Mittens as depicted on Chess.com's website

Mittens was a chess engine developed by Chess.com. It was released on January 1, 2023, alongside four other engines, all of them given cat-related names. The engine became a viral sensation in the chess community due to exposure through content made by chess streamers and a social media marketing campaign, later contributing to record levels of traffic to the Chess.com website and causing issues with database scalability.

Mittens was given a rating of one point by Chess.com, although it was evidently stronger than that. Various chess masters played matches against the engine, with players such as Hikaru Nakamura and Levy Rozman drawing and losing their games respectively. A month after its release, Mittens was removed from the website on February 1, as expected through Chess.com's monthly bot cycles. In December 2023, Mittens was brought back in a group of Chess.com's most popular bots of 2023.

Release

Mittens was released on January 1, 2023, as part of a New Year event on Chess.com. It was one of five engines released, all with names related to cats.[1][2][3] The other engines released were named Scaredy Cat, rated 800; Angry Cat, rated 1000; Mr. Grumpers, rated 1200 and Catspurrov (a pun on Garry Kasparov),[4] rated 1400.[5] As part of the announcement, a picture of each engine was accompanied by a short description of its character. The description given for Mittens suggested that the engine was hiding something,[5] reading:[‡ 1]

Mittens loves chess… But how good is she?

Of the five engines released, Mittens was by far the most popular.[6] In December 2023, Chess.com re-released Mittens as part of a "best of 2023" group of chess bots made to showcase their most popular bots of the year.[‡ 2]

Design

Mittens' playing style was compared to that of the Russian Grandmaster Anatoly Karpov

Mittens was conceptualized by Chess.com employee Will Whalen.[7][8][9][10] Appearing as a kitten,[11] Mittens trash talked its opponents with a selection of voice lines: these lines included quotes from J. Robert Oppenheimer, Vincent van Gogh and Friedrich Nietzsche, as well as the 1967 film Le Samouraï.[8][10][12] The engine's "personality" was devised by a writing team headed by Sean Becker, and Marija Casic provided the engine's graphics.[2][4][8]

Chess.com did not disclose any information about the software running the engine. It may be based on Chess.com's Komodo Dragon 3 engine.[12][13] Mittens' strategy was to slowly grind down an opponent, a tactic likened to the playing style of Anatoly Karpov. Becker stated that the design team believed it would be "way more demoralizing and funny" for the engine to play this way.[8] According to Hikaru Nakamura, Mittens sometimes missed the best move (or winning positions).[12][14]

Rating

On Chess.com, Mittens had a rating of one point.[1][3] However, the engine's playing style and tactics showed that it was stronger than that; Mittens was able to beat or draw against many top human players. In an interview with CNN Business, Whalen stated that the idea behind giving Mittens a rating of one was to surprise its opponents, giving it the upper hand psychologically.[15]

Estimates of Mittens' true rating range from an Elo of 3200 to 3500, because of its ability to beat other engines of around that level.[12] An upper bound of the engine's rating was found after Levy Rozman made Mittens play against Stockfish 15, a 3700 rated engine.[12] Mittens lost the two games that the engines played.[1] The range of Mittens' possible ratings was summarized by Dot Esports, who stated:[12]

It seems like she’s around the 3200–3500 rating range (in Chess.com terms, where the best human players, like Magnus Carlsen and Hikaru Nakamura, sport a 3000–3100 rating in the faster formats), as evidenced by her victories over the site’s otherwise strongest, 3200-rated bots, and her defeat to Stockfish 15, which is currently rated around 3700.

Games

Hikaru Nakamura played a match against Mittens that ended in a draw after 161 moves

Against human players, Mittens won over 99 percent of the millions of games it played.[13] Chess players such as Hikaru Nakamura, Benjamin Bok, Levy Rozman and Eric Rosen struggled against Mittens; while Rozman and Rosen both lost against the engine, Nakamura and Bok were both able to make a draw.[1][13][14] In particular, Nakamura's game against the engine lasted 161 moves; he was playing as White.[3][6] Bok and Rozman later went on to win against Mittens, the latter with engine assistance from Stockfish.[12][16] Magnus Carlsen publicly refused to play the engine, calling it a "transparent marketing trick" and "a soulless computer".[14][6]

Against other chess engines, Mittens participated in the Chess.com Computer Chess Championship as a side act. In the competition, Mittens played 150 games against an engine named after the film M3GAN and won overall with a score of 81.5 to 68.5.[4] This equated to 54 percent of the games played. During the event, an estimate of Mittens' rating was made at 3515 points.[‡ 3]

Impact

Mittens went viral in the chess community due to its concept and design: according to an announcement by Chess.com, a combined total of 120 million games were played against the cat engines over the course of January, with around 40 million played against Mittens.[‡ 4][‡ 5] The popularity of the engine was helped by the social media exposure created by Chess.com.[11] This included creating an official Twitter account to promote the engine.[15] Chess streamers like Rozman and Nakamura helped cultivate this by creating content around the engine.[17] A video by Nakamura entitled "Mittens the chess bot will make you quit chess" gained over 3.5 million views on YouTube.[3][10]

On January 11, Chess.com reported issues with database scalability due to record levels of traffic: 40 percent more games had been played on Chess.com in January 2023 than any other month since the website's release.[8][10] According to The Wall Street Journal, the popularity spike was more than the similar surge following the release of Netflix's The Queen's Gambit.[8] The popularity of Mittens was cited by Chess.com as a reason for this instability.[lower-alpha 1][2][6] The problems continued throughout January;[19] Chess.com stated that they would have to upgrade their servers and invest more in cloud computing to solve the problems caused by the website's popularity surge.[20]

On February 1, 2023, Mittens and the other cat engines were removed from the computer section of Chess.com. They were replaced with five new engines themed around artificial intelligence. A tweet was posted on the Mittens Twitter account after the engine's removal, reading "This is just the beginning. Goodbye for now."[7][15]

Notes

  1. ↑ Other suggested reasons for the website's instability included a chess boxing tournament hosted by the streamer Ludwig Ahgren and other chess content created by Levy Rozman.[18]

References

Primary sources

These sources are published by Chess.com, and are indicated in this article by a double dagger (‡):

  1. ↑ "Cat Bots: The Purrfect Way To Start The Year". Chess.com. January 1, 2023.
  2. ↑ "Mittens Is Back! Celebrate The Holiday Season By Playing Chess Against Fan-Favorite Bots". Chess.com. December 1, 2023.
  3. ↑ "CCC: M3GAN vs Mittens". Chess.com. Archived from the original on November 2, 2018. Retrieved April 10, 2023.
  4. ↑ "Server Trouble And The End Of Mittens?". Chess.com. February 8, 2023.
  5. ↑ "Mittens – The Chess-Playing Cat That Conquered The Internet!". Chess.com. Chess Terms. Retrieved April 10, 2023.

Secondary sources

  1. 1 2 3 4 Zulkiflee, Sarah (January 7, 2023). "What is Mittens? A chess nightmare behind an innocent kitty bot". Esports.gg. Archived from the original on January 9, 2023. Retrieved January 9, 2023.
  2. 1 2 3 "Il gattino contro cui tutti vogliono giocare a scacchi". Il Post (in Italian). January 23, 2023. Archived from the original on January 23, 2023. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Cuthbertson, Anthony (January 24, 2023). "'Psycho' AI bot crashes Chess.com and drives record users to chess site". The Independent. Archived from the original on January 24, 2023. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
  4. 1 2 3 Pahwa, Nitish (January 24, 2023). "How Chess.com Built Mittens, the Evil Cat Bot Destroying Players' Souls". Slate. Archived from the original on January 24, 2023. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
  5. 1 2 Raymond, Art (January 19, 2023). "Mittens the chess-playing cat bot proving hard to tame". Deseret News. Archived from the original on January 20, 2023. Retrieved January 20, 2023.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Whipple, Tom (January 23, 2023). "Mittens makes mincemeat of grandmasters". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Archived from the original on January 23, 2023. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
  7. 1 2 "Meet the innocent looking cat that upended the chess world". CNN Business. February 7, 2023. Archived from the original on February 8, 2023. Retrieved February 8, 2023.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Robinson, Joshua; Beaton, Andrew (January 18, 2023). "The Chess World's New Villain: A Cat Named Mittens". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on January 19, 2023. Retrieved January 19, 2023.
  9. ↑ Fernandez, Manuel (January 23, 2023). "El ajedrez online tiene un nuevo campeón: un gatito virtual que pone en jaque a maestros y aficionados". El Español (in Spanish). Archived from the original on January 23, 2023. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
  10. 1 2 3 4 "Mittens, el gatito virtual que está derrotando a los campeones del ajedrez". El Comercio (in Spanish). January 24, 2023. Archived from the original on January 24, 2023. Retrieved January 25, 2023.
  11. 1 2 Hörmark, Andreas (February 1, 2023). "'Alla vill se Carlsen spela mot katten'". Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). ISSN 1101-2412. Archived from the original on February 5, 2023. Retrieved February 14, 2023.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Kelemen, Luci (January 5, 2023). "What is the Mittens chess bot?". Dot Esports. Archived from the original on January 9, 2023. Retrieved January 9, 2023.
  13. 1 2 3 Barden, Leonard (January 9, 2023). "Carlsen takes on the young guard on Saturday at the 'chess Wimbledon'". Financial Times. Archived from the original on January 9, 2023. Retrieved January 9, 2023.
  14. 1 2 3 Posnanski, Joe (January 9, 2023). "Mittens and the End of Art". JoeBlogs. Archived from the original on January 9, 2023. Retrieved January 10, 2023.
  15. 1 2 3 Zulkiflee, Sarah (February 2, 2023). "Goodbye Mittens. Chess.com removes the viral cat bot from its site". Esports.gg. Archived from the original on February 2, 2023. Retrieved February 2, 2023.
  16. ↑ Yao, Deborah (January 20, 2023). "Meet Mittens, the AI Chess Bot Players Love to Hate". AI Business. Archived from the original on January 21, 2023. Retrieved January 21, 2023.
  17. ↑ Zulkiflee, Sarah (January 9, 2023). "Why is the Chess.com cat bot, Mittens, so popular?". Esports.gg. Archived from the original on January 16, 2023. Retrieved January 16, 2023.
  18. ↑ Bellingham, Hope (January 11, 2023). "Adorable cat bot credited with a huge spike in players for leading chess website". GamesRadar. Archived from the original on January 16, 2023. Retrieved January 16, 2023.
  19. ↑ Hoover, Amanda (January 25, 2023). "Celebrities, TikTok, and a Cat Bot Are Crashing Chess.com". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Archived from the original on January 25, 2023. Retrieved January 25, 2023.
  20. ↑ Stanton, Rich (January 24, 2023). "'Honestly, this sucks,' says Chess.com as its servers can't keep up with Chess's explosive popularity". PC Gamer. Archived from the original on January 24, 2023. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
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