instituted, imposing strict guidelines on the treatment of sex, crime, religion and violence in film, in the U.S., for the next thirty-eight years.
- 1931 – An earthquake in Nicaragua destroys Managua; killing 2,000.
- 1931 – A Transcontinental & Western Air airliner crashes near Bazaar, Kansas, killing eight, including University of Notre Dame head football coach Knute Rockne.
- 1933 – The Civilian Conservation Corps is established with the mission of relieving rampant unemployment in the United States.
- 1939 – Events preceding World War II in Europe: Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain pledges British military support to the Second Polish Republic in the event of an invasion by Nazi Germany.[12]
- 1942 – World War II: Japanese forces invade Christmas Island, then a British possession.
- 1945 – World War II: A defecting German pilot delivers a Messerschmitt Me 262A-1, the world's first operational jet-powered fighter aircraft, to the Americans, the first to fall into Allied hands.
- 1949 – The Dominion of Newfoundland joins the Canadian Confederation and becomes the 10th Province of Canada.
- 1951 – Remington Rand delivers the first UNIVAC I computer to the United States Census Bureau.
- 1957 – Elections to the Territorial Assembly of the French colony Upper Volta are held. After the elections PDU and MDV form a government.
- 1958 – In the Canadian federal election, the Progressive Conservatives, led by John Diefenbaker, win the largest percentage of seats in Canadian history, with 208 seats of 265.
- 1959 – The 14th Dalai Lama, crosses the border into India and is granted political asylum.
- 1964 – Brazilian General Olímpio Mourão Filho orders his troops to move towards Rio de Janeiro, beginning the coup d'état and 21 years of military dictatorship.
- 1966 – The Soviet Union launches Luna 10 which later becomes the first space probe to enter orbit around the Moon.
- 1966 – The Labour Party under Harold Wilson wins the 1966 United Kingdom general election.[13]
- 1968 – American President Lyndon B. Johnson speaks to the nation of "Steps to Limit the War in Vietnam" in a television address. At the conclusion of his speech, he announces: "I shall not seek, and I will not accept, the nomination of my party for another term as your President."[14]
- 1970 – Explorer 1 re-enters the Earth's atmosphere after 12 years in orbit.
- 1980 – The Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad operates its final train after being ordered to liquidate its assets because of bankruptcy and debts owed to creditors.
- 1986 – Mexicana de Aviación Flight 940 crashes into the Sierra Madre Oriental mountain range near the Mexican town of Maravatío, killing 167.[15]
- 1990 – Approximately 200,000 protesters take to the streets of London to protest against the newly introduced Poll Tax.
- 1991 – Georgian independence referendum: Nearly 99 percent of the voters support the country's independence from the Soviet Union.
- 1991 – The Warsaw Pact formally disbands.[16]
- 1992 – The USS Missouri, the last active United States Navy battleship, is decommissioned in Long Beach, California.
- 1992 – The Treaty of Federation is signed in Moscow.
- 1993 – The Macao Basic Law is adopted by the Eighth National People's Congress of China to take effect December 20, 1999. Resumption by China of the Exercise of Sovereignty over Macao
- 1995 – Selena is murdered by her fan club president Yolanda Saldívar at a Days Inn in Corpus Christi, Texas.
- 1995 – TAROM Flight 371, an Airbus A310-300, crashes near Balotesti, Romania, killing all 60 people on board.
- 1998 – Netscape releases Mozilla source code under an open source license.
- 2004 – Iraq War in Anbar Province: In Fallujah, Iraq, four American private military contractors working for Blackwater USA, are killed after being ambushed.
- 2016 – NASA astronaut Scott Kelly and Roscosmos cosmonaut Mikhail Kornienko return to Earth after a yearlong mission at the International Space Station.[17]
- 2018 – Start of the 2018 Armenian revolution.
- 2023 – An Historical Tornado outbreak occurs in the Midwest and the northern South[18][19]
Births
Pre-1600
- 1360 – Philippa of Lancaster (d. 1415)
- 1499 – Pope Pius IV (d. 1565)[20]
- 1504 – Guru Angad, Indian religious leader (d. 1552)
- 1519 – Henry II of France (d. 1559)[21]
- 1536 – Ashikaga Yoshiteru, Japanese shōgun (d. 1565)
- 1596 – René Descartes, French mathematician and philosopher (d. 1650)[22]
1601–1900
- 1601 – Jakov Mikalja, Italian linguist and lexicographer (d. 1654)
- 1621 – Andrew Marvell, English poet and politician (d. 1678)
- 1651 – Charles II, Elector Palatine, German husband of Princess Wilhelmine Ernestine of Denmark (d. 1685)
- 1675 – Pope Benedict XIV (d. 1758)
- 1685 – Johann Sebastian Bach (d. 1750) [23]
- 1718 – Mariana Victoria of Spain (d. 1781)
- 1723 – Frederick V of Denmark (d. 1766)
- 1730 – Étienne Bézout, French mathematician and theorist (d. 1783)
- 1732 – Joseph Haydn, Austrian pianist and composer (d. 1809)
- 1740 – Panoutsos Notaras, Greek politician (d. 1849)
- 1747 – Johann Abraham Peter Schulz, German pianist and composer (d. 1800)
- 1777 – Charles Cagniard de la Tour, French physicist and engineer (d. 1859)
- 1778 – Coenraad Jacob Temminck, Dutch zoologist and ornithologist (d. 1858)
- 1794 – Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan, American lawyer and politician, 2nd United States Secretary of the Interior (d. 1852)
- 1809 – Edward FitzGerald, English poet and translator (d. 1883)
- 1809 – Otto Lindblad, Swedish composer (d. 1864)
- 1813 – Félix María Zuloaga, Mexican general and unconstitutional interim president (1858 and 1860–1862) (d. 1898)[24]
- 1819 – Chlodwig, Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst (d. 1901)
- 1823 – Mary Boykin Chesnut, American author (d. 1886)
- 1833 – Mary Abigail Dodge, American writer and essayist (d. 1896)
- 1835 – John La Farge, American artist (d. 1910)
- 1847 – Hermann de Pourtalès, Swiss sailor (d. 1904)
- 1847 – Yegor Ivanovich Zolotarev, Russian mathematician and theorist (d. 1878)
- 1851 – Francis Bell, New Zealand lawyer and politician, 20th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1936)
- 1855 – Alfred E. Hunt, American businessman (d. 1899)
- 1859 – Emil Fenyvessy, Hungarian actor and screenwriter (d. 1924)
- 1865 – Anandi Gopal Joshi, Indian physician (d. 1887)
- 1871 – Arthur Griffith, Irish journalist and politician, 3rd President of Dáil Éireann (d. 1922)
- 1872 – Sergei Diaghilev, Russian ballet manager and critic, founded the Ballets Russes (d. 1929)
- 1874 – Benjamín G. Hill, Mexican revolutionary general, governor of Sonora (d. 1920)
- 1874 – Henri Marteau, French violinist and composer (d. 1934)
- 1876 – Borisav Stanković, Serbian author (d. 1927)
- 1878 – Jack Johnson, American boxer (d. 1946)
- 1884 – Adriaan van Maanen, Dutch-American astronomer and academic (d. 1946)
- 1885 – Pascin, Bulgarian-American painter and illustrator (d. 1930)
- 1890 – Ben Adams, American jumper (d. 1961)
- 1890 – William Lawrence Bragg, Australian-English physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1971)
- 1891 – Victor Varconi, Hungarian-American actor and director (d. 1976)
- 1893 – Clemens Krauss, Austrian conductor and manager (d. 1954)
- 1893 – Herbert Meinhard Mühlpfordt, German physician and historian (d. 1982)
- 1895 – Vardis Fisher, American author and academic (d. 1968)
- 1900 – Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester (d. 1974)
1901–present
- 1905 – Robert Stevenson, English director and screenwriter (d. 1986)
- 1905 – George Treweek, Australian rugby league player (d. 1991)
- 1906 – Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, Japanese physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1979)
- 1908 – Red Norvo, American vibraphone player and composer (d. 1999)
- 1911 – Freddie Green, American guitarist (d. 1987)
- 1911 – Elisabeth Grümmer, German soprano (d. 1986)
- 1912 – William Lederer, American soldier and author (d. 2009)
- 1913 – Etta Baker, African-American singer and guitarist (d. 2006)[25]
- 1914 – Octavio Paz, Mexican poet and diplomat, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1998)
- 1914 – Dagmar Lange, Swedish author (d. 1991)
- 1915 – Albert Hourani, English historian and author (d. 1993)
- 1915 – Shoichi Yokoi, Japanese sergeant (d. 1997)
- 1916 – Lucille Bliss, American voice actress (d. 2012)
- 1916 – Tommy Bolt, American golfer (d. 2008)
- 1916 – John H. Wood, Jr., American lawyer and judge (d. 1979)
- 1917 – Dorothy DeLay, American violinist and educator (d. 2002)
- 1918 – Ted Post, American director (d. 2013)
- 1919 – Frank Akins, American football player (d. 1993)
- 1920 – Deborah Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire, British aristocrat, socialite and author (d. 2014)
- 1921 – Lowell Fulson, African-American blues singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1999)
- 1921 – Peggy Rea, American actress and casting director (d. 2011)
- 1922 – Richard Kiley, American actor and singer (d. 1999)
- 1922 – Patrick Magee, Irish actor (d. 1982)
- 1923 – Don Barksdale, American basketball player (d. 1993)[26]
- 1923 – François Sermon, Belgian footballer (d. 2013)
- 1924 – Leo Buscaglia, American author and academic (d. 1998)
- 1924 – Charles Guggenheim, American director and producer (d. 2002)
- 1925 – Jean Coutu, Canadian actor and director (d. 1999)
- 1926 – John Fowles, English novelist (d. 2005)
- 1926 – Beni Montresor, Italian director, set designer, author, and illustrator (d. 2001)
- 1926 – Rocco Petrone, American colonel and engineer (d. 2006)
- 1927 – Cesar Chavez, American labor union leader and activist (d. 1993)
- 1927 – William Daniels, American actor
- 1927 – Eduardo Martínez Somalo, Spanish cardinal (d. 2021)
- 1927 – Vladimir Ilyushin, Russian pilot (d. 2010)
- 1927 – Elmer Diedtrich, American businessman and politician (d. 2013)
- 1927 – Bud MacPherson, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1988)
- 1928 – Lefty Frizzell, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1975)
- 1928 – Gordie Howe, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2016)
- 1929 – Liz Claiborne, Belgian-American fashion designer, founded Liz Claiborne Inc. (d. 2007)
- 1929 – Bert Fields, American lawyer and author
- 1930 – Yehuda Nir, Polish-American psychiatrist (d. 2014)
- 1930 – Jim Mutscheller, American football player and coach (d. 2015)
- 1931 – Miller Barber, American golfer (d. 2013)
- 1931 – Tamara Tyshkevich, Belarusian shot putter (d. 1997)
- 1932 – John Jakes, American author (d. 2023)
- 1932 – Nagisa Oshima, Japanese director and screenwriter (d. 2013)
- 1933 – Anita Carter, American singer-songwriter and bassist (d. 1999)
- 1933 – Nichita Stănescu, Romanian poet (d. 1983)
- 1934 – Richard Chamberlain, American actor
- 1934 – Shirley Jones, American actress and singer
- 1934 – John D. Loudermilk, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2016)
- 1934 – Grigory Nelyubov, Soviet pilot and cosmonaut (d. 1966)[27]
- 1934 – Carlo Rubbia, Italian physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1934 – Kamala Surayya, Indian poet and author (d. 2009)
- 1935 – Herb Alpert, American singer-songwriter, trumpet player, and producer
- 1935 – Judith Rossner, American author (d. 2005)
- 1936 – Marge Piercy, American poet and novelist
- 1936 – Walter E. Williams, American economist and academic (d. 2020)
- 1938 – Patrick Bateson, English biologist and academic (d. 2017)
- 1938 – Sheila Dikshit, Indian politician, 22nd Governor of Kerala (d. 2019)
- 1938 – Antje Gleichfeld, German runner
- 1938 – Bill Hicke, Canadian ice hockey player, coach, and manager (d. 2005)
- 1938 – Jimmy Johnson, American football player[28]
- 1938 – Tõnno Lepmets, Estonian basketball player (d. 2005)
- 1938 – Arthur B. Rubinstein, American pianist, composer, and conductor (d. 2018)
- 1938 – David Steel, Scottish academic and politician
- 1939 – Zviad Gamsakhurdia, Georgian anthropologist and politician, 1st President of Georgia (d. 1993)
- 1939 – Israel Horovitz, American actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 2020)
- 1939 – Walker David Miller, American lawyer and judge (d. 2013)
- 1939 – Volker Schlöndorff, German director and producer
- 1939 – Karl-Heinz Schnellinger, German footballer
- 1940 – Brian Ackland-Snow, English production designer and art director (d. 2013)
- 1940 – Barney Frank, American lawyer and politician
- 1940 – Patrick Leahy, American lawyer and politician
- 1941 – Franco Bonvicini, Italian author and illustrator (d. 1995)
- 1941 – Faith Leech, Australian swimmer (d. 2013)[29]
- 1942 – Ulla Hoffmann, Swedish politician
- 1942 – Hugh McCracken, American guitarist and producer (d. 2013)
- 1942 – Michael Savage, American far-right radio host and author
- 1943 – Roy Andersson, Swedish director and screenwriter
- 1943 – Deirdre Clancy, English costume designer
- 1943 – Christopher Walken, American actor
- 1944 – Pascal Danel, French singer-songwriter
- 1944 – Angus King, American politician
- 1944 – Mick Ralphs, English singer-songwriter and guitarist
- 1945 – Edwin Catmull, American computer scientist and engineer
- 1945 – Gabe Kaplan, American actor and comedian
- 1945 – Myfanwy Talog, Welsh actress (d. 1995)
- 1946 – Gonzalo Márquez, Venezuelan baseball player (d. 1984)
- 1946 – Bob Russell, English politician
- 1947 – Augustin Banyaga, Rwandan-American mathematician and academic
- 1947 – Wendy Overton, American tennis player
- 1947 – Kristian Blak, Danish-Faroese pianist, composer, and producer
- 1947 – Don Foster, English academic and politician
- 1947 – César Gaviria, Colombian economist and politician, 36th President of Colombia
- 1947 – Eliyahu M. Goldratt, Israeli physicist and economist (d. 2011)
- 1948 – Gary Doer, Canadian politician and diplomat, 20th Premier of Manitoba
- 1948 – Al Gore, American soldier and politician, 45th Vice President of the United States and Nobel Prize laureate
- 1948 – Rhea Perlman, American actress
- 1948 – Gustaaf Van Cauter, Belgian cyclist
- 1949 – Gilles Gilbert, Canadian ice hockey player
- 1950 – András Adorján, Hungarian chess player and author
- 1950 – Ed Marinaro, American football player and actor
- 1950 – Sandra Morgen, American anthropologist and academic (d. 2016)[30]
- 1953 – Dennis Kamakahi, American guitarist and composer (d. 2014)
- 1955 – Svetozar Marović, President of Serbia and Montenegro
- 1955 – Angus Young, Scottish-Australian guitarist and songwriter
- 1957 – Alan Duncan, English businessman and politician, former Shadow Leader of the House of Commons
- 1959 – Markus Hediger, Swiss poet and translator
- 1961 – Ron Brown, American sprinter and football player
- 1961 – Howard Gordon, American screenwriter and producer
- 1962 – Olli Rehn, Finnish footballer and politician
- 1962 – Georgios Stefanopoulos, Greek boxer [31]
- 1963 – Paul Mercurio, Australian actor and dancer
- 1964 – Mark Hoban, English accountant and politician
- 1965 – Tom Barrasso, American ice hockey player and coach
- 1965 – Patty Fendick, American tennis player and coach
- 1965 – Jean-Christophe Lafaille, French mountaineer (d. 2006)
- 1965 – William McNamara, American actor and producer
- 1965 – Steven T. Seagle, American author and screenwriter
- 1966 – Roger Black, English runner and journalist
- 1966 – Nick Firestone, American race car driver
- 1968 – César Sampaio, Brazilian footballer
- 1969 – Nyamko Sabuni, Burundian-Swedish politician
- 1969 – Steve Smith, American basketball player and sportscaster
- 1970 – Alenka Bratušek, Slovenian politician, 7th Prime Minister of Slovenia
- 1971 – Demetris Assiotis, Cypriot footballer
- 1971 – Martin Atkinson, English footballer and referee
- 1971 – Pavel Bure, Russian ice hockey player
- 1971 – Craig McCracken, American animator, producer, and screenwriter
- 1971 – Ewan McGregor, Scottish actor
- 1972 – Alejandro Amenábar, Chilean-Spanish director and screenwriter
- 1972 – Andrew Bowen, American actor, producer, and screenwriter
- 1972 – Luca Gentili, Italian footballer and coach
- 1972 – Hristos Polihroniou, Greek hammer thrower [32]
- 1972 – Evan Williams, American businessman, co-founded Twitter and Pyra Labs
- 1973 – Christopher Hampson, English ballet dancer and choreographer
- 1974 – Benjamin Eicher, German director, producer, and screenwriter
- 1974 – Natali, Russian singer, composer and songwriter[33]
- 1974 – Stefan Olsdal, Swedish bass player
- 1974 – Jani Sievinen, Finnish swimmer
- 1975 – Makis Dreliozis, Greek basketball player [34]
- 1975 – Adam Green, American director, producer, and screenwriter
- 1975 – Nathan Grey, Australian rugby player and coach
- 1975 – Cameron Murray, Scottish rugby player[35]
- 1975 – Ryan Rupe, American baseball player
- 1976 – Howard Frier, American basketball player
- 1976 – Igors Sļesarčuks, Latvian-Russian footballer
- 1976 – Graeme Smith, Scottish swimmer
- 1977 – Toshiya, Japanese bass player, songwriter, and producer
- 1977 – Garth Tander, Australian race car driver
- 1978 – Michael Clark, Australian cricketer and footballer
- 1978 – Stephen Clemence, English footballer and manager[36]
- 1978 – Jarrod Cooper, American football player
- 1978 – Jérôme Rothen, French footballer
- 1979 – Omri Afek, Israeli footballer
- 1979 – Euan Burton, Scottish martial artist and coach[37]
- 1979 – Alexis Ferrero, Argentinian footballer
- 1979 – Charlie Manning, American baseball player
- 1979 – Jonna Mendes, American skier[38]
- 1979 – Rhys Wesser, Australian rugby league player
- 1980 – Martin Albrechtsen, Danish footballer
- 1980 – Karolina Lassbo, Swedish lawyer and blogger
- 1980 – Matias Concha, Swedish footballer
- 1980 – Kate Micucci, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actress
- 1980 – Michael Ryder, Canadian ice hockey player
- 1980 – Maaya Sakamoto, Japanese actress, voice actress and singer
- 1981 – Ryan Bingham, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
- 1981 – Thomas Chatelle, Belgian footballer
- 1981 – Han Tae-you, South Korean footballer
- 1981 – Pa Dembo Touray, Gambian footballer
- 1981 – Maarten van der Weijden, Dutch swimmer
- 1982 – Tal Ben Haim, Israeli footballer
- 1982 – Bam Childress, American football player
- 1982 – Brian Tyree Henry, American actor[39]
- 1982 – Audrey Kawasaki, American painter
- 1982 – Chien-Ming Wang, Taiwanese baseball player[40]
- 1983 – Hashim Amla, South African cricketer
- 1983 – Ashleigh Ball, Canadian voice actress and musician
- 1983 – Sophie Hunger, Swiss-German musician
- 1983 – Vlasios Maras, Greek gymnast
- 1983 – Nigel Plum, Australian rugby league player
- 1984 – David Clarkson, Canadian ice hockey player
- 1984 – Eddie Johnson, American soccer player[41]
- 1984 – James Jones, American football player
- 1984 – Martins Dukurs, Latvian sled racer
- 1984 – Kaie Kand, Estonian heptathlete
- 1984 – Alberto Junior Rodríguez, Peruvian footballer
- 1984 – Ed Williamson, English rugby player[42]
- 1985 – Steve Bernier, Canadian ice hockey player
- 1985 – Jo-Lonn Dunbar, American football player
- 1985 – Jesper Hansen, Danish footballer
- 1985 – Ivan Mishyn, Ukrainian race car driver
- 1985 – Kory Sheets, American football player
- 1985 – Jalmar Sjöberg, Swedish wrestler
- 1986 – Andreas Dober, Austrian footballer
- 1986 – James King, Scottish rugby player
- 1986 – Paulo Machado, Portuguese footballer
- 1987 – Nordin Amrabat, Dutch footballer
- 1987 – Hugo Ayala, Mexican footballer
- 1987 – Amaury Bischoff, Portuguese footballer
- 1987 – Humpy Koneru, Indian chess player
- 1987 – Kirill Starkov, Danish ice hockey player
- 1987 – Nelli Zhiganshina, Russian figure skater
- 1988 – Thomas De Corte, Belgian footballer
- 1988 – Conrad Sewell, Australian singer and songwriter
- 1988 – Dorin Dickerson, American football player
- 1988 – DeAndre Liggins, American basketball player[43]
- 1988 – Louis van der Westhuizen, Namibian cricketer
- 1989 – Alberto Martín Romo García Adámez, Spanish footballer
- 1989 – Nejc Vidmar, Slovenian footballer
- 1989 – Liu Zige, Chinese swimmer[44]
- 1990 – George Iloka, American football player[45]
- 1990 – Lyra McKee, Irish journalist (d. 2019)[46]
- 1990 – Sandra Roma, Swedish tennis player[47]
- 1991 – Milan Milanović, Serbian footballer
- 1991 – Rodney Sneijder, Dutch footballer
- 1992 – Stijn de Looijer, Dutch footballer
- 1992 – Adam Zampa, Australian cricketer
- 1993 – Mikael Ishak, Swedish footballer
- 1994 – Samira Asghari, Afghan member of the International Olympic Committee[48]
- 1994 – Tyler Wright, Australian surfer
- 1994 – Mads Würtz Schmidt, Danish road cyclist[49]
- 1995 – Fiona Brown, footballer[50]
- 1996 – Liza Koshy, American actress, comedian, and television host[51]
- 1998 – Jakob Chychrun, American-born Canadian ice hockey player
- 1999 – Japhet Tanganga, English footballer[52]
- 1999 – Brooke Scullion, Irish Singer[53]
- 1999 – Jens Odgaard, Danish professional footballer[54]
- 1999 – Denys Strekalin, Ukrainian-born pair skater[55]
- 1999 – Adam Chrzanowski, Polish professional footballer[56]
- 1999 – Santiago Chocobares, Argentine rugby union player[57]
- 1999 – Ballou Tabla, Canadian professional soccer player[58]
- 1999 – Elžbieta Kropa, Lithuanian figure skater[59]
- 1999 – Edon Zhegrova, German born professional footballer[60]
- 1999 – Shiann Salmon, Jamaican track and field athlete[61]
- 1999 – Ben Williams, Welsh professional footballer[62]
- 1999 – Luca Pizzul, Italian professional footballer[63]
- 1999 – Sander Raieste, Estonian professional basketball player[64]
- 1999 – Jonas Røndbjerg, Danish ice hockey player[65]
- 1999 – Adele Tan, Singaporean sports shooter[66]
- 1999 – Nuno Pina, Portuguese football player[67]
- 1999 – Tereza Jančová, former alpine skier from Slovakia[68]
- 1999 – Maren Lutz, German female canoeist[69]
- 1999 – Shehana Vithana, Sri Lankan born Australian professional squash player[70]
- 1999 – Providence Cowdrill, English cricketer[71]
- 1999 – Ricardo Felipe, Brazilian footballer[72]
- 1999 – Dimitris Dalakouras, Greek professional footballer[73]
- 2004 – Samson Baidoo, Austrian professional footballer[74]
- 2004 – Gleb Lutfullin, Russian figure skater[75]
- 2004 – Mateo Sanabria, Argentine professional footballer[76]
- 2004 – Alex Luna, Argentine professional footballer[77]
- 2005 – Reed Baker-Whiting, American professional footballer[78]
Deaths
Pre-1600
- 32 BC – Titus Pomponius Atticus, Roman nobleman of the Equestrian order (b. 109 BC)
- 528 – Xiaoming, emperor of Northern Wei (b. 510)
- 963 – Abu Ja'far Ahmad ibn Muhammad, Saffarid emir (b. 906)
- 1241 – Pousa, voivode of Transylvania
- 1251 – William of Modena, Italian bishop and diplomat
- 1340 – Ivan I of Moscow, Russian Grand Duke (b. 1288)
- 1342 – Dionigi di Borgo San Sepolcro, Italian Augustinian friar
- 1462 – Isidore II of Constantinople, patriarch of Constantinople
- 1491 – Bonaventura Tornielli, Italian Roman Catholic priest (b. 1411)
- 1547 – Francis I, French king (b. 1494)[79]
- 1567 – Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse (b. 1504)
1601–1900
- 1621 – Philip III, Spanish king (b. 1578)
- 1622 – Gonzalo Méndez de Canço, Royal Governor of La Florida (b. 1554)
- 1631 – John Donne, English lawyer and poet (b. 1572)
- 1671 – Anne Hyde, wife of James II of England (b. 1637)
- 1723 – Edward Hyde, 3rd Earl of Clarendon, English soldier and politician, 14th Colonial Governor of New York (b. 1661)
- 1741 – Pieter Burman the Elder, Dutch scholar and author (b. 1668)
- 1751 – Frederick, Prince of Wales, Hanoverian-born heir to the British throne (b. 1707)[80]
- 1797 – Olaudah Equiano, Nigerian merchant, author, and activist (b.1745)
- 1837 – John Constable, English painter and educator (b. 1776)
- 1850 – John C. Calhoun, American lawyer and politician, 7th Vice President of the United States (b. 1782)
- 1855 – Charlotte Brontë, English novelist and poet (b. 1816)
- 1877 – Antoine Augustin Cournot, French mathematician and philosopher (b. 1801)
- 1880 – Henryk Wieniawski, Polish violinist and composer (b. 1835)
- 1885 – Franz Abt, German composer and conductor (b. 1819)
1901–present
- 1907 – Galusha A. Grow, American lawyer and politician, 28th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives (b. 1823)
- 1910 – Jean Moréas, Greek poet, essayist and art critic (b. 1856)
- 1913 – J. P. Morgan, American banker and financier (b. 1837)
- 1915 – Wyndham Halswelle, English-Scottish runner and captain (b. 1882)
- 1917 – Emil von Behring, German physiologist and immunologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1854)
- 1920 – Abdul Hamid Madarshahi, Bengali Islamic scholar and author (b. 1869)[81]
- 1924 – George Charles Haité, English painter and illustrator (b. 1855)
- 1927 – Kang Youwei, Chinese scholar and political reformer (b. 1858)
- 1930 – Ludwig Schüler, German politician, Mayor of Marburg (b. 1836)
- 1931 – Knute Rockne, American football player and coach (b. 1888)
- 1935 – Georges V. Matchabelli, Georgian-American businessman and diplomat, founded Prince Matchabelli perfume (b. 1885)
- 1939 – Ioannis Tsangaridis, Greek general (b. 1887)
- 1944 – Mineichi Koga, Japanese admiral (b. 1885)
- 1945 – Frank Findlay, New Zealand banker and politician (b. 1884)
- 1945 – Hans Fischer, German chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1881)
- 1950 – Robert Natus, Estonian architect (b. 1890)
- 1952 – Wallace H. White, Jr., American lawyer and politician (b. 1877)
- 1956 – Ralph DePalma, Italian-American race car driver and actor (b. 1884)
- 1956 – Nellah Massey Bailey, American politician and librarian (b. 1893)[82]
- 1961 – Pyrros Spyromilios, officer of the Greek Navy and director of the Greek Radio Orchestra (b. 1913) [83]
- 1968 – Grover Lowdermilk, American baseball player (b. 1885)
- 1970 – Semyon Timoshenko, Soviet Commander during the Winter War and the Eastern Front of World War II (b. 1894)
- 1975 – Percy Alliss, English golfer (b. 1897)
- 1976 – Paul Strand, American photographer and director (b. 1890)
- 1978 – Astrid Allwyn, American actress (b. 1905)[84]
- 1978 – Charles Best, American-Canadian physiologist and biochemist, co-discovered Insulin (b. 1899)
- 1980 – Vladimír Holan, Czech poet and author (b. 1905)
- 1980 – Jesse Owens, American sprinter and long jumper (b. 1913)[85]
- 1981 – Enid Bagnold, English author and playwright (b. 1889)
- 1983 – Christina Stead, Australian author and academic (b. 1902)
- 1986 – Jerry Paris, American actor and director (b. 1925)
- 1988 – William McMahon, Australian lawyer and politician, 20th Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1908)
- 1991 – Theofylaktos Papakonstantinou, Greek columnist, political and social analyst and historian (b. 1905) [86]
- 1993 – Brandon Lee, American actor and martial artist (b. 1965)
- 1993 – Mitchell Parish, Lithuanian-American songwriter (b. 1900)
- 1995 – Selena, American singer-songwriter (b. 1971)
- 1996 – Dante Giacosa, Italian automobile designer and engineer (b. 1905)
- 1996 – Jeffrey Lee Pierce, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1958)
- 1998 – Bella Abzug, American lawyer, activist, and politician (b. 1920)
- 1998 – Tim Flock, American race car driver (b. 1924)
- 1998 – Joel Ryce-Menuhin, American pianist (b. 1933)
- 1999 – Yuri Knorozov, Russian linguist and ethnographer (b. 1922)
- 2000 – Gisèle Freund, German-born French photographer and photojournalist (b. 1908)[87]
- 2000 – Adrian Fisher, English guitarist and member of the band Toby (b. 1952)[88]
- 2001 – David Rocastle, English footballer (b. 1967)
- 2001 – Clifford Shull, American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1915)[89]
- 2002 – Barry Took, English comedian, actor, and screenwriter (b. 1928)
- 2002 – Moturu Udayam, Indian activist and politician (b. 1924)
- 2002 – Carlos J. Gradin, Argentine Archaeologist (b. 1913)[90][91]
- 2003 – Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter, English-Canadian mathematician and academic (b. 1907)
- 2003 – Anne Gwynne, American actress (b. 1918)[92]
- 2003 – Tommy Seebach, Danish singer-songwriter, pianist, and producer (b. 1949)
- 2004 – Scott Helvenston, American soldier (b. 1965)
- 2005 – Stanley J. Korsmeyer, American oncologist and academic (b. 1951)
- 2005 – Justiniano Montano, Filipino lawyer and politician (b. 1905)
- 2005 – Frank Perdue, American businessman (b. 1920)
- 2006 – Jackie McLean, American saxophonist and composer (b. 1931)
- 2007 – Paul Watzlawick, Austrian-American psychologist and philosopher (b. 1921)
- 2008 – Jules Dassin, American director, producer, screenwriter, and actor (b. 1911)
- 2008 – Bill Keightley, American equipment manager (b. 1926)
- 2009 – Raúl Alfonsín, Argentinian lawyer and politician, 46th President of Argentina (b. 1927)[93]
- 2009 – Choor Singh, Indian-Singaporean lawyer and judge (b. 1911)
- 2010 – Jerald terHorst, American journalist (b. 1922)[94]
- 2010 – Roger Addison, Welsh rugby union player (b. 1945)
- 2011 – Gil Clancy, American boxer and trainer (b. 1922)
- 2011 – Alan Fitzgerald, Australian journalist and author (b. 1935)
- 2011 – Mary Greyeyes, the first First Nations woman to join the Canadian Armed Forces (b. 1920)[95]
- 2011 – Oddvar Hansen, Norwegian footballer and coach (b. 1921)
- 2011 – Ishbel MacAskill, Scottish singer and actress (b. 1941)
- 2011 – Henry Taub, American businessman and philanthropist (b. 1927)
- 2012 – Judith Adams, New Zealand-Australian nurse and politician (b. 1943)
- 2012 – Dale R. Corson, American physicist and academic (b. 1914)
- 2012 – Bernard O. Gruenke, American stained glass artist (b. 1914)
- 2012 – Jerry Lynch, American baseball player (b. 1930)
- 2012 – Alberto Sughi, Italian painter (b. 1928)
- 2012 – Halbert White, American economist and academic (b. 1950)[96]
- 2013 – Charles Amarin Brand, French archbishop (b. 1920)
- 2013 – Ernie Bridge, Australian singer and politician (b. 1936)
- 2013 – Bob Clarke, American illustrator (b. 1926)
- 2013 – Ahmad Sayyed Javadi, Iranian lawyer and politician, Iranian Minister of Interior (b. 1917)
- 2013 – Dmitri Uchaykin, Russian ice hockey player (b. 1980)
- 2014 – Gonzalo Anes, Spanish economist, historian, and academic (b. 1931)
- 2014 – Roger Somville, Belgian painter (b. 1923)
- 2015 – Betty Churcher, Australian painter, historian, and curator (b. 1931)
- 2015 – Cocoa Fujiwara, Japanese author and illustrator (b. 1983)
- 2015 – Carlos Gaviria Díaz, Colombian lawyer and politician (b. 1937)
- 2015 – Dalibor Vesely, Czech-English historian, author, and academic (b. 1934)
- 2016 – Ronnie Corbett, Scottish comedian, actor and screenwriter (b. 1930)
- 2016 – Hans-Dietrich Genscher, German politician (b. 1927)
- 2016 – Zaha Hadid, Iraqi-born English architect and academic, designed the Bridge Pavilion (b. 1950)
- 2016 – Imre Kertész, Hungarian author, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1929)
- 2016 – Denise Robertson, British writer and television broadcaster (b. 1932)
- 2017 – Gilbert Baker, American artist and LGBT rights activist (b. 1951)
- 2017 – James Rosenquist, American artist (b. 1933)
- 2018 – Nick Newton, inventor of the Newton Starting Blocks (b. 1933)[97]
- 2019 – Nipsey Hussle, American rapper (b. 1985)[98]
- 2020 – Gita Ramjee, Ugandan-South African scientist and researcher (b. 1956) [99]
- 2021 – Ken Reitz, American baseball player (b. 1951)[100]
- 2021 – Muhammad Wakkas, Bangladeshi teacher and parliamentarian (b. 1952)[101]
- 2022 – Shirley Burkovich, former American All-American Girls Professional Baseball League (AAGPBL) player (b. 1933)
- 2022 – Patrick Demarchelier, French fashion photographer (b. 1943)[102]
- 2022 – Moana Jackson, New Zealand lawyer specialising in constitutional law (b. 1945)[103]
Holidays and observances
- Cesar Chavez Day (United States)
- Christian feast day
- Day of Genocide of Azerbaijanis (Azerbaijan)
- Freedom Day (Malta)
- International Transgender Day of Visibility
- King Nangklao Memorial Day (Thailand)
- Thomas Mundy Peterson Day (New Jersey, United States)
- Transfer Day (US Virgin Islands)
- World Backup Day
References
- ↑ Carol Humphrey Vivian Sutherland (1966). The Roman Imperial Coinage: Constantine and Licinius: A.D. 313-337, by P. M. Bruun. Spink. p. 25. ISBN 9780900696855.
- ↑ James J. Spigelman (2004). Becket & Henry: The Becket Lectures. James Spigelman. p. 178. ISBN 978-0-646-43477-3.
- ↑ Valencia, Linda B. "Limasawa: Site of the First Mass". Philippines News Agency. Ops.gov.ph. Archived from the original on 15 October 2007. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
- ↑ "Oliver Cromwell, Kingship and the Humble Petition and Advice". olivercromwell.org. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
- ↑ Benjamin Hoadly (1855). The Nature of the Kingdom, Or Church, of Christ. A Sermon Preached Before King George I, at the Royal Chapel at St. James's, on Sunday, March 31, 1717. Unitarian Tract Society. p. 1.
- ↑ Baptista, M. & Miranda, Jym & Luis, Joaquim (2006). "In Search of the 31 March 1761 Earthquake and Tsunami Source". Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 96 (2): 713–721. Bibcode:2006BuSSA..96..713B. doi:10.1785/0120050111.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ "200 YEARS AGO: 1814: THE FRENCH CAMPAIGN, STEP BY STEP". Napoleon.org. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
- ↑ Lucien Herve (2003). The Eiffel Tower. Princeton Architectural Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-1-56898-372-1.
- ↑ Jerry Keenan (2001). Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American & Philippine-American Wars. ABC-CLIO. pp. 223. ISBN 978-1-57607-093-2.
- ↑ Anna Hostomská (2018). Opera – Průvodce operní tvorbou. Praha: NS Svoboda (Czech). pp. 716–718. ISBN 978-80-205-0637-5.
- ↑ "The First Moroccan Crisis". HISTORY. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
- ↑ "What's the context? 31 March 1939: the British guarantee to Poland - History of government". history.blog.gov.uk. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
- ↑ "BBC ON THIS DAY | 31". news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
- ↑ "Remarks on Decision not to Seek Re-Election (March 31, 1968)". The Miller Center, University of Virginia. 20 October 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
- ↑ Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 727-264 XA-MEM Las Mesas". aviation-safety.net. Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
- ↑ "Warsaw Pact ends". HISTORY. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
- ↑ "Astronaut twin Scott Kelly returns after year in space". BBC News. 2 March 2016. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
- ↑ US Department of Commerce, NOAA. "March 31, 2023 Tornado Event". www.weather.gov. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
- ↑ US Department of Commerce, NOAA. "NWS Memphis Results from the March 31st - April 1st tornado outbreak". www.weather.gov. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
- ↑ Philippe Levillain (2002). The Papacy: Gaius-Proxies. Psychology Press. p. 1175. ISBN 978-0-415-92230-2.
- ↑ Pierre Bayle (1738). A General Dictionary, Historical and Criticalurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=1WhZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA94. J. Bettenham. p. 94.
- ↑ John Cottingham (25 September 1992). The Cambridge Companion to Descartes. Cambridge University Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-521-36696-0.
- ↑ Marshall, Robert L.; Emery, Walter (18 May 2020). "Johann Sebastian Bach | Biography, Music, Death & Facts". Encyclopædia Britannica. Chicago. Retrieved 16 June 2021.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ↑ "FÉLIX MARÍA ZULOAGA" (in Spanish). Presidencia de la Republica de Mexico. Archived from the original on 28 May 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
- ↑ Komara, Edward M. (2006). Encyclopedia of the Blues. New York: Routledge. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-41592-699-7.
- ↑ "Don Barksdale". The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
- ↑ Burgess, Colin; Hall, Rex (2009). The First Soviet Cosmonaut Team: Their Lives, Legacy, and Historical Impact. Berlin: Springer. p. 57. ISBN 9780387848235. LCCN 2008935694.
- ↑ "Jimmy Johnson". Pro Football Hall of Fame. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
- ↑ "Olympedia – Faith Leech". www.olympedia.org. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
- ↑ "Sandra Morgen Obituary". Eugene Register Guard. 29 September 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
- ↑ "Μια Ζωή σαν Ring! | Η πραγματική ζωή του μεγαλύτερου Έλληνα πυγμάχου σε ένα βιβλίο!". ring.iwrite.gr. Archived from the original on 25 December 2012. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
- ↑ "Archived copy". www.iaaf.org. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ↑ "Биография = Biography". Официальный сайт певицы Натали = The official site of the singer Natali (in Russian). Retrieved 31 March 2019.
- ↑ "Prodromos Dreliozis Player Profile, Panionios Athens, News, Stats - Eurobasket".
- ↑ "Cameron Andrew Murray". ESPN scrum. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ↑ "Stephen Clemence". soccerbase.com. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
- ↑ "Glasgow 2014 - Euan Burton Profile". results.glasgow2014.com. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ↑ "Jonna MENDES - Olympic Alpine Skiing | United States of America". International Olympic Committee. 21 June 2016. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ↑ "Playbill Vault's Today in Theatre History: March 31". Playbill. 31 March 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
- ↑ "Chien-Ming Wang". Major League Baseball. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
- ↑ "Eddie Johnson". soccerbase.com. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
- ↑ "Edward John M. Williamson". ESPN scrum. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ↑ "DeAndre Liggins". NBA G League. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
- ↑ "Zige LIU - Olympic Swimming | People's Republic of China". International Olympic Committee. 20 March 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
- ↑ "George Iloka Estadísticas, Noticias, Biografía". ESPN. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ↑ "Obituary: Lyra McKee, journalist who wrote about the troubles in her native Northern Ireland". HeraldScotland. 21 April 2019. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
- ↑ "Sandra Roma - Player Profile - Tennis". Eurosport. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ↑ "Ms Samira ASGHARI - National Olympic Committee of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, IOC Member since 2018". International Olympic Committee. 11 January 2020. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
- ↑ "TEAM KATUSHA ALPECIN". UCI. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
- ↑ "Fiona Brown | Scotland | Scottish FA". www.scottishfa.co.uk. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
- ↑ "Liza Koshy". TVGuide.com. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
- ↑ "Japhet Tanganga". soccerbase.com. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
- ↑ Farren, Neil (16 February 2022). "🇮🇪 Ireland: Who Is Brooke?". Eurovoix. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
- ↑ "Jens Odgaard". Eredivisie.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 9 April 2022.
- ↑ "Denys Strekalin | Patinage Magazine". patinagemagazine.com. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
- ↑ "Adam Chrzanowski Stats". FBref.com. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
- ↑ "Santiago Chocobares". ESPN scrum. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
- ↑ "Ballou Tabla Stats". FBref.com. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
- ↑ "Figure Skating - Elzbieta Kropa (Lithuania)". www.the-sports.org. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
- ↑ "Edon Zhegrova - Stats and titles won - 22/23". www.footballdatabase.eu. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
- ↑ "Shiann SALMON | Profile | World Athletics". worldathletics.org. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
- ↑ "Ben Williams Stats". FBref.com. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
- ↑ "Luca Pizzul Stats". FBref.com. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
- ↑ Proballers. "Sander Raieste, Basketball Player". Proballers. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
- ↑ "Jonas Røndbjerg at eliteprospects.com". www.eliteprospects.com. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
- ↑ "Adele Tan Olympics 2021 | Adele Tan Olympic Medals List, Records, Stats, Age, Appearances - myKhel.com". mykhelcom. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
- ↑ "Nuno Pina, Nuno Henrique Pina Nunes - Footballer". www.bdfutbol.com. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
- ↑ "JANCOVA Tereza - Athlete Information". www.fis-ski.com. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
- ↑ "Maren LUTZ". ICF - Planet Canoe. 21 September 2019. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
- ↑ "Shehana Vithana - Professional Squash Association". psaworldtour.com. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
- ↑ "Providence Cowdrill profile and biography, stats, records, averages, photos and videos". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
- ↑ "Ricardo Felipe :: Ricardo Felipe da Silva :: Independente de Limeira". www.playmakerstats.com. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
- ↑ "Dimitris Dalakouras :: Dimitrios Ntalakouras :: Karaiskakis". www.playmakerstats.com. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
- ↑ "Samson Baidoo :: Samson Baidoo :: Liefering". www.playmakerstats.com. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
- ↑ "Gleb Lutfullin Results". www.isuresults.com. 27 September 2023.
- ↑ "Mateo Sanabria Stats, News, Bio". ESPN. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
- ↑ "Alex Luna :: Alex Nahuel Luna :: Atlético Rafaela". www.playmakerstats.com. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
- ↑ FC, Seattle Sounders. "Sounders FC signs midfielder Reed Baker-Whiting | Seattle Sounders". Seattle Sounders FC. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
- ↑ "Francis I | king of France". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ↑ "Yvonne's Royalty Home Page: Royal Christenings". Archived from the original on 6 August 2011. Retrieved 27 February 2018.
- ↑ Rasel, Khalid. "আল্লামা আবদুল হামিদ (রহ.) অনুপ্রেরণার উৎস সাধক" [Allama Abdul Hamid (Rh.), the saintly source of inspiration]. Monthly Al-Tawheed (in Bengali). Al Jamia Al Islamia Patiya.
- ↑ "Mrs. T. L. Bailey Dies Saturday in Meridian". The Columbian-Progress. 5 April 1956. p. 8. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
- ↑ Giota Houliara. "Πύρρος Σπυρομήλιος: Ο Μεγάλος Άγνωστος Αξιωματικός του Πολεμικού Ναυτικού - Geopolitics & Daily News". Geopolitics.iisca.eu. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
- ↑ Ellenberger, Allan R. (2001). Celebrities in Los Angeles Cemeteries: A Directory. McFarland. p. 34. ISBN 9780786409839.
- ↑ "Jesse OWENS - Olympic Athletics | United States of America". International Olympic Committee. 17 December 2018. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ↑ "Item | Project ΑΣΕλΊς".
- ↑ "Gisèle Freund | French photographer | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
- ↑ "Sparks/Radio Stars/Jet bassist Martin Gordon's site". Martin Gordon. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
- ↑ International Union of Crystallography Newsletter. American Institute of Physics. 2001. p. 60.
- ↑ Identifiants et référentiels pour l'Enseignement. "Gradín, Carlos Joaquín (1918-2002)" (in French). Retrieved 23 May 2021.
- ↑ Gradin, Carlos J.; Oliva, Fernando (2004). La región pampeana: su pasado arqueológico. Laborde. ISBN 987-9459-68-7. OCLC 1025944494. In The Library of Congress. "Gradin, Carlos J." id.loc.gov. LCCN no92033009. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
- ↑ "Anne Gwynne". BFI. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ↑ Clifford Kraus (31 March 2009). "Raúl Alfonsín, 82, Former Argentine Leader, Dies". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
- ↑ Weber, Bruce (2 April 2010). "J.F. terHorst, Ford Press Secretary, Dies at 87". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
- ↑ Conn, Heather. "Mary Greyeyes Reid". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
- ↑ "Halbert L. White, University of California, San Diego, Professor and Founder of Bates White Economic Consulting, dies at age 61". Bates White. 2 April 2012.
- ↑ Stone, Ken (1 April 2018). "Nick Newton Dies at 84; Invented Aluminum Starting Blocks, Set Track Records". Times of San Diego. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
- ↑ "Rapper Nipsey Hussle killed in shooting outside his L.A. store". NBC News. April 2019.
- ↑ "HIV Researcher Gita Ramjee Dies of Complications Tied to COVID-19". The Scientist Magazine. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
- ↑ "Ken Reitz, 'Zamboni' at third for Cards, dies". MLB.com. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
- ↑ "আলাপচারিতায়-জমিয়ত নেতা মুফতি মুহাম্মদ ওয়াক্কাস". Sylhet Report (in Bengali). 28 October 2017. Archived from the original on 31 August 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
- ↑ "French fashion photographer Patrick Demarchelier dies at 78". the Guardian. 1 April 2022. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
- ↑ "Māori lawyer and activist Moana Jackson dies after long illness". UPI. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
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