Moltrasio Formation
Stratigraphic range: Middle Sinemurian-Lower Pliensbachian
~
Outcrop
TypeGeological formation
Unit ofMonte Generoso Basin
Sub-unitsOsteno Outcrop
UnderliesDomaro Formation
OverliesSedrina Limestone
Thickness200 m
Lithology
PrimaryLimestone
Location
Coordinates46°00′N 9°06′E / 46.0°N 9.1°E / 46.0; 9.1
Approximate paleocoordinates33°12′N 15°36′E / 33.2°N 15.6°E / 33.2; 15.6
RegionLombardy
Country
Type section
Named forMoltrasio
Named byAntonio Stoppani[1]
Year defined1857
Moltrasio Formation is located in Italy
Moltrasio Formation
Moltrasio Formation (Italy)
Moltrasio Formation is located in Lombardy
Moltrasio Formation
Moltrasio Formation (Lombardy)

The Moltrasio Formation also known as the Lombardische Kieselkalk Formation is a geological formation in Italy and Switzerland. This Formation mostly developed in the Lower or Middle Sinemurian stage of the Lower Jurassic, where on the Lombardian basin tectonic activity modified the current marine and terrestrial habitats.[2] Here it developed a series of marine-related depositional settings, represented by an outcrop of 550–600 m of grey Calcarenites and Calcilutites with chert lenses and marly interbeds, that recovers the Sedrina, Moltrasio and Domaro Formations.[2] This was mostly due to the post-Triassic crisis, that was linked locally to tectonics.[3] The Moltrasio Formation is considered a continuation of the Sedrina Limestone and the Hettangian Albenza Formation, and was probably a shallow water succession, developed on the passive margin of the westernmost Southern Alps.[3][4] It is known due to the exquisite preservation observed on the Outcrop in Osteno, where several kinds of marine biota have been recovered.[5]

Fossils

Exceptional fossilization

Exposed Moltrasio Fm in Southern Switzerland

Apart from the Eocene of Monte Bolca, the Sinemurian of Osteno is the only fossil deposit in Italy in which soft bodies are preserved. The Osteno site was discovered in 1964. It was recovered from a series of 6 metres (20 ft) package of fine laminated, gray, spongiolitic, micritic limestone.[6] Coroniceras bisulcatum allowed to date the outcrop as the Bucklandi zone, lower Sinemurian.[6] The outcrop is a good documentation of a particularly complete fauna and flora of the Lower Jurassic which is not exactly common in the Southern Alps.[6] The Osteno outcrop, part of the formation, is worldwide known due to the exceptional preservation of mostly marine biota, including rare fossilized components, helping to understand the ecosystems of the local Sinemurian margin of the Monte Generoso Basin.[7] The high local variety of fossils found is most likely due to unique conditions of preservation, where phosphatized soft tissues have not been observed in any fish or polychaetes, but they are common in crustaceans (33%) and also occur in a smaller percentage of teuthids (14%).[8] Soft part preservation through phosphatization in this deposit includes the muscles and branchia of Crustaceans, fish tissues, and the digestive tracts of coleoids, polychaetes, and nematodes. These fossils are interpreted as having been preserved in a stagnant, restricted basin with anoxic conditions likely within the sediment pore waters.[5]

Nematoida

Genus Species Material Location Notes Images

Eophasma[6][9]

Eophasma jurasicum
  • A complete specimen

Osteno Outcrop.[9]

A nematode, type member of the family Eophasmidae inside Desmoscolecida.[10] A rare find, since nematode fossils are absent in most Mesozoic marine rocks.[9]

Annelida

Genus Species Material Location Notes Images

Melanoraphia[5][6][11]

Melanoraphia maculata
  • A nearly complete specimen

Osteno Outcrop.[11]

A polychaete, member of the group Phyllodocemorpha with incertae sedis assignation. This polychaete was probably an open swimmer more than a subtrate dweller.[11]

Crustacea

Genus Species Material Location Notes Images

Aeger[5][6][12][13]
  • Aeger foesteri
  • Aeger muensteri
  • Aeger robustus
  • Aeger rostrospinatus
  • Aeger elongatus
  • Aeger macropus

Multiple specimens fairly preserved

Osteno Outcrop

A decapod, type member of the family Aegeridae. This genus is the most abundant local crustacean, and was a shrimp-like creature that was probably necrophagous.[13]

Coleia[5][6][12][14][15][16]
  • Coleia vialiii
  • Coleia medilerranea
  • Coleia cf. antiqua
  • Coleia pinnnai

Multiple specimens fairly preserved

Osteno Outcrop

A decapod, type member of the family Coleiidae. Probably a bottom dweller predatory crustacean.[14]

Eryma[17][18]
  • Eryma sinemuriana

41 specimens, fairly preserved

Osteno Outcrop

A decapod, type member of the family Erymidae. The species was originally identified as Pustulina sinemuriana.[19]

Glyphea[17]
  • Glyphea tricarinata

137 complete and fragmentary specimens

Osteno Outcrop

A decapod, type member of the family Erymidae. The species was originally identified as Pustulina sinemuriana.[19]

Mecochirus[17]
  • Mecochirus germari

81 complete and fragmentary specimens,

Osteno Outcrop

A decapod, member of the family Mecochiridae. Rather rare compared to other local crustacean genera.
Ostenosculda[20]

Ostenosculda teruzzii

Single Specimen fairly preserved

Osteno Outcrop

A mantis shrimp

Palaeastacus[17][19]
  • Palaeastacus meyeri

Multiple specimens fairly preserved

Osteno Outcrop

A decapod, member of the family Erymidae. The species was originally included in the genus Eryma as E. meyeri, although the specimens reveal morphological characters diagnostic of Palaeastacus.[19]

Phlyctisoma[17]
  • Phlyctisoma sinemuriana

10 specimens, in a fairly good state of preservation

Osteno Outcrop

A decapod, type member of the family Erymidae. The species was originally identified as Pustulina sinemuriana.[19]

Pseudoglyphea[5][12][16]
  • Pseudoglyphea amylochelis

7 complete specimens, in a fairly good state

Osteno Outcrop

A decapod, member of the family Litogastroidae. Probably a bottom dweller predatory crustacean.[14]
Teruzzicheles[21] Teruzzicheles popeyei

Various specimens fairly preserved

Osteno Outcrop

A decapod belonging to the family Polychelidae

Xiphosurida

Genus Species Material Location Notes Images

Ostenolimulus[22]
  • Ostenolimulus latus
  • A nearly complete specimen

Osteno Outcrop.[22]

A horseshoe crab, member of the family Limulidae. This genus represents the oldest Jurassic limulid and only the second xiphosuran known from Italy.[22] Also indicates that this family were a diverse and widespread clade during the Jurassic.[22]

Thylacocephala

Genus Species Material Location Notes Images

Ostenocaris[5][6][23][24]

Ostenocaris cypriformis
  • Multiple specimens, complete and incomplete

Osteno Outcrop.[23]

A thylacocephalan, type member of the family Ostenocarididae inside Conchyliocarida. Originally Interpreted as a bizarre Cirriped. Ostenocaris is the most common fossil of the formation, and the main identified thylacocephalan from the formation. In the first interpretations, the genus was shown as a filter-feeding organism, which used the cephalic sac as a burrowing organ to ensure adhesion to the substrate. Based on the presence of Coprolites associated to the genus, with abundant masses of alimentary residues (hooks of cephalopods, vertebrates, remains of Crustacea) in the stomach of these organisms, Ostenocaris cypriformis was probably a necrophagous organism, and the cephalic sac can be tentatively interpreted as being a burrowing organ employed during the search for food, or as an organ of locomotion with intrinsic motility.[25]

Cephalopoda

Genus Species Material Location Notes Images

Arietites[5][6]
  • Arietites bucklandi

Shells

Osteno outcrop

An ammonitidan, type member of the family Arietitidae inside Psiloceratoidea. The main ammonite identified locally.

Angulaticeras[5][6][16]
  • Angulaticeras sp.

Shells

Osteno outcrop

An ammonitidan, member of the family Schlotheimiidae inside Psiloceratoidea. It was not the most abundant ammonite, but was rather common.

Coroniceras[5][6][16]
  • Coroniceras bisulcatum

Shells

Osteno outcrop

An ammonitidan, member of the family Arietitidae inside Psiloceratoidea. It was less common than other ammonites, although index for some locations.

Ectocentrites[5][6][16]
  • Ectocentrites sp.

Shells

Osteno outcrop

An ammonitidan, member of the family Lytoceratidae inside Lytoceratina. It was not the most abundant ammonite, but was rather common.

Ostenoteuthis[5][6][16][26][27]
  • Ostenoteuthis siroi

Several specimens with decent preservation

Osteno outcrop

A coleoid, type member of the family Ostenoteuthidae. A unique group of coeloids, only found at this location. Coleoids with ten arms each bearing pairs of hooks, Ostenoteuthis measure between 18 and 30 cm length.[27]

Oxynoticeras[5][6]
  • Oxynoticeras oxynotum

Shells

Osteno outcrop

An ammonitidan, type member of the family Oxynoticeratidae inside Ammonitida. It was not the most abundant ammonite, but was rather common.

Uncinoteuthis[6][27]
  • Uncinoteuthis cuvieri

An incomplete specimen consisting of the arm crown only

Osteno outcrop

A coleoid, member of the family Ostenoteuthidae. A unique group of coeloids, only found at this location.[27]

Echinoderms

Genus Species Material Location Notes Images

Hispidocrinus[28]
  • Hispidocrinus scalaris

Multiple ossicles

Pradalunga

An Crinoidean, member of the family Isocrininae inside Isocrinida.

Isocrinus[28]
  • Isocrinus sp.

Multiple ossicles

Ubiale - Clanezzo

An Crinoidean, member of the family Isocrininae inside Isocrinida.

Millericrinus[28]
  • Millericrinus cf. adneticus

Multiple ossicles

M. di Grone

An Crinoidean, member of the family Millericrinidae inside Millericrinida.

Palaeocoma[6][16]
  • Palaeocoma milleri

Multiple specimens

Ubiale - Clanezzo

An ophiuridan, member of the family Ophiodermatidae inside Ophiodermatina. Extant tropical species like Ophioderma are benthic predators and scavengers that show the same short spines seen in Palaeocoma.[6]

Hemichordata

Genus Species Material Location Notes Images

Megaderaion[29]

Megaderaion sinemuriense
  • A nearly complete specimen with soft tissue

Osteno Outcrop.[29]

An acorn worm, member of the family Harrimaniidae inside Enteropneusta. It was a large sized member of its family. This genus probably lived linked to sand bottoms, where it made burrows to hide and find food.[29]

Chondrichthyes

Genus Species Material Location Notes Images

Hybodontiformes[30]

Hybodontiformes indet

Teeth

Osteno Outcrop

A shark, member of the family Hybodontiformes.

Myriacanthidae[30]

Myriacanthidae indet

Teeth

Osteno Outcrop

A chimaerid, member of the family Myriacanthidae inside Chimaeriformes.

Ostenoselache[6][16]

Ostenoselache stenosoma

One complete articulated specimen

Osteno Outcrop

An euselachiian, type member of the family Ostenoselachidae inside Elasmobranchii. A unique genus of shark, only found in the Osteno Formation. With an elongated eel-shaped morphology, the specimens found measure at least 240 mm in length, with a neurocranium with a long, complex rostrum.[16] It has been suggested it was an animal able to produce electric shocks, probably to kill prey.[16]

Palaeospinax[16][31]

Palaeospinax pinnai

A single specimen in four contiguous pieces and including parts of the dentition and squamation

Osteno Outcrop

A Shark, type member of the family Palaeospinacidae inside Synechodontiformes. Open water swimmer.

Squaloraja[16][30][32]

Squaloraja sp.

One complete articulated specimen

Osteno Outcrop

A chimaerid, type member of the family Squalorajidae inside Squalorajoidei. This genus belongs to a lineage of ray-like chimaeras.

Actinopterygii

Genus Species Material Location Notes Images

Cosmolepis[16][33]

Cosmolepis ornatus
  • Multiple specimens

Osteno Outcrop.[33]

A primitive actinopterygiian, member of the order Palaeonisciformes. A late surviving representative of the family.

Dapedium[6][16][33]

Dapedium sp.
  • Multiple specimens

Osteno Outcrop.[33]

A primitive actinopterygiian, type member of the family Dapediidae inside Holostei. Probably a Coral Environment wanderer.

Furo[6][16][33]

Furo sp.
  • Multiple specimens

Osteno Outcrop.[33]

A primitive actinopterygiian, type member of the family Furidae inside Ionoscopiformes. Open water swimmer, probably forming schools.

Pholidophorus[6][16][33]

Pholidophorus bechei
  • Multiple specimens

Osteno Outcrop.[33]

A primitive actinopterygiian, type member of the family Pholidophoridae inside Teleostei. Open water swimmer, probably forming schools. It is the main fish recovered on the formation.

Pholidolepis[6][16][33]

Pholidolepis sp.
  • Multiple specimens

Osteno Outcrop.[33]

A primitive Actinopterygiian, member of the family Pholidophoridae inside Teleostei. Open water swimmer, probably forming schools.

Peripeltopleurus[6][16][33]

Peripeltopleurus sp.
  • Multiple specimens

Osteno Outcrop.[33]

A primitive actinopterygiian, member of the family Peltopleuridae inside Neopterygii. A genus related with the Epicontinental deposition

Pteroniscus[6][16][33]

Pteroniscus sp.
  • Multiple specimens

Osteno Outcrop.[33]

A primitive actinopterygiian, member of the order Palaeonisciformes. A complicated genus, whose modern status is rather dubious.

Sarcopterygii

Genus Species Material Location Notes Images

Undina[5][6]

Undina (Holophagus) cf. gulo
  • Scales

Osteno Outcrop.[33]

A Coelacanth, member of the family Latimeriidae inside Coelacanthiformes. Isolated scales of coelacanths analogous to the genus Holophagus are quite frequent on the Osteno deposits. A series of teeth can also be identified to this genus.

Plants

Genus Species Material Location Notes Images

Brachyphyllum[6][34]
  • Brachyphyllum sp. A
  • Brachyphyllum sp. B
  • Brachyphyllum sp. C
  • Fronds

Osteno Outcrop.[33]

A coniferophytan, member of the family Cheirolepidiaceae inside Pinopsida.

Equisitites[6][34]

Equisitites bunburyanus
  • Stems

Osteno Outcrop.[33]

A Horsetail, member of the family Equisetaceae inside Equisetales. A freshwater-related plant, that grew as fast as modern bamboo on tropical settings.

Otozamites[6][34]
  • Otozamites bunburyanus
  • Otozamites sp.
  • Fronds

Osteno Outcrop.[33]

A spermatopsidan, member of the family Bennettitales inside Bennettitopsida. Cycad-like flora, common on dry settings.

Pachypteris[6][34]

Pachypteris cf. rhomboidalis
  • Fronds

Osteno Outcrop.[33]

A tree fern, member of the family Umkomasiaceae inside Peltaspermales. Fronds of large tree ferns, related to humid ecosystems.

Pagiophyllum[6][34]
  • Pagiophyllum sp. A
  • Pagiophyllum sp. B
  • Fronds

Osteno Outcrop.[33]

A coniferophytan, member of the family Araucariaceae inside Pinopsida.

Williamsonia[6][34]

Williamsonia sp.
  • Fronds

Osteno Outcrop.[33]

A spermatopsidan, member of the family Bennettitales inside Bennettitopsida. Cycad-like flora, common on dry settings.

Zamites[6][34]

Zamites sp.
  • Fronds

Osteno Outcrop.[33]

A spermatopsidan, member of the family Bennettitales inside Bennettitopsida. Cycad-like flora, common on dry settings.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Stoppani A. (1857). Studi geologici e paleontologici sulla Lombardia. 461 pp. Tipografia Turati, Milano
  2. 1 2 Muttoni, G.; Erba, E.; Kent, D. V.; Bachtadse, V. (2005). "Mesozoic Alpine facies deposition as a result of past latitudinal plate motion". Nature. 434 (7029): 59–63. Bibcode:2005Natur.434...59M. doi:10.1038/nature03378. hdl:2434/30440. PMID 15744297. S2CID 4316860.
  3. 1 2 Jadoul, F.; Galli, M. T. (2008). "The Hettangian shallow water carbonates after the Triassic-Jurassic biocalcification crisis: The Albenza Formation in the western Southern Alps". Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia. 114 (3): 453–470. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  4. ↑ Sarti, M.; Bosellini, A.; Winterer, E. L. (1992). "Basin Geometry and Architecture of a Tethyan Passive Margin, Southern Alps, Italy: Implications for Rifting Mechanisms: Chapter 13: African and Mediterranean Margins". AAPG Special Volumes. 115 (5): 241–258. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Pinna, G. (1985). "Exceptional preservation in the Jurassic of Osteno". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 311 (1148): 171–180. Bibcode:1985RSPTB.311..171P. doi:10.1098/rstb.1985.0149. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Pinna, G. (2000). "Die Fossillagerstätte im Sinemurium (Lias) von Osteno, Italien". Europäische Fossillagerstätten, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. 3 (7): 91–136. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-57198-5_13. ISBN 978-3-642-62975-4. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  7. ↑ Bottjer, D. J.; Etter, W.; Tang, C. M.; Hagadorn, J. W. (2002). Exceptional fossil preservation: a unique view on the evolution of marine life. Columbia University Press. p. 421. ISBN 9780231102544. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  8. ↑ Wilby, P. R.; Briggs, D. E. (1997). "Taxonomic trends in the resolution of detail preserved in fossil phosphatized soft tissues". Geobios. 30 (8): 493–502. Bibcode:1997Geobi..30..493W. doi:10.1016/S0016-6995(97)80056-3. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  9. 1 2 3 Arduini, P.; Pinna, G.; Teruzzi, G. (1983). "Eophasma jurassicum ngn sp., a new fossil nematode of the Sinemurian of Osteno in Lombardy". Atti della Società italiana di scienze naturali e del museo civico di storia naturale di Milano. 124 (1–2): 61–64.
  10. ↑ Poinar, G.O. (2011). The Evolutionary History of Nematodes: As revealed in stone, amber and mummies. Nematology Monographs and Perspectives. 9. Brill Publishers. ISBN 9789047428664.
  11. 1 2 3 Arduini, P.; Pinna, G.; Teruzzi, G. (1982). "Melanoraphia maculata ngn sp., a new fossil polychaete of the Sinemurian of Osteno in Lombardy". Atti della Società italiana di scienze naturali e del museo civico di storia naturale di Milano. 123 (4): 462–468. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  12. 1 2 3 Pinna, G. (1967). "Decouverte d'une nouvelle faune a crustaces du Sinemurien inferieur dans la region du Lac Ceresio (Lombardie, Italie)". Atti Soc. It. Sci. Nat. Museo Milano. 106 (4): 183–185.
  13. 1 2 Garassino, A.; Teruzzi, G. (1990). "The genus Aeger Münster, 1839 in the Sinemurian of Osteno in Lombardy (Crustacea, Decapoda)". Atti della società italiana di scienze naturali e del museo civico di storia naturale di Milano. 131 (5): 105–136. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  14. 1 2 3 Pinna, G. (1969). "Due nuovi esemplari di Coleia vialiii Pinna, del Sinemuriano inferiore di Osteno in Lombardia (Crustacea Decapoda)". Ann. Mus. St. Nat. Genova. 77 (12): 626–632.
  15. ↑ Teruzzi, G. (1990). "The genus «Coleia» Broderip, 1835 (Crustacea, Decapoda) in the Sinemurian of Osteno in Lombardy". Atti della Società italiana di Scienze naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia naturale di Milano. 131 (4): 85–104. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Duffin, C. J. (1998). "Ostenoselache stenosoma ngn sp., a new neoselachian shark from the Sinemurian (Early Jurassic) of Osteno (Lombardy, Italy)" (PDF). Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali. 9 (7): 1–27. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 Garassino, A . (1996). "The family Erymidae Van Straelen, 1924 and the superfamily Glypheoidea Zittel, 1885 in the Sinemurian of Osteno in Lombardy". AAI Soc. It. Sci.RWT. Museo Civ. Stor. Mu. Milano. Milano. 135 (11): 333–373. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  18. ↑ Devillez, J.; Charbonnier, S. (2019). "Review of the Early and Middle Jurassic erymid lobsters (Crustacea: Decapoda) [Révision des Érymides (Crustacea: Decapoda) du Jurassique inférieur et moyen]". Bulletin de la Société géologique de France. 190 (1): 121–134. doi:10.1051/bsgf/2019005. S2CID 196643332. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 Devillez, J.; Charbonnier, S. (2017). "The genus Eryma Meyer, 1840 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Erymidae): new synonyms, systematic and stratigraphic implicationsLe genre Eryma Meyer, 1840 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Erymidae): nouveaux synonymes, implications systématique et stratigraphique". Bulletin de la Société géologique de France. 188 (3): 1–15. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  20. ↑ "Another piece in the puzzle of mantis shrimp evolution – fossils from the Early Jurassic Osteno Lagerstätte of Northern Italy". Comptes Rendus Palevol. 22 (2): 17–31. 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  21. ↑ Audo, Denis; Charbonnier, Sylvain (2022-12-28). "Teruzzicheles popeyei, an early Sinemurian polychelid lobster from the Osteno Lagerstätte (Italy)". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 306 (3): 187–194. doi:10.1127/njgpa/2022/1103. ISSN 0077-7749. S2CID 254820598.
  22. 1 2 3 4 Lamsdell, J. C.; Teruzzi, G.; Pasini, G.; Garassino, A. (2021). "A new limulid (Chelicerata, Xiphosurida) from the Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian) of Osteno, NW Italy". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 300 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1127/njgpa/2021/0974. S2CID 234814276.
  23. 1 2 Arduini, P.; Pinna, G.; Teruzzi, G. (1984). "Ostenocaris nom. nov. pro Ostenia". Atli Del/A Societcl Iraliwzn di Sc: Ienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, Miiano. 125 (1–2): 48.
  24. ↑ Arduini, P.; Pinna, G.; Teruzzi, G. (1982). "Il giacimento sinemuriano di Osteno in Lombardia". Palaeontology, Essential of Historical Geology. Mucchi, Modena. 134 (2): 495–522.
  25. ↑ Pinna, G.; Arduini, P.; Pesarini, C.; Teruzzi, G. (1985). "Some controversial aspects of the morphology and anatomy of Ostenocaris cypriformis (Crustacea, Thylacocephala)". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 76 (2–3): 373–379. doi:10.1017/S0263593300010580. S2CID 85401617. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  26. ↑ Pinna, Ð. (1972). "Rinvenimento di un raro cefalopode coleoideo nel giacimento sinemuriano di Osteno in Lombardia". Atti de la SocietaÁ Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano. 113 (1): 141–149.
  27. 1 2 3 4 Garassino, A.; Donovan, D. T. (2000). "A new family of coleoids from the Lower Jurassic of Osteno, Northern Italy". Palaeontology. 43 (6): 1019–1038. Bibcode:2000Palgy..43.1019G. doi:10.1111/1475-4983.00160. S2CID 129455509. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  28. 1 2 3 Jaselli, L. (2021). "Reappraisal of the Lower Jurassic crinoid fauna of Lombardy (Italy): insights on regional museum collections". Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana. 60 (2): 112. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
  29. 1 2 3 Arduini, P.; Pinna, G.; Teruzzi, G. (1981). "Megaderaion sinemuriense n. g. n. sp., a new fossil enteropneust of the Sinemurian of Osteno in Lombardy". Atti della Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale in Milano. 122 (2): 104–108. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  30. 1 2 3 Duffin, C. J. (1991). "A myriacanthid holocephalan (Chondrichthyes) from the Sinemurian (Lower Jurassic) of Osteno (Lombardy, Italy)". Atti della Società italiana di scienze naturali e del museo civico di storia naturale di Milano. 132 (23): 293–308. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  31. ↑ Duffin, C. J. (1987). "Palaeospinax pinnai n. sp., a new Palaeospinacid shark from the Sinemuvian (Lower Jurassic) of Osteno (Lombardy, Italy)". Atti della Società italiana di scienze naturali e del museo civico di storia naturale di Milano. 128 (1): 185–202.
  32. ↑ Duffin, Christopher J.; Garassino, Alessandro; Pasini, Giovanni (2023). "Squaloraja; Riley 1833 (Holocephala: Squalorajidae) from the Lower Jurassic of Osteno Konservat-Lagerstätte (Como, NW Italy)". Natural History Sciences. 10 (1). doi:10.4081/nhs.2023.642. ISSN 2385-0922. S2CID 258822179.
  33. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Duffin, C. J.; Patterson, C. (1993). "I Pesci Fossili di Osteno: una Nuova Finestra sulla Vita del Giurassico Inferiore". Paleocronache. 34 (2): 18–38. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  34. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Bonci, M. C.; Vanucci, G. (1986). "I vegetali sinemuriani di Osteno (Lombardia)". Atti della Società italiana di scienze naturali e del museo civico di storia naturale di Milano. 127 (2): 107–127.
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