Minas Tirith
J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium location
In-universe information
TypeFortified city; capital of Gondor
RulerKings and Stewards of Gondor
Locationsthe Citadel, the Great Gate, Rath Dínen, the Tower of Ecthelion, the White Tree
LocationGondor
LifespanBuilt S.A. 3320
FounderAnárion

Minas Tirith is the capital of Gondor in J. R. R. Tolkien's fantasy novel The Lord of the Rings. It is a seven-walled fortress city built on the spur of a mountain, rising some 700 feet to a high terrace, the Citadel at the seventh level. Atop this is the 300 foot high Tower of Ecthelion, the White Tower, which contains the throne room.

Scholars, following various leads in Tolkien's fantasy and letters, have attempted to identify Minas Tirith with several different historical or mythical cities, including Troy, Rome, Ravenna, and Constantinople.

In Peter Jackson's film adaptation of The Lord of the Rings, Minas Tirith was given something of the look of a city of the Byzantine empire, while its seven-tiered shape was suggested by the tidal island and abbey of Mont Saint-Michel in France. Tolkien illustrators including Alan Lee, John Howe, Jef Murray, and Ted Nasmith have all produced realistic-seeming paintings of the city.

Description

Minas Tirith (Sindarin: "Tower of Guard"[1]) was the capital of Gondor at the end of the Third Age of Middle-earth. It lay at the eastern end of the White Mountains, built around a shoulder of Mount Mindolluin. The city is sometimes called "the White Tower", a synecdoche for the city's most prominent building in its Citadel, the seat of the city's administration. The head of government is the Lord of the City, a role fulfilled by the Stewards of Gondor. Other officials included the Warden of the Houses of Healing and the Warden of the Keys. The Warden of the Keys was in charge of the city's security, especially its gates, and the safe-keeping of its treasury, notably the Crown of Gondor; he had command of the city when it was besieged by the forces of Mordor.[T 1]

Minas Tirith had seven walls: each wall held a gate, and each gate faced a different direction from the next, facing alternately somewhat north or south. Each level was about 100 ft (30 m) higher than the one below it, and each surrounded by a high stone wall coloured in white, with the exception of the wall of the First Circle (the lowest level), which was black, built of the same material used for Orthanc. This outer wall was also the tallest, longest and strongest of the city's seven walls; it was vulnerable only to earthquakes capable of rending the ground where it stood.[T 2] The Great Gate of Minas Tirith, constructed of iron and steel and guarded by stone towers and bastions, was the main gate in the first or outer wall of the city. In front of the Great Gate was a large paved area called the Gateway. The main roads to Minas Tirith met here: the North-way that became the Great West Road to Rohan; the South Road to the southern provinces of Gondor; and the road to Osgiliath, which lay to the north-east of Minas Tirith. Except for the high saddle of rock which joined the west of the hill to Mindolluin, the city was surrounded by the Pelennor, an area of farmlands.[T 3]

The city's main street zigzagged up the eastern hill-face and through each of the gates and the central spur of rock. It led to the Citadel through the Seventh Gate on its eastern part. The White Tower, at the city's highest level with a commanding view of the lower vales of Anduin, stood in the Citadel, 700 feet higher than the surrounding plains, protected by the seventh and innermost wall atop the spur. Originally constructed by a king of yore, it is also known as the Tower of Ecthelion, the Steward of Gondor who had it re-built. The seat of the rulers of Gondor, the Kings and the Stewards, the tower stood 300 ft (91 m) tall, so that its pinnacle was some one thousand feet (300 m) above the plain. The main doors of the tower faced east, onto the Court of the Fountain. Inside was the Tower Hall, the great throne-room where the Kings (or Stewards) held court. The Seeing-stone of Minas Tirith, used by Denethor in The Return of the King, rested in a secret chamber at the top of the Tower. There was a buttery of the Guards of the Citadel in the basement of the tower. Behind the tower, reached from the sixth level, was a saddle leading to the Hallows or necropolis of the Kings and Stewards, with its street of tombs, Rath Dínen.[2]

Identifications with historical or mythical cities

Minas Tirith's towering stone hall of Ecthelion has been compared to Ravenna's 6th century Basilica of San Vitale.[3]

Scholars, following various leads in Tolkien's fantasy and letters, have identified Minas Tirith with several different historical or mythical cities, including Troy, Rome, Ravenna, and Constantinople.[4][5][6]

Troy

In a letter, Tolkien stated that Minas Tirith, some "600 miles south [of Hobbiton], is at about the latitude of Florence. The Mouths of Anduin and the ancient city of Pelargir are at about the latitude of ancient Troy."[T 4] Michael Livingston comments in Mythlore that Minas Tirith resembled Troy in having "impregnable walls", and in being subjected to a siege that seemed to threaten civilisation.[4]

Further, in Livingston's opinion, the Steward Denethor's two sons, Boromir and Faramir, play the roles of Hector, "the heroic example of martial, mortal man", and of Paris, the younger brother "little loved by [his father]", in "asterisk" form, as they might have been.[4] Livingston notes that Paris, like Faramir, is seriously wounded by a "deadly dart"; he is dragged back into Troy, just as Faramir is carried to Minas Tirith's Houses of Healing. Both men suffer burning fevers. Paris can't be saved; Faramir can. Paris's body is burned on a pyre; his abandoned wife Oenone burns herself to death with him. Denethor has himself burned alive on a pyre, and he tries to have Faramir burned with him, but is foiled in this.[4]

Ravenna

Tolkien's map-notes for the illustrator Pauline Baynes indicate that Minas Tirith had the latitude of Ravenna, an Italian city on the Adriatic Sea, though it lay "900 miles east of Hobbiton more near Belgrade".[7][8] The Tolkien scholar Judy Ann Ford writes that there is an architectural connection with Ravenna in Pippin's description of the great hall of Denethor, which in her view suggests a Germanic myth of a restored Roman Empire.[9]

Ancient Rome

Aeneas escaped the ruin of Troy to become a hero of Rome, as Elendil escaped Númenor to found Minas Tirith.[10] Painting by Federico Barocci, 1598

Sandra Ballif Straubhaar states in The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia that "the most striking similarities" are with ancient Rome. She identifies several parallels: Aeneas, from Troy, and Elendil, from Númenor, both survive the destruction of their home countries; the brothers Romulus and Remus found Rome, while the brothers Isildur and Anárion found the Númenórean kingdoms in Middle-earth; and both Gondor and Rome experienced centuries of "decadence and decline".[10]

Judy Ann Ford adds in Tolkien Studies that Minas Tirith was entirely built of stone, and "the only culture within [the Anglo-Saxons'] historical memory that had made places like Minas Tirith was the Roman Empire."[3] She comments that Tolkien's account echoes the decline and fall of Rome, but "with a happy ending", as it "somehow withstood the onslaught of armies from the east, and ... was restored to glory."[3] She finds multiple likenesses between Minas Tirith and Rome.[3]

Judy Ann Ford's reasons for identifying Minas Tirith with Rome[3]
Story elementAncient RomeGondor
Capital moved under threatFrom Rome to Ravenna in 402 ADFrom Osgiliath to Minas Tirith
Layout of the cityWalled city, built of stoneSeven walls of indomitable stone
ArchitectureRavenna's tall Basilica of San VitaleThe towering stone Hall of Ecthelion
Southern rivals who use war-elephantsCarthaginiansHaradrim
Devastating disease outbreakAntonine PlagueGreat Plague
Language becomes a lingua francaLatinWestron

Constantinople

Tolkien called Minas Tirith a "Byzantine City":
that empire's capital was Constantinople (shown).[11]

In a 1951 letter, Tolkien wrote of "the Byzantine City of Minas Tirith", thus associating Gondor's capital with Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire.[11] The classical scholar Miryam Librán-Moreno writes that Tolkien drew heavily on the history of the Byzantine Empire, and its struggle with the Goths and Langobards.[5] The Byzantine Empire and Gondor were both, in Librán-Moreno's view, only echoes of older states (the Roman Empire and the unified kingdom of Elendil), yet each proved to be stronger than their sister-kingdoms (the Western Roman Empire and Arnor, respectively). Both realms were threatened by powerful eastern and southern enemies: the Byzantines by the Persians and the Muslim armies of the Arabs and the Turks, as well as the Langobards and Goths; Gondor by the Easterlings, the Haradrim, and the hordes of Sauron. Both realms, as commentators including Librán-Moreno and Jefferson P. Swycaffer have observed, were in decline at the time of a final, all-out siege from the East; however, Minas Tirith survived the siege whereas Constantinople did not.[5][6] Swycaffer adds that Constantinople was famed for the strength of its defences, with its concentric walls.[6]

Miryam Librán-Moreno's reasons for identifying Minas Tirith with Constantinople[5]
SituationGondorByzantine Empire
Older state echoedElendil's unified kingdom of Gondor and ArnorRoman Empire
Weaker sister kingdomArnor, the Northern kingdomWestern Roman Empire
Powerful enemies
to East and South		Easterlings,
Haradrim,
Mordor		Persians,
Arabs,
Turks
Final siege from the EastBattle of the Pelennor Fields is wonConstantinople falls

Analysis

The White Tree

The lifeless White Tree of Gondor has been compared to the Dry Tree of medieval legend.[12] Medieval manuscript illustration of the Dry Tree (centre) with the Phoenix, flanked by the Trees of the Sun and the Moon. Both the Dry Tree and the Phoenix are symbols of resurrection and new life. Rouen 1444-1445[13]

Tolkien stated that within the Court of the Fountain at the heart of Minas Tirith stood the White Tree, the symbol of Gondor. It was dry throughout the centuries that Gondor was ruled by the Stewards; Aragorn brought a sapling of the White Tree into the city on his return as King.[14]

Tolkien's biographer John Garth writes that the White Tree has been likened to the Dry Tree of the 14th century Travels of Sir John Mandeville.[15][12] The tale runs that the Dry Tree has been dry since the crucifixion of Christ, but that it will flower afresh when "a prince of the west side of the world should sing a mass beneath it".[12] The apples of the trees allow people to live for 500 years.[13]

Contrast with Gondolin

Lisa Anne Mende, in Mythlore, contrasts the happy eucatastrophes which rescue Minas Tirith in The Lord of the Rings – the last-minute arrivals of the Riders of Rohan, and then of Aragorn in the enemy's ships – with the unmitigated disasters of the Fall of Gondolin and the other Elvish cities of Beleriand in The Silmarillion. She notes Tolkien's Christianity, and describes the "first victory of Evil" in The Silmarillion as "resolved into the harmony of the victory of Good" in The Lord of the Rings.[16]

Adaptations

Film

In Peter Jackson's film The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King, Minas Tirith was modelled on Normandy's Mont Saint-Michel.[17]

In Peter Jackson's film adaptation of The Lord of the Rings, Minas Tirith was given a Byzantine appearance with domed buildings and Byzantium-styled clothing for its people.[18][19] However, the appearance and structure of the city was based upon the inhabited tidal island and abbey of Mont Saint-Michel, France.[17] In the films, the towers of the city, designed by the artist Alan Lee, are equipped with trebuchets.[20] The film critic Roger Ebert called the films' interpretation of Minas Tirith a "spectacular achievement", and compared it to the Emerald City from The Wizard of Oz. He praised the filmmakers' ability to blend digital and real sets.[21]

Games

The setting of Minas Tirith has appeared in video game adaptations of The Lord of the Rings, such as the 2003 video game The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King where it is directly modelled on Jackson's film adaptation.[22]

Art

Ted Nasmith's painting of Gandalf riding to Minas Tirith has been described as the most fully rendered and realistic image of the city, free of the silliness of much fantasy art.[23]

Christopher Tuthill, in A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien, evaluates the paintings of Minas Tirith made by the major Tolkien illustrators Alan Lee, John Howe (both of whom worked as conceptual designers for Peter Jackson's film trilogy), Jef Murray, and Ted Nasmith. Tuthill writes that it has become "hard to imagine" Middle-earth "without the many sub-creators who have worked within it", noting that the "dreaded effects" of what Tolkien called "silliness and morbidity" of much fantasy art in his time "are nowhere in evidence" in these artists' work.[23] In Tuthill's view, the most "fully rendered and realistic-looking" painting is Nasmith's Gandalf Rides to Minas Tirith, with a "wholly convincing city" in the background, majestic as the Wizard gallops towards it in the dawn light. He notes that Nasmith uses his architectural rendering skill to provide a detailed view of the whole city.[23] He quotes Nasmith as writing that he studied what Tolkien said, such as likening Gondor to the culture of ancient Egypt. Tuthill compares Howe's and Murray's versions of the same scene; Howe shows only a corner of the city, but vividly captures the movement of the horse and the rider's flying robes, with a strong interplay of light and dark, the white horse against the dusky rocks. Murray similarly uses strong contrast, with the white city against dark clouds overhead, but using "flat bold lines and a deep blue hue", while Howe's city more closely resembles a traditional castle of fairytales with pennants on every pinnacle, in Fauvist style. Lee chooses instead to look Within Minas Tirith, showing "the same glimmering spires and white stone", a guard standing in the foreground in place of Gandalf and his horse; his painting gives a feeling of "how massive the city is", with close attention to the late Romanesque or early Gothic architectural detail and perspective.[23]

References

Primary

  1. ↑ Tolkien 1955, book 5 ch. 8 "The Houses of Healing"
  2. ↑ Tolkien 1955, book 5, ch. 4 "The Siege of Gondor"
  3. ↑ Tolkien 1955 book 5 ch. 1 "Minas Tirith"
  4. ↑ Carpenter 1981, #376 to Charlotte and Denis Plimmer, 8 February 1967

Secondary

  1. ↑ Noel, Ruth S. (1974). The Languages of Tolkien's Middle-earth. Houghton Mifflin. p. 170. ISBN 0-395-29129-1.
  2. ↑ Fonstad 1991, pp. 138–139.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Ford, Judy Ann (2005). "The White City: The Lord of the Rings as an Early Medieval Myth of the Restoration of the Roman Empire". Tolkien Studies. 2 (1): 53–73. doi:10.1353/tks.2005.0016. S2CID 170501240.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Livingston, Michael (2013). "Troy and the Rings: Tolkien and the Medieval Myth of England". Mythlore. 32 (1). Article 6.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Librán-Moreno, Miryam (2011). "'Byzantium, New Rome!' Goths, Langobards and Byzantium in The Lord of the Rings". In Fisher, Jason (ed.). Tolkien and the Study of his Sources. McFarland & Company. pp. 84–116. ISBN 978-0-7864-6482-1.
  6. 1 2 3 Swycaffer, Jefferson P. (1983). "Historical Motivations for the Siege of Minas Tirith". Mythlore. 10 (1). Article 14.
  7. ↑ Flood, Alison (23 October 2015). "Tolkien's annotated map of Middle-earth discovered inside copy of Lord of the Rings". The Guardian.
  8. ↑ "Tolkien annotated map of Middle-earth acquired by Bodleian library". Exeter College, Oxford. 9 May 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
  9. ↑ Ford, Judy Ann (2005). "The White City: The Lord of the Rings as an Early Medieval Myth of the Restoration of the Roman Empire". Tolkien Studies. 2 (1): 53–73. doi:10.1353/tks.2005.0016. ISSN 1547-3163. S2CID 170501240.
  10. 1 2 Straubhaar 2007, pp. 248–249.
  11. 1 2 Hammond & Scull 2005, p. 570
  12. 1 2 3 Garth 2020, p. 41
  13. 1 2 Drieshen, Clark (31 January 2020). "The Trees of the Sun and the Moon". British Library. Retrieved 24 February 2021.
  14. ↑ Vaccaro, Christopher T. (August 2004). "'And one white tree': the cosmological cross and the arbor vitae in J.R.R. Tolkien's "The Lord of the Rings" and "The Silmarillion"". Mallorn (42): 23–28. JSTOR 45320503.
  15. ↑ Gasse, Rosanne (2013). "The Dry Tree Legend in Medieval Literature". In Gusick, Barbara I. (ed.). Fifteenth-Century Studies 38. Camden House. pp. 65–96. ISBN 978-1-57113-558-2.
  16. ↑ Mende, Lisa Anne (1986). "Gondolin, Minas Tirith and the Eucatastrophe". Mythlore. 13 (2). Article 8.
  17. 1 2 Morrison, Geoffrey (27 June 2014). "The real-life Minas Tirith from 'Lord of the Rings': A tour of Mont Saint-Michel". CNET.
  18. ↑ Puig, Claudia (24 February 2004). "With third film, 'Rings' saga becomes a classic". USA Today. In the third installment, for example, Minas Tirith, a seven-tiered city of kings, looks European, Byzantine and fantastical at the same time.
  19. ↑ The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (special extended DVD ed.). December 2004.
  20. ↑ Russell, Gary (2004). The Art of The Lord of the Rings. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 103–105. ISBN 0-618-51083-4.
  21. ↑ Ebert, Roger (17 December 2003). "Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on 11 December 2011. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
  22. ↑ Dobson, Nina (28 October 2003). "The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King Designer Diary #6". GameSpot. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
  23. 1 2 3 4 Tuthill, Christopher (2020) [2014]. "Art: Minas Tirith". In Lee, Stuart D. (ed.). A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien. Wiley. pp. 495–500. ISBN 978-1-1196-5602-9.

Sources

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