Arrivals into the EU via the Mediterranean from 2008 onwards

According to the United Nations, human smuggling is defined as "the procurement, in order to obtain, directly or indirectly, a financial or other material benefit, of the illegal entry of a person into a State Party of which the person is not a national or a permanent resident."[1] Civil unrest and poverty in the Middle East in the 21st century and changing European immigration policies have been seen large numbers of refugees and economic migrants fleeing their home countries. Migrants pay people-smuggling gangs to illegally take them across the Mediterranean to Southern Europe.[2] Refugees and other migrants use different routes to the European Union due to varying immigration policies. In between January and September 2015, the most common was the Eastern Mediterranean.[3] Additionally, 2015 saw a major increase in the number of migrants making the Eastern Mediterranean crossing; "There were nearly eight times more detections via the Eastern Mediterranean route in the first nine months of 2015 (401,000) than during the whole of 2014 (51,000)."[3] The European Migration Network reports that the secondary movements of migrants upon arrival in Europe are heavily influenced by people smugglers.[3] According to the United Nations, human smuggling is a crime.[1] However, the number of human traffickers in Turkey increased from 4,641 in 2017 to 6,278 in 2018.[4]

Because people smuggling is illegal, little is definitely known about the practice. What is known comes from interviews migrants and smugglers have given to journalists and the authorities.

Overview

Prices vary smuggler to smuggler, but a trip across the Mediterranean can cost between $1,000[6] and $8,600.[7] That price usually covers one spot in an intentionally flimsy dinghy[8] or old fishing boat,[7] often without a life jacket.[6] To maximize their profit, smugglers often use unseaworthy boats filled to well over their intended capacity. This has in recent years led to a high death toll from boats sinking or capsizing.[9] Some smugglers even discourage life jackets because they take up too much space.[6] Many sell counterfeit life jackets that are not actually buoyant.[10] Some of the life preservers sold on the coast of Turkey have labels reading "this is not a lifesaving device".[11]

Communication

Modern technology has allowed human smuggling rings in the Middle East to thrive.[2] The "Smugglers Market" Facebook group had 640 members before it was removed by Facebook for violating community standards.[10] It contained contact information for smugglers, price options for forged documents like marriage licenses, university degrees, and passports.[10] Additionally, smugglers use WhatsApp as a way to instant message the refugees that they are smuggling.[6]

Criticism and proposed solutions

Many world leaders have criticized Turkey for its lax policies against people smuggling.[10] President of Greece Prokopis Pavlopoulos said "I have a strong fear that Turkish smugglers have the support of the authorities, in particular, border authorities who act like they have seen nothing."[10] Other critics of the people-smuggling crisis in the Mediterranean say the issue continues due to European countries' nonuniform efforts to halt smugglers.[8] Chairman of the Europa-Institut Christof Zellenberg stated "By inviting [people] in but closing all of the tracks, we are basically building a business model for traffickers."[8] François Crépeau, United Nations Special Rapporteur, suggests "What is needed is for states to reclaim the mobility market from the hands of the smugglers through offering safe, legal, and cheap mobility solutions to the many, and to build an open but controlled mobility regime over a generation."[2]

References

  1. 1 2 "Protocol Against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, Supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime." United Nations, 2000.
  2. 1 2 3 Cernov, Ana, and Oliver Hudson. "Smugglers Will Always Outwit, Outpace and Outfox the Governments." Sur International Journal on Human Rights, vol. 13, no. 23, 2016, pp. 77-83. ProQuest.
  3. 1 2 3 "EMN Inform on Migrants' Movements Through the Mediterranean." European Migration Network, 23 Dec. 2015.
  4. ↑ Koç, Fırat, et al. "Biyometrik Verilerin Ülke Giriş- Çıkış Noktalarında Kullanılması Ile Suç- Geçiş Bölgelerinin Güvenliğinin Sağlanması." Electronic Turkish Studies, vol. 15, no. 1, Jan. 2020, pp. 447–456. EBSCOhost.
  5. ↑ "Missing Migrants Project". International Organization for Migration. Archived from the original on 17 September 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Yeginsu, Ceylan, and Anemona Hartocollis. "Amid Perilous Mediterranean Crossings, Migrants Find a Relatively Easy Path to Greece." The New York Times, The New York Times, 16 Aug. 2015, www.nytimes.com/2015/08/17/world/europe/turkey-greece-mediterranean-kos-bodrum-migrants-refugees.html.
  7. 1 2 Mullen, Jethro, and Ashley Fantz. "Hundreds of Migrant Deaths: What Is Europe Going to Do?" CNN, Cable News Network, 21 Apr. 2015, www.cnn.com/2015/04/20/africa/italy-migrant-boat-capsizes/.
  8. 1 2 3 Melchior, Jillian Kay. "Who Benefits from Syria's Refugee Crisis: Human Smugglers." National Review, National Review, 26 Oct. 2015, www.nationalreview.com/2015/10/human-smugglers-profit-syrian-refugee-crisis/.
  9. ↑ Baker, Aryn. "Inside a Week on a Refugee Recovery Ship". TIME. Archived from the original on 2021-07-29. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Rubin, Shira. "Daring Human Smugglers Use Social Media to Lure Migrants Fleeing Syria." NewsBank, Yerepouni Daily News, 27 Jan. 2016.
  11. ↑ "This Refugee Family Was Smuggled from Syria to Greece." Films Media Group, 2015, fod.infobase.com/PortalPlaylists.aspx?wID=99355&xtid=114829. Accessed 4 Apr. 2020.
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