Mark Kelly
Official portrait, 2021
Official portrait, 2021
United States Senator
from Arizona
Assumed office
December 2, 2020
Serving with Kyrsten Sinema
Preceded byMartha McSally
Personal details
Born
Mark Edward Kelly

(1964-02-21) February 21, 1964
Orange, New Jersey, U.S.
Political partyDemocratic (2018–present)[1]
Other political
affiliations		Independent (before 2018)
Spouses
Amelia Babis
​
​
(m. 1989; div. 2004)​
    ​
    (m. 2007)​
    Children2
    RelativesScott Kelly (twin brother)
    EducationUnited States Merchant Marine Academy (BS)
    Naval Postgraduate School (MS)
    Signature
    WebsiteSenate website
    Military service
    Allegiance United States
    Branch/service United States Navy
    Years of service1986–2011
    Rank Captain
    Battles/warsGulf War
    Space career
    NASA astronaut
    Time in space
    		54d 02h 04min
    SelectionNASA Astronaut Group 16 (1996)
    MissionsSTS-108, STS-121, STS-124, STS-134
    Mission insignia
    RetirementOctober 1, 2011[2]

    Mark Edward Kelly (born February 21, 1964) is an American politician, former astronaut, and United States Navy captain who has served as the junior United States senator from Arizona since 2020. A member of the Democratic Party, he was elected in the special election held following the death of Senator John McCain, defeating incumbent Republican Martha McSally.

    Kelly flew combat missions during the Gulf War as a naval aviator before being selected as a NASA Space Shuttle pilot in 1996. He flew his first space mission in 2001 as pilot of STS-108, piloted STS-121 in 2006, and commanded STS-124 in 2008 and STS-134 in 2011, the final mission of Space Shuttle Endeavour.[3] His identical twin, Scott Kelly, is also a retired astronaut; they are the only siblings to have both traveled into orbit.[4][5]

    Kelly's wife, then-Arizona Congresswoman Gabby Giffords, was shot and nearly killed in an assassination attempt on January 8, 2011.[6][7] Six people died in the Tucson shooting. After the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting the following year, Giffords and Kelly founded the nonprofit Americans for Responsible Solutions, later renamed Giffords, which campaigns for gun control measures like universal background checks and red flag laws.[8][9][10][11]

    Kelly announced his candidacy for Arizona's Class 3 U.S. Senate seat in the 2020 special election on February 12, 2019. He won the Democratic primary on August 4, 2020, and defeated incumbent Republican Martha McSally in the November 3, 2020, general election, becoming the first Democrat to win this seat since 1962. Kelly was sworn in on December 2, 2020. In 2022, he was elected to a full term in office, defeating Republican challenger Blake Masters.

    Early life and education

    Kelly[12] and twin brother Scott Kelly are the sons of Richard and Patricia (née McAvoy) Kelly, two retired police officers.[13][14] Kelly is of Irish descent.[15] He was born on February 21, 1964, in Orange, New Jersey, and raised in West Orange, New Jersey. Kelly graduated from Mountain High School in 1982. He received a Bachelor of Science in marine engineering and nautical science from the United States Merchant Marine Academy, graduating with highest honors in 1986. In 1994, he received a Master of Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School.[16]

    In December 1987, Kelly became a naval aviator and received initial training on the A-6E Intruder attack aircraft. He was then assigned to Attack Squadron 115 (VA-115) in Atsugi, Japan, and made two deployments to the Persian Gulf on the aircraft carrier USS Midway, flying 39 combat missions in Operation Desert Storm. After receiving his master's degree, Kelly attended the U.S. Naval Test Pilot School from 1993 to 1994. He has logged more than 5,000 hours in more than 50 different aircraft and has over 375 carrier landings.[16]

    Kelly has received two Defense Superior Service Medals; one Legion of Merit; two Distinguished Flying Crosses; four Air Medals (two individual/two strike flight) with Combat "V"; two Navy Commendation Medals, (one with combat "V"); one Navy Achievement Medal; two Southwest Asia Service Medals; one Navy Expeditionary Medal; two Sea Service Deployment Ribbons; a NASA Distinguished Service Medal; and an Overseas Service Ribbon.[16][17]

    On June 21, 2011, Kelly announced his retirement from the U.S. Navy and NASA, effective October 1, 2011. His retirement was announced on his Facebook page, where he wrote, "Words cannot convey my deep gratitude for the opportunities I have been given to serve our great nation. From the day I entered the United States Merchant Marine Academy in the summer of 1982 to the moment I landed the Space Shuttle Endeavour three weeks ago, it has been my privilege to advance the ideals that define the United States of America."[18]

    NASA career

    Kelly's official NASA portrait, 2005

    NASA selected both Mark and Scott Kelly to be Space Shuttle pilots in 1996. They joined the NASA Astronaut Corps in August of that year. Mark Kelly has logged over 54 days in space.[16] During his 2006 flight on Space Shuttle Discovery, the second mission after the loss of Space Shuttle Columbia, Kelly discussed the risks of flying the Space Shuttle:

    The Space Shuttle's a very complex machine. It's got a lot of moving parts that move and operate at pretty much the limit of what we've been able to engineer. Spaceflight is risky. I think with regards to the tank, we've reduced some of the risk there. We've changed the design a little bit and we've made some pretty big strides in trying to get foam not to shed from the tank anymore. So there is some risk reduction there and I guess overall the risk is probably a little less. But this is a risky business, but it's got a big reward. Everybody on board Discovery and the space station here thinks it's worthwhile.[19]

    Spaceflight experience

    STS-108

    Photo of STS-108 commander Dominic L. Pudwill Gorie and pilot Mark Kelly
    STS-108 Commander Dominic L. Pudwill Gorie and Pilot Mark Kelly, in their stations during rendezvous operations with the International Space Station, 2001

    Kelly's first trip into space was as pilot of STS-108. After several delays, Endeavour lifted off on December 5, 2001, on the final Shuttle mission of 2001.[20]

    STS-108 Endeavour visited the ISS, delivering over three tons of equipment, supplies, and a fresh crew to the orbiting outpost.[16] The hatches were opened between Endeavour and the ISS Destiny Laboratory on December 7, enabling the 10 crew members to greet one another. The Expedition 3 crew officially ended their 117-day residency on board the ISS on December 8 as their custom Soyuz seat-liners were transferred to Endeavour for the return trip home. The transfer of the Expedition 4 seat-liners to the Soyuz return vehicle attached to the station marked the official exchange of crews.[20]

    Kelly and Mission Specialist Linda Godwin used the shuttle's robotic arm to lift the Raffaello Multi-Purpose Logistics Module from the shuttle payload bay and attach it to a berth on the station's Unity node. The crews began unloading supplies the same day. Mission managers extended Endeavour's flight duration to 12 days to allow the crew to assist with additional maintenance tasks on the station, including work on a treadmill and replacing a failed compressor in one of the air conditioners in the Zvezda Service Module. A change of command ceremony took place on December 13 as Expedition 3 ended and Expedition 4 began. STS-108 returned to Earth with the previous ISS crew of three men.[20]

    Kelly traveled over 4.8 million miles and orbited the Earth 186 times over 11 days and 19+ hours.[20]

    STS-121

    Photo STS-121 crew.
    Kelly (center) surrounded by Piers J. Sellers (right), Michael E. Fossum (left), cosmonaut Pavel V. Vinogradov[21] (center left) and Stephanie D. Wilson (center right), 2006

    In July 2006, Kelly piloted STS-121 Discovery, the second "Return to Flight" mission following the loss of Columbia in February 2003. Because of weather delays, STS-121 became the first shuttle mission to launch on the Fourth of July.[22]

    The mission's main purposes were to test new safety and repair techniques introduced after the Columbia disaster and to deliver supplies, equipment, and European Space Agency (ESA) astronaut Thomas Reiter from Germany to the ISS. Reiter's transfer returned the ISS to a three-member staffing level.[23]

    During the STS-121 mission to the ISS, the crew of Discovery continued to test new equipment and procedures for the inspection and repair of the thermal protection system that is designed to increase the shuttles' safety. It also delivered more supplies and cargo for future ISS expansion.

    After the Columbia accident, NASA decided that two test flights would be required and that activities originally assigned to STS-114 would need to be divided into two missions because of the addition of post-Columbia safety tests.[23]

    Gabby Giffords, Kelly's girlfriend at the time, picked one of the mission's wake-up songs, U2's "Beautiful Day".[24] During the U2 360° Tour, Kelly often appeared on screen from the International Space Station during the song's introduction, greeting the city the band was playing in and asking the crowd to "tell my wife I love her very much, she knows"[25]—a reference to David Bowie's Space Oddity; the tour's staging was often called the "space station".[26]

    Kelly traveled over 5.28 million miles and orbited the Earth 202 times over 12 days and 18+ hours.[16]

    STS-124

    Photo STS-124 in front of NASA Astrovan before liftoff at Kennedy Space Center.
    Commander Kelly with his crew at the Kennedy Space Center just before boarding Discovery on May 31, 2008

    STS-124 Discovery was Kelly's first mission as commander. A month before liftoff, he discussed what being a shuttle commander entailed and how it was different from his previous missions:

    My first two flights I was the pilot. Being the commander is different in that you're responsible for the overall mission. ... You have to worry about the whole thing, the training drill your other crew members are getting, mission success, and mission safety. So it is a more comprehensive job and requires more time. I'm really a little bit surprised at how much more there is to it. But I think it's more rewarding as well.[27]

    The mission was the second of three shuttle missions to carry components of Japan's Kibo laboratory to the ISS. Kibo is Japanese for "hope". The laboratory is Japan's primary contribution to the ISS.[28]

    Just before liftoff, Kelly said, "While we've all prepared for this event today, the discoveries from Kibo will definitely offer hope for tomorrow. Now stand by for the greatest show on Earth."[29]

    During the launch, Launch Pad 39A sustained substantial damage, more than had been seen on any previous launch. After liftoff, inspectors discovered that bricks and mortar from the launch pad's base had been thrown as far as the perimeter fence, a distance of 1,500 feet (457 m).[30]

    Kelly and his crew delivered the pressurized module for Kibo to the ISS. The module is the Kibo laboratory's largest component and the station's largest habitable module.[28] Discovery also delivered Kibo's Remote Manipulator System.[28] It also delivered a replacement part for the station's toilet. The ISS's toilet had been malfunctioning for a week, creating a potentially serious problem for the crew.[31] When Kelly first entered the station, he joked, "You looking for a plumber?"[31]

    This mission was the first time a spouse of a member of Congress traveled to space.[32] Kelly traveled over 5.7 million miles, and orbited the Earth 218 times over 13 days and 18 hours.[16]

    STS-134

    Mission poster, based on a Star Trek promotional poster.
    Mission poster, based on a Star Trek promotional poster[33]

    STS-134 launched on May 16, 2011.

    On April 29, 2011, the first launch attempt of STS-134 was scrubbed. Giffords traveled to Florida on her first trip since moving from Tucson to Houston in January after an attempted assassination. Her appearance at Kennedy Space Center gave the launch a high profile, "one of the most anticipated in years," according to The New York Times. President Obama visited the Kennedy Space Center on April 29 on a trip with the original intention of watching the Endeavour launch.[34]

    Kelly was the commander of the mission which was Space Shuttle Endeavour's last. His crew and he delivered the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer to the ISS.[35]

    Most of the mission's delays were caused by external tank issues on STS-133 Discovery.[36] When Scott Kelly went to the ISS on October 7, 2010, STS-134 was scheduled to go to the station during his mission. The potential rendezvous in space of the Kelly brothers would have been a first meeting of blood relatives in space.[37] The delay of STS-134's launch ended that possibility.

    After his wife's shooting, Kelly's status was unclear, but NASA announced on February 4, 2011, that he would remain commander of the mission. The remarkable progress his wife was making in her recovery helped Kelly decide to return to training.[38] Peggy Whitson, chief of the NASA Astronaut Office at the time, said, "we are confident in his ability to successfully lead this mission, and I know I speak for all of NASA in saying 'welcome back.'"[39]

    Papal blessing

    At 4 pm PDT on May 22, 2011, the European Space Agency and Italian Space Agency arranged for a call to Endeavour by Pope Benedict XVI. During his call—prompted by the discovery of a gash in the Shuttle's fuselage—Benedict extended his blessing to Giffords, who had undergone skull surgery earlier in the week. The event marked the first time a pope spoke to astronauts during a mission.[40][41]

    U2

    On June 24, 2011, a recorded message by Kelly from the ISS wished his wife love using song lyrics from David Bowie's "Space Oddity" and introduced U2's song "Beautiful Day" on the first night of the Glastonbury festival in England. A similar message from Kelly aboard the ISS was played during U2's 360° Tour concert stop at various locations. It said: "I'm looking forward to coming home. Tell my wife I love her very much. She knows."[42]

    Retirement from NASA

    On June 21, 2011, Kelly announced that he would leave NASA's astronaut corps and the U.S. Navy effective October 1. He cited Giffords's needs during her recovery as a reason for his retirement.[2]

    Post-NASA career

    Author

    In 2011, Kelly and Giffords coauthored Gabby: A Story of Courage, Love and Resilience. The book provides biographical information on the couple and describes in detail the assassination attempt on Giffords and her initial recovery. Written in Kelly's voice, it includes a short note by Giffords at the end.[43]

    Kelly's second book, Mousetronaut: Based on a (Partially) True Story (2012), is a children's book illustrated by C. F. Payne.[44] It was a New York Times number one bestseller[45] and was followed the next year by a sequel, Mousetronaut Goes to Mars.[46]

    In 2014, Giffords and Kelly coauthored Enough: Our Fight to Keep America Safe from Gun Violence.[47]

    In 2015, Kelly and Martha Freeman cowrote Astrotwins: Project Blastoff, a fictional story about twins Scott and Mark who build a space capsule in their grandfather's backyard and try to send the first kid into orbit. Kelly dedicated this book to Scott Kelly.[48] The sequel, Astrotwins—Project Rescue, was published in 2016.[49]

    Aerospace work

    Kelly is co-founder and strategic advisor of Tucson-based high-altitude balloon near-space exploration company World View Enterprises.[50] He served as Director of Flight Crew Operations beginning in 2013, and was involved in the development of the new craft, as well as its procedures and operations.[51]

    On March 28, 2012, SpaceX announced that Kelly would be part of an independent safety advisory panel composed of leading human spaceflight safety experts.[52]

    Political activism

    In January 2013, Kelly and Giffords started a political action committee, Americans for Responsible Solutions. The organization's mission is to promote solutions to gun violence with elected officials and the general public. The couple say it supports the Second Amendment while promoting responsible gun ownership and "keeping guns out of the hands of dangerous people like criminals, terrorists, and the mentally ill."[53] The group claims that "current gun laws allow private sellers to sell guns without a background check, creating a loophole that provides criminals and the mentally ill easy access to guns".[53] On March 31, 2013, Kelly said, "any bill that does not include a universal background check is a mistake. It's the most common-sense thing we can do to prevent criminals and the mentally ill from having access to weapons."[54] In 2016, Americans for Responsible Solutions joined the Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence and launched a joint organization known as "Giffords".[55]

    U.S. Senate

    Elections

    2020 special

    Kelly at the launch of his U.S. Senate campaign in downtown Phoenix in February 2019

    On February 12, 2019, Kelly announced that he would run as a Democrat in the 2020 United States Senate special election in Arizona.[56] Kelly looked to unseat incumbent Republican Martha McSally, a fellow veteran who was appointed to this seat shortly after losing the 2018 election for the state's other seat in the Senate to Democrat Kyrsten Sinema. The seat was vacated upon John McCain's death on August 25, 2018, and held by Governor Doug Ducey's appointee Jon Kyl until Kyl resigned on December 31, 2018.[56] Kelly declined to accept campaign contributions from corporate political action committees (PACs), but did accept thousands of dollars in campaign contributions from corporate executives and lobbyists.[57][58]

    The Associated Press called the race for Kelly on November 4, 2020. His election marks the first time since 1953 that Arizona has had two Democratic senators.[59] As the election was a special election, Kelly took office during the 116th Congress, shortly after Arizona certified its election results on November 30, unlike other senators and representatives elected in 2020, who took office at the opening of the 117th Congress on January 3, 2021. Kelly was sworn in at noon on December 2.

    Kelly is the fourth retired astronaut to be elected to Congress, after John Glenn, Harrison Schmitt, and Jack Swigert.[60][61]

    2022

    Kelly won reelection in the November 2022 general election, defeating Republican challenger Blake Masters.[62]

    Tenure

    Kelly being sworn in as senator from Arizona by Vice President Mike Pence, with his wife Gabby Giffords by his side

    On December 2, 2020, Kelly cast his first Senate vote, a "no" vote on the nomination of Kathryn C. Davis to the United States Court of Federal Claims.[63] On December 9, Kelly voted "no" on a resolution blocking President Donald Trump from selling $23 billion in drones to the United Arab Emirates. Kelly split his vote by voting yes on another resolution blocking F-35 sales to the UAE. Both resolutions failed.[64]

    In the wake of the January 6 United States Capitol attack, Kelly said that Vice President Mike Pence and Trump's cabinet "have the responsibility to discuss invoking the 25th amendment", Section 4 of which allows the vice president and cabinet to declare the president unable to serve and transfer presidential power to the vice president. Kelly voted to convict in Trump's second impeachment trial, along with 56 other senators.[65]

    Committee assignments

    Political positions

    Kelly ran as a moderate in 2020 and voiced support for bipartisanship.[78][79][80] Since joining the Senate, he supported abolishing the filibuster in order to pass voting rights legislation[81] and a federal minimum wage increase to $15 per hour. He has criticized Joe Biden's approach to border security.[82][83] As of October 2022, Kelly has voted in line with Biden's stated position 94.5% of the time.[84]

    Abortion

    As a candidate in 2020, Kelly said he was "pro-choice" and was endorsed by Planned Parenthood.[85] He supports codifying Roe v. Wade into federal law.[86] He has said that late-stage abortions should be legally protected.[87]

    Climate and environment

    Kelly has voiced support for climate action, but said he "does not favor" the Green New Deal.[88] The League of Conservation Voters gave him a 97% score in 2021.[89] In 2022, Kelly also advocated for an expansion of oil drilling in the wake of rising gas prices.[90][91]

    Guns

    Kelly became an outspoken advocate for gun control following the attempted assassination of his wife, former U.S. Representative Gabby Giffords, at the 2011 Tucson shooting.[92]

    Kelly voted for the Bipartisan Safer Communities Act in response to the Robb Elementary School shooting in Uvalde, Texas.[93][94]

    Health care

    Kelly supports building on the Affordable Care Act to include a public health insurance option.[92][95]

    Immigration

    Of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program, Kelly has said, "Dreamers are as American as anyone", and has expressed support for it.[96][85]

    Trump administration

    In February 2021, Kelly voted to convict Trump for incitement of insurrection in his second impeachment trial,[65] and has been outspoken in his disdain for him.[97]

    Personal life

    Kelly married Amelia Victoria Babis on January 7, 1989. They divorced in 2004. They have two daughters, Claudia and Claire Kelly.[98]

    Photo of Kelly and wife Gabby Giffords in 2016
    Kelly and wife Gabby Giffords in 2016

    Kelly married U.S. Representative Gabby Giffords of Tucson, Arizona, on November 10, 2007, in a ceremony presided over by Rabbi Stephanie Aaron, and attended by his STS-124 shuttle crew and former Secretary of Labor Robert Reich. Reich toasted: "To a bride who moves at a velocity that exceeds that of anyone else in Washington, and a groom who moves at a velocity that exceeds 17,000 miles per hour."[24] The couple met on a 2003 trip to China as part of a trade mission sponsored by the National Committee on U.S.–China Relations.[99]

    At the time of their marriage, Kelly lived in Houston, Texas,[100] and said that the longest stretch of time the two had spent together was a couple of weeks. He said that they did not plan to always live that way, but that it was what they were used to. He added, "It teaches you not to sweat the small stuff."[24]

    Shooting in Tucson

    Giffords was shot in an assassination attempt on January 8, 2011,[101] putting Kelly in the national spotlight. On February 4, Kelly described the previous month as the hardest time of his life[102] and expressed his gratitude for the enormous outpouring of support, good wishes and prayers for his wife. He said that he believed people's prayers for her helped.[103]

    One of Giffords's aides informed Kelly of the shooting almost immediately after it happened. He flew from Houston to Tucson with members of his family. En route, the Kellys received an erroneous news report that Giffords had died. "The kids, Claudia and Claire, started crying. My mother, she almost screamed. I just walked into the bathroom, and, you know, broke down." Calling family in Tucson, Kelly found out that the report was false and that she was alive and in surgery. "It was a terrible mistake," Kelly said. "As bad as it was that she had died, it's equally exciting that she hadn't."[104]

    From the time he arrived in Tucson, Kelly sat vigil at his wife's bedside as she struggled to survive and began to recover. As her condition began to improve, the Kelly-Giffords family researched options for rehabilitation facilities and chose one in Houston. On January 21, Giffords was transferred to the Memorial Hermann–Texas Medical Center,[105] where she spent five days before moving to TIRR Memorial Hermann, where she continued her recovery and rehabilitation.[106]

    Giffords and Kelly had spoken dozens of times about how risky her job was. She was afraid that someone with a gun would come up to her at a public event. In an interview filmed just over a week after the shooting, Kelly said, "She has Tombstone, Arizona, in her district, the town that's too tough to die. Gabrielle Giffords is too tough to let this beat her."[104]

    Aftermath

    Kelly and Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano at the Tucson memorial service
    Kelly and homeland security secretary and former Arizona governor Janet Napolitano at the Tucson memorial service

    A memorial service for those killed in the assassination attempt was held on January 12, 2011, at the University of Arizona. President Obama flew to Tucson to speak at the memorial. Kelly sat between First Lady Michelle Obama and Secretary of Homeland Security Janet Napolitano, the former governor of Arizona. At the end of the service, Obama consoled and embraced him, after which Kelly returned to the hospital to be with his wife.[107]

    Kelly spoke on February 3, 2011, at the National Prayer Breakfast in Washington, DC. His remarks closed the event, where Obama also spoke. Kelly said the attack on his wife brought him closer to God and gave him a newfound awareness regarding prayer. He said that before the attack, "I thought the world just spins and the clock just ticks and things happen for no particular reason", but that, in Tucson, as he found himself wandering in makeshift memorials and shrines filled with Bibles and angels, "You pray where you are. You pray when God is there in your heart."[108] Kelly offered the final prayer of the morning. The prayer was from Rabbi Stephanie Aaron, who married Kelly and Giffords, and who said the same words over Giffords on the night of the shooting:

    In the name of God, our God of Israel, may Michael, God's angel messenger of compassion, watch over your right side. May Gabriel, God's angel messenger of strength and courage, be on your left. And before you, guiding your path, Uriel, God's angel of light and behind you, supporting you, stands Raphael, God's angel of healing. And over your head, surrounding you, is the presence of the Divine.[108]

    In 2011, Kelly said he believed there was a chance to change a political environment he believed was too vitriolic. He hoped that the tragedy would be an opportunity to improve the tone of the national dialogue and cool down the rhetoric.[104] In response to a question on February 4, 2011, about civility in politics, Kelly said, "I haven't spent a lot of time following that, but I think that with something that was so horrible and so negative, and the fact that six people lost their lives including a nine-year-old girl, a federal judge, Gabby's staff member Gabe—who was like a younger brother to her—it's really, really a sad situation. I am hopeful that something positive can come out of it. I think that will happen, so those are good things."[103]

    Electoral history


    Year Office Party Primary General Result Swing
    Total  % P. Total  % ±% P.
    2020 U.S. Senator Democratic 665,620 99.93% 1st 1,716,467 51.16% +10.41% 1st Won Gain
    2022 Democratic 589,400 100.0% 1st 1,322,027 51.39% +0.22% 1st Won Hold

    Awards and decorations

    Kelly's awards and decorations include:[109][110][111]

    Bronze oak leaf cluster
    Gold star
    V
    Gold star
    Gold star
    Gold star
    V
    Gold star
    Gold star
    Gold star
    Gold star
    Gold star
    Bronze star
    Bronze star
    Bronze star
    Naval Pilot Astronaut Badge
    Defense Superior Service Medal
    One oak leaf cluster    		 Legion of Merit Distinguished Flying Cross
    One award star    		 Air Medal
    Valor device and three service stars
    Navy Commendation Medal
    Valor device and one service star    		 Navy Achievement Medal Navy Unit Commendation
    One service star    		 NASA Exceptional Service Medal
    NASA Space Flight Medal
    Three service stars    		 Navy Expeditionary Medal National Defense Service Medal
    One service star    		 Southwest Asia Service Medal
    One service star
    Sea Service Deployment Ribbon
    One service star    		 Overseas Service Ribbon Kuwait Liberation Medal (Saudi Arabia) Kuwait Liberation Medal (Kuwait)

    References

    1. ↑ Wingett Sanchez, Yvonne (March 4, 2019). "Mark Kelly Is Running as a Democrat for the Senate. in 2012, He Voted in a GOP Primary". The Arizona Republic. Archived from the original on January 18, 2023. Retrieved March 14, 2019.
    2. 1 2 "Commander Mark Kelly Announces Retirement From NASA, Navy". Fox News. June 21, 2011. Archived from the original on June 24, 2011. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
    3. ↑ Sunseri, Gina (June 1, 2011). "Space Shuttle Endeavour Lands Safely in Florida". ABC News. Archived from the original on September 2, 2011. Retrieved August 1, 2011.
    4. ↑ Garrett-Bakelman, F. E.; Darshi, M.; Green, S. J.; Gur, R. C.; Lin, L.; MacIas, B. R.; McKenna, M. J.; Meydan, C.; Mishra, T.; Nasrini, J.; Piening, B. D.; Rizzardi, L. F.; Sharma, K.; Siamwala, J. H.; Taylor, L.; Vitaterna, M. H.; Afkarian, M.; Afshinnekoo, E.; Ahadi, S.; Ambati, A.; Arya, M.; Bezdan, D.; Callahan, C. M.; Chen, S.; Choi AMK; Chlipala, G. E.; Contrepois, K.; Covington, M.; Crucian, B. E.; De Vivo, I. (April 12, 2019). "The NASA Twins Study: A multidimensional analysis of a year-long human spaceflight". Science. 364 (6436): eaau8650. Bibcode:2019Sci...364.8650G. doi:10.1126/science.aau8650. PMC 7580864. PMID 30975860.
    5. ↑ Zimmer, Carl (April 11, 2019). "Scott Kelly Spent a Year in Orbit. His Body Is Not Quite the Same". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 22, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
    6. ↑ Tolson, Mike (January 17, 2011). "Their toughest mission yet, Shooting of Gabrielle Giffords thrusts her husband and brother-in-law, both astronauts, into an unfamiliar spotlight". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on December 12, 2019. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
    7. ↑ Barry, Dan (February 4, 2011). "Public Drawn to Choice by Giffords's Husband". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 7, 2015. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
    8. ↑ Knappenberger, Ryan (April 15, 2021). "Giffords, congressional Democrats call for action on gun reform bills". kold.com. Archived from the original on January 18, 2023. Retrieved August 29, 2022.
    9. ↑ Zhou, Li (September 24, 2020). "Can Democrats pull off another Senate win in Arizona?". Vox. Archived from the original on January 18, 2023. Retrieved October 2, 2020.
    10. ↑ "Gabrielle Giffords launches gun control campaign". BBC News. January 8, 2013. Archived from the original on September 25, 2013. Retrieved September 20, 2020.
    11. ↑ Arkin, James (October 18, 2019). "Mark Kelly raises astronomical sum in bid to snag Senate seat from GOP". POLITICO. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved March 8, 2021.
    12. ↑ Cruikshank, Jeffrey L.; Kline, Chloë G. (2008). In peace and war: a history of the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy at Kings Point. John Wiley and Sons. p. 530. ISBN 978-0-470-13601-0. Archived from the original on February 25, 2017. Retrieved March 4, 2011.
    13. ↑ Lehren, Marilyn (January 8, 2011). "Rep. Gabrielle Giffords is married to West Orange native Mark Kelly". The Caldwells Patch. Archived from the original on July 15, 2011. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
    14. ↑ Rose, Lisa (March 30, 2019). "Twin astronauts remember their mother, West Orange's first female police officer". NJ.com. Archived from the original on February 18, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
    15. ↑ "Kelly named among top 100 Irish Americans by Irish America/Irish Central". Gabrielle Giffords. June 2, 2011. Archived from the original on December 12, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2016.
    16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Biographical Data: Mark E. Kelly (Captain, USN)" (PDF). NASA. October 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 18, 2023. Retrieved April 3, 2021.
    17. ↑ "Astronaut Mark Kelly, husband of Gabrielle Giffords, retires from Navy". CNN. October 6, 2011. Archived from the original on October 7, 2011. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
    18. ↑ "Astronaut Mark Kelly announces his retirement – KTRK, ABC Channel 13, Houston, Texas". Archived from the original on January 24, 2013. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
    19. ↑ "Transcript of Associated Press Interview via NASA". AP and NASA. July 11, 2006. Archived from the original on November 26, 2010. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
    20. 1 2 3 4 "NASA Mission Archives, STS-108". NASA. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
    21. ↑ Expedition 13 commander representing Russia's Federal Space Agency.
    22. ↑ Boyle, Alan (July 4, 2006). "NASA counts down to 4th of July launch". NBC News. Archived from the original on July 29, 2014. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
    23. 1 2 "STS-121 Nasa Press Kit" (PDF). NASA. May 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 23, 2006. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
    24. 1 2 3 Anderson, Judith (December 2, 2007). "Gabrielle Giffords and Mark Kelly". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 20, 2012. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
    25. ↑ Clara Moskowitz (June 8, 2011). "Astronaut Mark Kelly Has David Bowie Moment in U2 Concert". Space.com. Retrieved November 11, 2023.
    26. ↑ Hiatt, Brian (April 11, 2011). "U2: Launching the Biggest Tour of All". Rolling Stone. Retrieved November 11, 2023.
    27. ↑ Preflight Interview: Mark Kelly, Commander Archived February 3, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, NASA, April 29, 2008.
    28. 1 2 3 "NASA Mission Summary, STS-124" (PDF). NASA. May 2008. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
    29. ↑ Moskowitz, Clara (May 31, 2008). "Shuttle Discovery Launches Space Station's Largest Lab". Space.com. Archived from the original on January 5, 2010. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
    30. ↑ Moskowitz, Clara (June 2, 2008). "NASA Eyes Launch Pad Damage for Next Shuttle Flight". Space.com. Archived from the original on August 15, 2009. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
    31. 1 2 Schwartz, John (June 15, 2008). "Shuttle Returns After 14-Day Mission". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 13, 2018. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
    32. ↑ Faherty, John (June 1, 2008). "Congresswoman's husband now in orbit". The Arizona Republic. Archived from the original on January 18, 2023. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
    33. ↑ Atkinson, Nancy (March 17, 2010). "STS-134 Does Star Trek with New Poster". universetoday.com. Archived from the original on October 23, 2010. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
    34. ↑ Fountain, Henry (April 26, 2011). "In Endeavour's Final Act, the Supporting Cast Draws Outsize Attention". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 9, 2015. Retrieved April 26, 2011.
    35. ↑ NASA Assigns Crew for STS-134 Shuttle Mission, Change to STS-132 Archived December 7, 2010, at the Wayback Machine NASA press release, August 11, 2009. Retrieved February 7, 2011.
    36. ↑ Harwood, William (January 15, 2011). "Shuttle Discovery's lead spacewalker hurt in accident". Spaceflight Now. Archived from the original on January 19, 2011. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
    37. ↑ Dunn, Marcia (September 10, 2010). "Space double: Astronaut twins to join up in orbit". NBC News. Archived from the original on January 18, 2023. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
    38. ↑ Dunn, Marcia (February 4, 2011). "Husband: Giffords would embrace flight decision". Associated Press. Archived from the original on February 12, 2011. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
    39. ↑ "NASA Astronaut Mark Kelly Resumes Training For STS-134 Mission". NASA Press release. February 4, 2011. Archived from the original on February 7, 2011. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
    40. ↑ "Pope blesses Endeavour astronauts by phone". San Francisco Chronicle. Associated Press. May 22, 2011. Archived from the original on January 18, 2023. Retrieved May 22, 2011.
    41. ↑ "Talk of His Holiness Benedict XVI with the Astronauts in Orbit". The Vatican. May 21, 2011. Archived from the original on October 29, 2017. Retrieved August 4, 2018.
    42. ↑ "NASA Commander Mark Kelly appears at U2 360° Tour in Seattle". Politics Down and Dirty blog. June 7, 2011. Archived from the original on January 12, 2012. Retrieved August 28, 2011.
    43. ↑ Giffords, Gabrielle; Kelly, Mark; Zaslow, Jeffrey (November 15, 2011). Gabby: A Story of Courage and Hope. Scribner. ISBN 978-1451661064.
    44. ↑ Kelly, Mark (October 9, 2012). Mousetronaut: Based on a (Partially) True Story. Simon & Schuster/Paula Wiseman Books. ISBN 978-1442458246.
    45. ↑ "Best Sellers". The New York Times. October 28, 2012. Archived from the original on October 23, 2012. Retrieved March 28, 2013.
    46. ↑ "Mousetronaut Goes to Mars by Mark Kelly, C. F. Payne". Barnesandnoble.com llc. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 9, 2014.
    47. ↑ Giffords, Gabrielle; Kelly, Mark (September 30, 2014). Enough: Our Fight to Keep America Safe from Gun Violence. Scribner. ISBN 978-1476750071.
    48. ↑ Kelly, Mark; Freeman, Martha (March 17, 2015). Astrotwins: Project Blastoff. Simon & Schuster/Paula Wiseman Books. ISBN 978-1481415453.
    49. ↑ Kelly, Mark; Freeman, Martha (March 1, 2016). Astrotwins: Project Rescue. Simon & Schuster/Paula Wiseman Books. ISBN 978-1481424585.
    50. ↑ "World View:Our Team". Archived from the original on August 6, 2018. Retrieved August 6, 2018.
    51. ↑ Knapp, Alex. "Astronaut Mark Kelly Joins Near-Space Tourism Company World View". Forbes.
    52. ↑ "Industry Leaders Lend Expertise As Company Prepares for Astronaut Flight". Archived from the original on April 1, 2012. Retrieved April 2, 2012.
    53. 1 2 "Criminal Background Checks". Americans for Responsible Solutions. April 3, 2013. Archived from the original on February 18, 2013. Retrieved April 3, 2013.
    54. ↑ Edwards-Levy, Ariel (April 3, 2013). "Mark Kelly: Background Checks Are Crucial, But NRA 'Right' On Mental Health Records". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on April 3, 2013. Retrieved April 3, 2013.
    55. ↑ "About Giffords: History". Giffords. Archived from the original on August 6, 2018. Retrieved August 6, 2018.
    56. 1 2 Stracqualursi, Veronica (February 12, 2019). "NASA astronaut Mark Kelly launches Senate campaign". CNN. Archived from the original on December 2, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
    57. ↑ Bowman, Bridget (April 26, 2019). "Mark Kelly's fundraising highlights limits of 'no corporate PAC' pledge". Roll Call. Archived from the original on January 18, 2023. Retrieved February 26, 2021.
    58. ↑ Sanchez, Yvonne Wingett (April 15, 2019). "Mark Kelly shuns corporate PACs. But his ties with corporate money were more complicated". The Arizona Republic. Archived from the original on January 18, 2023. Retrieved October 21, 2020.
    59. ↑ Felicia, Somnez (December 2, 2020). "Mark Kelly sworn in as senator, giving Arizona two Democratic senators for first time in more than six decades". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 2, 2020. Retrieved December 2, 2020.
    60. ↑ "Mark Kelly joins exclusive club of astronaut-politicians". AP NEWS. February 13, 2019. Archived from the original on January 18, 2023. Retrieved December 2, 2020.
    61. ↑ Machemer, Theresa (November 9, 2020). "A Brief History of Astronauts in Congress". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on January 18, 2023. Retrieved December 2, 2020.
    62. ↑ Lerer, Lisa; Igielnik, Ruth (October 31, 2022). "Senate Control Hinges on Neck-and-Neck Races, Times/Siena Poll Finds". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 18, 2023. Retrieved November 3, 2022.
    63. ↑ Hunter, Chase (December 10, 2020). "Kelly takes oath, casts first vote as Arizona's newest senator". The Glendale Star.
    64. ↑ Demirjian, Karoun (December 9, 2020). "Trump on course to complete UAE arms deal after Senate fails to block him". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 12, 2022.
    65. 1 2 Hansen, Yvonne Wingett Sanchez and Ronald J. (January 7, 2021). "Sen. Mark Kelly open to removing President Trump after riot; Sen. Kyrsten Sinema has no comment". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
    66. ↑ "About | U.S. Senate Committee on Armed Services". Retrieved March 3, 2021.
    67. 1 2 "Subcommittees | U.S. Senate Committee on Armed Services". Retrieved March 3, 2021.
    68. ↑ "Members | U.S. Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources". Retrieved March 3, 2021.
    69. ↑ "Subcommittee on National Parks| U.S. Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resourcs". Retrieved March 3, 2021.
    70. ↑ "Subcommittee on Public Lands, Forests, and Mining | U.S. Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources". Retrieved March 3, 2021.
    71. ↑ "Subcommittee on Water and Power| U.S. Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources". Retrieved March 3, 2021.
    72. ↑ "Members | U.S. Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works". Retrieved March 3, 2021.
    73. ↑ "Chemical Safety, Waste Management, Environmental Justice, and Regulatory Oversight | U.S. Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works". Retrieved March 3, 2021.
    74. ↑ "Fisheries, Water, and Wildlife | U.S. Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works". Retrieved March 3, 2021.
    75. ↑ "Transportation and Infrastructure | U.S. Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works". Retrieved March 3, 2021.
    76. ↑ "Committee Members | U.S. Senate Special Committee on Aging". Archived from the original on March 18, 2021. Retrieved March 3, 2021.
    77. ↑ "About | Joint Economic Committee of the U.S. Congress". Retrieved March 3, 2021.
    78. ↑ Christie, Bob (November 13, 2020). "Senator-elect Mark Kelly says bipartisanship a real mission". AP NEWS. Archived from the original on November 27, 2020. Retrieved December 5, 2020.
    79. ↑ "Mark Kelly won as a moderate. His future depends on whether he stays one". azcentral. Retrieved December 5, 2020.
    80. ↑ Egan, Lauren; Gregorian, Dareh (November 6, 2020). "Democrat Mark Kelly defeats Republican Martha McSally in Arizona Senate race". NBC News. Archived from the original on December 4, 2020. Retrieved December 5, 2020.
    81. ↑ Fox, Lauren (January 19, 2022). "Mark Kelly backs rules change to pass voting rights legislation". CNN. Retrieved January 19, 2022.
    82. ↑ Strauss, Daniel (May 18, 2021). "Arizona's political odd couple reveals two distinct paths for Democrats". the Guardian. Retrieved June 14, 2021.
    83. ↑ Everett, Burgess (April 5, 2022). "Mark Kelly's breaks with Biden pile up". Politico. Retrieved April 6, 2022.
    84. ↑ Bycoffe, Anna Wiederkehr and Aaron (August 25, 2021). "Does Your Member Of Congress Vote With Or Against Biden?". FiveThirtyEight. Archived from the original on October 26, 2022. Retrieved October 26, 2022.
    85. 1 2 "The Voter's Self Defense System". Vote Smart. Retrieved February 5, 2021.
    86. ↑ Duda, Jeremy (October 7, 2022). "Sen. Kelly, Blake Masters spar over abortion and inflation in debate". Axios. Archived from the original on October 26, 2022. Retrieved October 26, 2022.
    87. ↑ Thompson, Julia (October 7, 2022). "Mark Kelly, Blake Masters debate: U.S. Senate candidates clash on immigration, abortion". Cronkite News - Arizona PBS. Archived from the original on October 26, 2022. Retrieved October 26, 2022.
    88. ↑ Fahys, Judy. "Climate issues confront Arizona, but aren't always raised in McSally-Kelly Senate race". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved May 9, 2022.
    89. ↑ "Check out Senator Mark Kelly's Environmental Voting Record". League of Conservation Voters Scorecard. February 14, 2022. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved May 9, 2022.
    90. ↑ "Mark Kelly's breaks with Biden pile up". POLITICO. April 5, 2022. Archived from the original on May 6, 2022. Retrieved May 9, 2022.
    91. ↑ Olson, Tyler (March 31, 2022). "Democratic Sens. Kelly, Manchin press Biden over Gulf oil leases". Fox News. Archived from the original on May 9, 2022. Retrieved May 9, 2022.
    92. 1 2 Brean, Henry (October 4, 2020). "McSally, Kelly: Similar backgrounds, wildly different views". Arizona Daily Star. Archived from the original on October 7, 2020. Retrieved October 5, 2020.
    93. ↑ ""This was fundamentally important": John Cornyn says gun deal shows U.S. Senate can still function". June 27, 2022. Archived from the original on October 4, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
    94. ↑ "U.S. Senate: U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 117th Congress - 2nd Session". Archived from the original on October 5, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
    95. ↑ Zhou, Li (September 24, 2020). "Can Democrats pull off another Senate win in Arizona?". Vox. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 5, 2020.
    96. ↑ "Mark Kelly holds town hall on DACA". June 18, 2020. Archived from the original on October 4, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
    97. ↑ Hansen, Yvonne Wingett Sanchez and Ronald J. "Sen. Mark Kelly open to removing President Trump after riot; Sen. Kyrsten Sinema has no comment". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved March 8, 2021.
    98. ↑ Sands, Geneva (November 22, 2011). "Mark Kelly and daughters describe Giffords's injury aftermath, recovery". TheHill. Archived from the original on June 28, 2020. Retrieved June 26, 2020.
    99. ↑ Golodryga, Bianna; Orso, Alberto; Hagan, Kelly (January 11, 2011). "Gabrielle Giffords Makes Strong Recovery as Husband Mark Kelly Keeps Vigil". ABC News. Archived from the original on January 19, 2011. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
    100. ↑ Shauk, Zain (January 25, 2011). "Gabrielle Giffords' husband considers shuttle flight". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on January 27, 2011. Retrieved February 6, 2011.
    101. ↑ Lacey, Marc; Herszenhorn, David M. (January 9, 2011). "In Attack's Wake, Political Repercussions". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 10, 2011. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
    102. ↑ "Giffords' husband says attempt on her life deepened his faith". Deccan Herald. February 4, 2011. Archived from the original on June 28, 2011. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
    103. 1 2 "Kelly to Fly on Shuttle Mission". NASA TV. February 4, 2011. Archived from the original on July 15, 2015. Retrieved February 6, 2011.
    104. 1 2 3 Blackburn, Bradley (January 18, 2011). "Gabrielle Giffords' Husband Mark Kelly Says She Feared She Would Be Shot". ABC News. Archived from the original on February 21, 2011. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
    105. ↑ Stanglin, Douglas (January 21, 2011). "Giffords arrives in Houston to begin rehab". USA Today. Archived from the original on January 24, 2011. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
    106. ↑ "U.S. Rep. Giffords moved to TIRR Memorial Hermann". Associated Press. January 26, 2011. Archived from the original on March 11, 2012. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
    107. ↑ Cooper, Helene (January 12, 2011). "Obama Calls for a New Era of Civility in U.S. Politics". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 21, 2018. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
    108. 1 2 Grossman, Cathy Lynn (February 4, 2011). "Mark Kelly finds God, angels after Tucson tragedy". USA Today. Archived from the original on February 7, 2011. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
    109. ↑ Kelly, Mark (July 2011). "Biographical Data" (PDF). NASA. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 13, 2021. Retrieved December 15, 2020.
    110. ↑ "Mark E. Kelly '86". www.usmmaalumni.com. Retrieved December 16, 2020.
    111. ↑ May 2008, NASA Archives 15 (May 15, 2008). "Astronaut Biography: Mark E. Kelly". Space.com. Archived from the original on May 12, 2021. Retrieved December 16, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

    Further reading

    Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mark E. Kelly.
    Wikisource has original works by or about:
    Mark Kelly
    Wikiquote has quotations related to Mark Kelly.
    This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.