Michael Karkoc (Ukrainian: Михайло Каркоць; March 6, 1919 – December 14, 2019)[1] was a military officer who served in the Ukrainian Self Defense Legion (USDL) and later in the Waffen-SS during World War II.[2] In June 2013, a man with the same name who lived in Minnesota was alleged by Associated Press to be the same person.[3] His son rejected his father's identification as a "Nazi".

World War II

According to the Associated Press, Karkoc was a founding member and a lieutenant in the 2nd Company of the Ukrainian Self Defense Legion. The USDL was one of the battalions of the Schutzmannschaft organized and sponsored by the Nazi German Schutzstaffel, led by the Nazi German SS-Police, and the Nazi German Sicherheitsdienst (SD) SS Intelligence Agency. Following the disbandment of the USDL, he was transferred to the 14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Ukrainian) "Galizien" ("14th Waffen-SS Division"), where he was an officer and served as a deputy company commander.[4]

The USDL allegedly took part in war crimes against civilians in Ukraine and Poland.[5] His personal participation in any war crimes has not been demonstrated, but according to the AP, Nazi German records suggest that as the lieutenant and company leader he, along with his USDL unit, participated in suppressing the August 1944 Warsaw Uprising, as well as multiple other actions against civilians including the massacres at the villages of Chłaniów and Władysławin on July 23, 1944.[6][7] Some news reports, referencing the AP investigation, state that Karkoc served in the 14th Waffen-SS Division and that it helped to suppress the Warsaw Uprising;[8][9] however the Division did not participate in the fighting of the Warsaw Uprising,[10][11] nor was it even in Poland at the time.[12]

The USDL was disbanded in November 1944 and the few surviving units were mostly assigned to the 30th Grenadier Division of the Waffen-SS.[13] In the first months of 1945, some of the remaining elements of the USDL, formally known as the 31 SD Schutzmannschafts Battalion, were transferred to the 14th Waffen-SS Division, which was engaged in anti-partisan actions on the Slovenian-Austrian border. Thus if Karkoc had been a member of the 14th Waffen-SS Division, it would have been for a few months before it surrendered to Western Allies by May 10, 1945. According to the AP, a Nazi German payroll sheet found in Polish archives signed by an SS officer on January 8, 1945 suggests that Karkoc was present in Kraków, Poland to collect his salary as a member of the USDL.

Allegations about identity

Karkoc's petition for naturalization

A man named Michael Karkoc immigrated to the U.S. in 1949 after claiming to the immigration authorities that he had performed no military service during the war. At that time, he said that he worked for his father until 1944 and then worked in a labor camp from 1944 until 1945. Ten years after immigrating he became a naturalized U.S. citizen.[5][6]

In June 2013, the Associated Press published a lengthy investigative report after earlier having been briefed in detail by Nazi war crimes and Holocaust researcher Dr. Stephen Ankier, who had initially documented Michael Karkoc's wartime record and located his whereabouts as well as uncovering his wartime memoir that crucially revealed his 'nom de guerre', which alleged that the man named Michael Karkoc currently living in Minneapolis, Minnesota is the same Michael Karkoc who was a "SS commander", born in 1919, and that he had acknowledged his roles with the USDL and the 14th Waffen-SS Division in a 1995 Ukrainian language memoir.[14][15][nb 1][nb 2]

Andriy Karkos, the son of the Minnesota Michael Karkoc who spells his last name differently from his father, stated that his father was never a Nazi and accused the Associated Press of defaming his father.[6] Karkos described his father as a "lifelong Republican", who donated $3,850 to the Republican National Committee in 2013 and 2014.[16] A German investigation was initiated shortly after the Associated Press story broke. In July 2015, the investigation was shelved due to Karkoc being deemed not fit to stand trial.[17] In March 2017, the Polish government announced it would be seeking the extradition of an individual known as Michael K. from the United States in connection with crimes committed during World War II. Prosecutor Robert Janicki, Head of the Main Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes Against the Polish Nation, acknowledged that specialised analysis of the photographs included in the investigation played ”an important and vital role” in confirming the identity of Michael K.[18] The Associated Press subsequently reported that they had identified this individual to be the same person as Karkoc.[19] In 2018, U.S. medical experts examined whether Karkoc was fit to stand trial, following the Polish extradition request.[20]

Death

Karkoc died in Minneapolis on December 14, 2019,[1] at the age of 100. He was buried at Hillside Cemetery next to his wife, Nadia, who died in 2018.[21][22]

Notes

  1. ↑ Immigration papers for a Michael Karkoc show he was born in the Lutsk, while Nazi German papers show a Michael Karkoc born in Horodok. There are several places by that name; one of them is in Lutsk Raion.[15]
  2. ↑ The same membership records show that two of the men under Karkoc's command were Teodozy Dak, who was convicted of war crimes in Poland in 1972, and Vasyl Malazhenski, who allegedly admitted to committing war crimes to Soviet authorities in 1967.[5]

References

  1. 1 2 "Michael Karkoc". Tribute Archive. September 30, 2023.
  2. ↑ JOANNA BERENDT; MATT FURBER (March 14, 2017). "Poland Says Minnesota Man, 98, Ordered Nazi-Led Atrocities". The New York Times. The New York Times. Retrieved April 16, 2017.
  3. ↑ AP report: Commander in Nazi SS-led unit living in Minnesota. MPR News. 2013-06-14
  4. ↑ AP report: Commander in Nazi SS-led unit living in Minnesota. NBC News. 2013-06-14
  5. 1 2 3 David Rising, Randy Herschaft and Monika Scislowska, Associated Press, Commander in Nazi SS-led unit living in U.S., June 14, 2013.
  6. 1 2 3 David Rising; Randy Herschaft; Monika Scislowska; Patrick Condon (June 15, 2013). "Friends of Michael Karkoc, Minnesota Man Linked To WWII Atrocities, Shocked At Revelation Of Nazi Past". Huffington Post. Retrieved June 16, 2013.
  7. ↑ Grzegorz Motyka, Dywizja "SS-Galizien" ("Hałyczyna") in Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość Archived August 2, 2012, at archive.today, nr 1/2002, Warsaw 2002, Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, ISSN 1427-7476, p. 116
  8. ↑ Mattson, Jennifer (June 25, 2013). "Germany investigating alleged Nazi commander living in US since World War II". GlobalPost.
  9. ↑ Bennett, Dashiell (June 14, 2013). "This Commander of a Nazi Unit Has Been Living in Minnesota for 60 Years". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on August 16, 2013. Retrieved June 26, 2013.
  10. ↑ "Warsaw Uprising 1944: RONA – Russian National Liberation Army (Russkaya Osvoboditelnaya Narodnaya Armiya)".
  11. ↑ Wasyl Veryha. "Along the Roads of World War II. Ukrainian Division "Galicia" in Polish Literature". Archived from the original on August 13, 2011. Retrieved June 25, 2013.
  12. ↑ Logusz, Michael O. (1997). Galicia Division: The Waffen-SS 14th Grenadier Division 1943-1945. Schiffer Military History: Arglen, PA
  13. ↑ Thomas, Nigel. (2010). Partisan warfare: 1941-1945. Men-at-Arms (Book 142)
  14. ↑ Михайло Каркоць-Вовк (Michael Karkoc (pseudonym "Wolf")), Від Вороніжа до Українського Леґіону Самооборони (From Voronezh to the Ukrainian Self Defense Legion), Styr Publishing House, Minneapolis, MN, 1995. LOC Control no. 95078800
  15. 1 2 David Rising, Randy Herschaft and Monika Scislowska, Associated Press, Commander in Nazi SS-led unit living in U.S., June 14, 2013, accompanying AP video at 0:53.
  16. ↑ Haaretz, This Former Nazi Is Also a 'Lifelong Republican,' Investigation Reveals, November 23, 2017.
  17. ↑ Matharu, Hardeep (July 31, 2015). "'Nazi war crimes' of Minnesota carpenter will not be investigated". The Independent. Archived from the original on May 14, 2022. Retrieved January 8, 2017.
  18. ↑ Trojan, Marek (March 15, 2017). "Polish IPN: "important and essential" role of the analysis of photography in confirming the identity of alleged Ukrainian war criminal". Kresy.pl. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
  19. ↑ Scislowska, Monika; Rising, David. "Poland confirms Minnesota man as Nazi commander". MSN. Retrieved March 14, 2017.
  20. ↑ "US acts on Polish extradition request for 99-year-old accused of war crimes". The Guardian. March 15, 2018.
  21. ↑ "Michael Karkoc, Exposed as a War Criminal, Is Dead at 100". The New York Times. January 21, 2020.
  22. ↑ "Michael Karkoc, who commanded unit in Ukraine with strong Nazi ties, dies at 100". The Washington Post. January 21, 2020.
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