 Province of Canada electoral district | |
|---|---|
| Defunct pre-Confederation electoral district | |
| Legislature | Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada |
| District created | 1841 |
| District abolished | 1867 |
| First contested | 1841 |
| Last contested | 1863 |
Montreal was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly of the Parliament of the Province of Canada, in Canada East. It was created in 1841 and included much of the city of Montreal. Its boundaries were specifically drawn by the British Governor General, Lord Sydenham, to include voters of British background, disenfranchising francophone Canadien voters, an example of an ethnic and linguistic gerrymander. Sydenham's purpose was to gain support in the Legislative Assembly for the new Province of Canada, which had merged the formerly separate provinces of Lower Canada and Upper Canada.
Montreal electoral district was represented by two members in the Legislative Assembly. It was abolished in 1867, upon the creation of Canada and the province of Quebec.
Boundaries
The Union Act, 1840 merged the two provinces of Lower Canada and Upper Canada into the Province of Canada, with a single Parliament. The separate parliaments of Lower Canada and Upper Canada were abolished.[1]
The Union Act provided that the pre-existing electoral boundaries of Lower Canada and Upper Canada would continue to be used in the new Parliament, unless altered by the Union Act itself.[2] Montreal was one of the electoral districts specifically defined by the Union Act. Prior to the Union Act, the Island of Montreal was divided into three electoral districts, called Montreal East, Montreal West, and Montreal County. The Act changed this situation by providing that the city of Montreal would be one district,[3] but gave the Governor General the power to set the boundaries for the district.[4] Any parts of the city which were not included in the boundaries set by the Governor General would be included in the adjoining electoral district,[4] namely a revised Montreal County.
The first Governor General, Lord Sydenham, exercised the power to draw boundaries by a proclamation issued shortly after the formation of the Province of Canada in early 1841.[5] His overall goal in drawing the boundaries was to ensure that supporters of the creation of the new Province of Canada would be elected.[6] The boundaries did not follow the normal municipal boundaries, rather being drawn along certain streets and geographic features.[5] This new electoral district was designed to exclude as many francophone Canadien voters as possible, and to include as many voters of British background as possible, since they generally supported the union. It was an example of an ethnic and linguistic gerrymander.[7] The areas of Montreal which were not included in the new electoral district instead were included in Montreal County. The result was the effective disenfranchisement of Montreal francophone voters in the 1841 election.[7]
Members of the Legislative Assembly
Montreal was a multi-member seat, entitled to two members in the Legislative Assembly.[3]
The following were the members of the Legislative Assembly from Montreal. "Party" was a fluid concept, especially during the early years of the Province of Canada. Party affiliations are based on the biographies of individual members given by the National Assembly of Quebec, as well as votes in the Legislative Assembly.[8][9][10]
| Parliament | Members | Years in Office | Party | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Parliament 1841–1844 |
Benjamin Holmes[lower-alpha 1] |  |
1841–1844 | Unionist; Tory; Independent; then French-Canadian Group |
| George Moffatt[lower-alpha 2] |  |
1841–1843 | Unionist; Tory | |
| Pierre Beaubien[lower-alpha 3] |  |
1843–1844 (by-election) |
French-Canadian Group | |
| Lewis Thomas Drummond[lower-alpha 4] |  |
1844 (by-election) |
French-Canadian Group | |
Notes
- ↑ Resigned seat on February 1, 1844: "Biography of Benjamin Holmes". Dictionnaire des parlementaires du Québec de 1792 à nos jours (in French). National Assembly of Quebec.
- ↑ Resigned seat on October 30, 1843: Côté, Political Appointments and Elections, p. 59, note (20).
- ↑ Elected in by-election, November 22, 1843, filling vacancy caused by George Moffatt's resignation: Côté, Political Appointments and Elections, p. 59, note (21).
- ↑ Elected in by-election, April 17, 1844, filling vacancy caused by Benjamin Holmes' resignation: "Biography of Lewis Thomas Drummond". Dictionnaire des parlementaires du Québec de 1792 à nos jours (in French). National Assembly of Quebec.
Abolition
The district was split into two districts prior to Confederation in 1867, which were later abolished on July 1, 1867, when the British North America Act, 1867 came into force, splitting the Province of Canada into Quebec and Ontario.[11] It was succeeded by two electoral districts in the House of Commons of Canada, named Montreal West and Montreal East,[12] and two electoral districts in the Legislative Assembly of Quebec, named Montréal-Ouest and Montreal-Est.[13]
References
- ↑ Union Act, 1840, 3 & 4 Vict., c. 35, s. 2.
- ↑ Union Act, 1840, ss. 16, 18.
- 1 2 Union Act, 1840, s. 20.
- 1 2 Union Act, 1840, s. 21.
- 1 2 Proclamation, March 4, 1841. Reproduced in the Journal of the Legislative Council of the Province of Canada, 1841, pp. xiii–xiv.
- ↑ Irving Martin Abella, "The 'Sydenham Election' of 1841" (1966), 47 Canadian Historical Review 326, at p. 327-328 [subscription needed].
- 1 2 Abella, "The 'Sydenham Election' of 1841", at p. 334.
- ↑ J.O. Côté, Political Appointments and Elections in the Province of Canada, 1841 to 1860 (Quebec: St. Michel and Darveau, 1860), pp. 43–58.
- ↑ Québec Dictionary of Parliamentary Biography, from 1764 to the present.
- ↑ Paul G. Cornell, Alignment of Political Groups in Canada, 1841–67 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1962; reprinted in paperback 2015), pp. 93–111.
- ↑ British North America Act, 1867 [now the Constitution Act, 1867, s. 6.
- ↑ Constitution Act, 1867, s. 40, para. 2
- ↑ Constitution Act, 1867, s. 80.