Miacidae
Temporal range: early Paleocene to late Eocene
skull of Miacis parvivorus
skeleton of Vulpavus ovatus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Clade: Carnivoraformes
Family: †Miacidae
Cope, 1880[1]
Type genus
†Miacis
Cope, 1872
Genera
[see classification]
Synonyms
list of synonyms:
  • Cercoleptoidei (Matthew, 1909)[2]
  • Cynoidei (Matthew, 1909)
  • Eucreodi (Matthew, 1909)
  • Eucreodontia (Simionescu, 1928)
  • Miacida (Haeckel, 1895)[3]
  • Miacinae (Trouessart, 1885)[4]
  • Miacini (Kalandadze & Rautian, 1992)[5]
  • Miacoidae (Teilhard, 1915)[6]
  • Miacoidea (Simpson, 1931)
  • Palaeocarnivora (Pavlova, 1927)
  • Quercygalidae (Kretzoi, 1945)[7]
  • Uintacyonidae (Hay, 1902)[8]
  • Vulpavidae (Matthew, 1909)

Miacidae ("small points") is a former paraphyletic family of extinct primitive placental mammals that lived in North America, Europe and Asia during the Paleocene and Eocene epochs, about 65–33.9 million years ago.[9][10][11][12] These mammals were basal to order Carnivora, the crown-group within the Carnivoraformes.

Miacids are thought to have evolved into the modern carnivorous mammals of the order Carnivora. They were small carnivores, superficially marten-like or civet-like with long, lithe bodies and long tails. Some species were arboreal, while others lived on the ground.[13]

They probably fed on invertebrates, lizards, birds, and smaller mammals like shrews and opossums. Their teeth and skulls show that the miacids were less developed than modern carnivorans. They had carnivoran-type carnassials, but lacked fully ossified auditory bullae (rounded protrusions).

Classification

History of classification

Miacidae as traditionally conceived is not a monophyletic group; it is a paraphyletic array of stem taxa. Traditionally, Miacidae and Viverravidae had been classified in a superfamily, Miacoidea. Today, Carnivora and Miacoidea are grouped together in the crown-clade Carnivoramorpha, and the Miacoidea are regarded as basal carnivoramorphs. Some species of the genus Miacis are closely related to the order Carnivora, but only the species Miacis australis and Miacis cognitus are a true carnivorans, as they are classified in the family Amphicyonidae within Caniformia.

The divergence of carnivorans from miacids is now inferred to have occurred in the middle Eocene (c. 42 million years ago).[14] Traditionally, the Viverravidae (viverravids) had been thought to be the earliest carnivorans, with fossil records first appearing in the Paleocene of North America about 66 million years ago, but recent cranial morphology evidence now places them outside the order Carnivora.[15] Later authorities disagreed, and propose that the viverravids arose in North America 66-60 million years ago, spread to Asia then later to Europe, and were the first carnivorans and possessed the first true pair of carnassial teeth.[16]: p8 

It has been proposed that miacids arose in North America and Europe 60-50 million years ago then later spread to Asia.[17] Like the earlier viverravids, they possessed a true pair of carnassial teeth and therefore are related to order Carnivora.[18] They also possessed a full set of cheek teeth, were weasel to small fox sized, and lived in forests. All modern carnivorans arose from them.[16]: p9 


Taxonomy

  • Family: †Miacidae (Cope, 1880)
    • Genus: †Chailicyon (Chow, 1975)
    • Genus: †Eogale (Beard & Dawson, 2009)
    • Genus: †Gracilocyon (Smith & Smith, 2010)
    • Genus: †Harpalodon (Marsh, 1872)
    • Genus: †Lycarion (Matthew, 1909)
    • Genus: †Messelogale (Springhorn, 2000)
    • Genus: †Miacis (Cope, 1872)
    • Genus: †Miocyon (Matthew, 1909)
    • Genus: †Neovulpavus (Wortman, 1901)
    • Genus: †Oodectes (Wortman, 1901)
    • Genus: †Palaearctonyx (Matthew, 1909)
    • Genus: †Paramiacis (Mathis, 1985)
    • Genus: †Paroodectes (Springhorn, 1980)
    • Genus: †Procynodictis (Wortman & Matthew, 1899)
    • Genus: †Prodaphaenus (Wortman & Matthew, 1899)
    • Genus: †Quercygale (Kretzoi, 1945)
    • Genus: †Simamphicyon (Viret, 1942)
    • Genus: †Tapocyon (Stock, 1934)
    • Genus: †Uintacyon (Leidy, 1872)
    • Genus: †Vassacyon (Matthew, 1909)
    • Genus: †Vulpavus (Marsh, 1871)
    • Genus: †Xinyuictis (Zheng, 1975)
    • Genus: †Zodiocyon (Tong & Wang, 2006)

Phylogeny

 Ferungulata 

Euungulata

 Ferae 

Pholidota

†Creodonta

 Carnivoramorpha 

†Viverravidae

 ? 

†Ravenictis

 ? 

†"Sinopa" insectivorus

 Carnivoraformes 

Carnivora

†Miacidae

References

  1. ↑ E. D. Cope (1880.) "On the genera of the Creodonta." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 19:76-82
  2. ↑ W. D. Matthew (1909) "The Carnivora and Insectivora of the Bridger Basin, middle Eocene." Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 9:289-567
  3. ↑ Haeckel, Ernst (1895). Systematische Phylogenie: Wirbelthiere (in German). Vol. T.3. Berlin: G. Reimer.
  4. ↑ Trouessart, E. L. (1885) "Note sur le classification des Analgésiens et diagnoses d'espèces et de genres nouveaux." Bulletin de la Société d'études scientifiques d'Angers, 14, 46–89. [Publ. February, 1885. for year 1884.]
  5. ↑ Kalandadze, N. N. and S. A. Rautian (1992.) "Systema mlekopitayushchikh i istorygeskaya zoogeographei [The system of mammals and historical zoogeography]." Sbornik Trudov Zoologicheskogo Muzeya Moskovskogo Goschdarstvennoro Universiteta 29:44–152.
  6. ↑ Tielhard de Chardin, P. (1915) "Les carnassiers des phosphorites du Quercy" Annales de Paléontologie, 9, 101–192
  7. ↑ Miklos Kretzoi (1945) "Bemerkungen über das Raubtiersystem." Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, Budapest, vol. 38, pp. 59-83.
  8. ↑ O. P. Hay (1902.) "Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America." Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179:1-868
  9. ↑ McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
  10. ↑ J. J. Flynn (1998.) "Early Cenozoic Carnivora ("Miacoidea")." In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott and L. L. Jacobs (eds.) "Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America. Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulatelike Mammals." Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 9780521355193
  11. ↑ "Miacidae in the Paleobiology Database". Fossilworks. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
  12. ↑ IRMNG (2018). Miacidae Cope, 1880 †. Accessed at: http://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=102911 on 2019-01-22
  13. ↑ Cost, Ian N. (2013-10-02). "Extinct Animal of the Week: Before Things Got Dire". Extinct Animal of the Week. Retrieved 2019-02-18.
  14. ↑ "Ancestors". Red Wolf. Retrieved 2019-02-18.
  15. ↑ Polly, David, Gina D. Wesley-Hunt, Ronald E. Heinrich, Graham Davis and Peter Houde (2006). "Earliest Known Carnivoran Auditory Bulla and Support for a Recent Origin of Crown-Clade Carnivora (Eutheria, Mammalia)" (PDF). Palaeontology. 49 (5): 1019–1027. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00586.x.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. 1 2 Wang, X.; Tedford, R. H. (2008). Dogs: Their Fossil Relatives and Evolutionary History. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-13529-0. OCLC 822229250.
  17. ↑ "Miacis | extinct mammal genus". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2019-02-18.
  18. ↑ "The Cat Survival Trust". www.catsurvivaltrust.org. Retrieved 2019-02-18.
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