Mir Ghetto
Portion of the monument to the victims of the Mir Ghetto
LocationMir, Reichskommissariat Ostland
53°27′N 26°28′E / 53.450°N 26.467°E / 53.450; 26.467
DateSeptember 1941–13 August 1942
Incident typeImprisonment, mass shootings, forced labour
ParticipantsEinsatzgruppen
Wehrmacht
Belorusian Auxiliary Police
Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions
Victimsapproximately 2,900

The Mir Ghetto was a Nazi ghetto in Mir, Belarus during World War II. It housed at least 3,000 Jews, of whom about 2,900 were exterminated as part of the Holocaust.[1] The Mir Ghetto is famous outside of Belarus primarily for its 9 November 1941 massacre, in which 1,800 Jews were slaughtered by German forces and collaborators.[2]

Background and establishment

Prior to the outbreak of World War II, over 2,000 Jews lived in the city of Mir, Belarus, in what was then the Second Polish Republic.[3] Mir, much like many other cities in Belarus, was considered a shtetl, and was renowned in the Jewish world as a centre of Jewish learning.[4] Among the city's landmarks was the Mir Yeshiva, which operated intermittently until the Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939.[5]

On 27 June 1941, Mir was occupied by Nazi Germany.[6] The occupation lasted until 7 July 1944. With the city being occupied only 35 days after the beginning of Operation Barbarossa, there was little time to escape, and Jews who had fled nearby settlements and western Poland accumulated in Mir alongside the existing Jewish community.[7] Three months after the occupation began, a ghetto was formally established within the city by German authorities, and all Jews living within the town - then about 3,000 - were forcibly resettled within it.[8]

The first mass killings, however, began even prior to the ghetto's establishment; on 20 July 1941, 20 Jews were executed by the Germans. This was followed by a mass execution on 9 November 1941, where 1,800 Jews were killed indiscriminately in the streets of Mir and outside Mir Castle, being buried in mass graves at the castle's walls. These killings continued into 1942, with executions on 2 March of that year killing 750 people.[9] Multiple groups participated in these killings, including the Einsatzgruppen, the Wehrmacht, and the 11th Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalion.[10]

Mir Castle Ghetto

Mir Castle, pictured in 2011.

By May 1942, around 850 Jews in the Mir Ghetto were still alive. The German authorities decided to transfer them to Mir Castle, in the process further isolating the Jews from the non-Jewish population of Mir. Several checkpoints were established along the complex's perimeter. The ghetto's inhabitants were regularly required to perform forced labour, primarily by the clearing of rubble after bombings by Allied forces.[11][12]

Liquidation

In the weeks preceding the ghetto's liquidation, Oswald Rufeisen, a resistance leader who had embedded himself within Belorusian Auxiliary Police forces in the area, revealed to the ghetto's inhabitants that they would soon be killed. Many people prayed or committed suicide, but the ghetto's resistance organised the escape of 150-300 people on 9 August. The Mir Ghetto was liquidated on 13 August 1942, with 719 remaining Jews being killed. In total, around 2,900 people were exterminated during the time of the Mir Ghetto's existence.[13]

Resistance

A resistance group of around 80 people, under the leadership of Oswald Rufeisen, operated in Mir Ghetto. During the ghetto's last days, it organised a plan to help 150-300 of the ghetto's inhabitants escape into the forest, where they joined the Bielski and Soviet partisans.[14]

Legacy

The Mir Forest, near Jerusalem.

Several monuments to the Mir Ghetto exist, both within Belarus and Israel. The four monuments in Belarus were all erected between 1966 and 1967. Near Jerusalem, the Mir Forest was planted by the Jewish National Fund as a memorial to those killed during the Mir Ghetto.[15] Another memorial exists at Nahalat Yitzhak Cemetery, where a ceremony is held yearly on 9 November in honour of those killed.[16]

In July 1995, former Belorusian Auxiliary Policeman Szymon Serafinowicz was arrested at his home in Banstead, being charged with killing three Jews under the War Crimes Act 1991. Though he was ultimately ruled unfit for trial due to dementia, Serafinowicz's trial marked the first time a war criminal had been tried in the United Kingdom.[17][18]

References

  1. ↑ Kaniuta, Vieranika (27 January 2017). "В Мирском замке во время войны погибло около 650 евреев" [About 650 Jews died in Mir Castle during the war]. Zvyazda (in Russian). Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  2. ↑ "Commemoration in Israel". Yad Vashem. 2013. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
  3. ↑ Basin, Yakov; Ruzhansky, Sam. "Where does reality end and mysticism begin?". All-Israeli Association "Survivors of concentration camps and ghettos". Archived from the original on 9 March 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  4. ↑ Gurstelle, William (12 September 2019). "A family member braves a return to the old family shtetl in Belarus". Star Tribune. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  5. ↑ "Mir Yeshiva". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  6. ↑ "Mir". Jewish Electronic Encyclopaedia. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  7. ↑ Basin, Yakov; Ruzhansky, Sam. "Where does reality end and mysticism begin?". All-Israeli Association "Survivors of concentration camps and ghettos". Archived from the original on 9 March 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  8. ↑ Kaniuta, Vieranika (27 January 2017). "В Мирском замке во время войны погибло около 650 евреев" [About 650 Jews died in Mir Castle during the war]. Zvyazda (in Russian). Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  9. ↑ Basin, Yakov; Ruzhansky, Sam. "Where does reality end and mysticism begin?". All-Israeli Association "Survivors of concentration camps and ghettos". Archived from the original on 9 March 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  10. ↑ "The tragedy of the Jews in Belarus during the Nazi occupation (1941-1944)". bibliofond.ru. Archived from the original on 21 December 2011. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  11. ↑ Kaniuta, Vieranika (27 January 2017). "В Мирском замке во время войны погибло около 650 евреев" [About 650 Jews died in Mir Castle during the war]. Zvyazda (in Russian). Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  12. ↑ "Mir". Jewish Electronic Encyclopaedia. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  13. ↑ Kaniuta, Vieranika (27 January 2017). "В Мирском замке во время войны погибло около 650 евреев" [About 650 Jews died in Mir Castle during the war]. Zvyazda (in Russian). Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  14. ↑ Kaniuta, Vieranika (27 January 2017). "В Мирском замке во время войны погибло около 650 евреев" [About 650 Jews died in Mir Castle during the war]. Zvyazda (in Russian). Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  15. ↑ "Мир - Карта Историко-Культурного Наследия" [Mir - Historical and Cultural Heritage Map]. Shtetl Routes (in Russian). Archived from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  16. ↑ "Commemoration in Israel". Yad Vashem. 2013. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
  17. ↑ Wynne-Jones, Ros (15 April 1996). "Refugee, 85, sent for Britain's first war crimes trial". The Independent. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  18. ↑ "War crimes trial collapses as jury rules accused unfit". The Irish Times. 18 January 1997. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
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