Mount Samat National Shrine
Shrine of Valor
Dambana ng Kagitingan
The shrine in May 2023
Mount Samat National Shrine is located in Philippines
Mount Samat National Shrine
Location in the Philippines
TypeMemorial
LocationPilar, Bataan, Philippines
Coordinates14°36′20.80″N 120°30′32.17″E / 14.6057778°N 120.5089361°E / 14.6057778; 120.5089361
Area73,665 hectares (182,030 acres)
Created1970 (1970)
Operated byProvincial Government of Bataan
Openyear round
StatusNational Shrine
April 14, 1966

Mount Samat National Shrine (Tagalog pronunciation: [samat]) or Dambana ng Kagitingan (Shrine of Valor) is a historical shrine located near the summit of Mount Samat in the town of Pilar, Province of Bataan, in the Philippines. The memorial shrine complex was built to honor and remember the gallantry of Filipino and American soldiers who fought against the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II.

Consisting of a Colonnade and the large Memorial Cross, the park was commissioned in 1966 by then-President Ferdinand Marcos,[1] for the 25th anniversary of World War II.[2] The white Memorial Cross stands as a remembrance to the soldiers who fought and lost their lives in the Battle of Bataan. The shrine complex also includes a war museum with a wide array of collections from paintings of the Philippine heroes, to armaments used by the Filipino, American and Japanese forces during the battle.

From the colonnade and the cross, there is a panoramic view of Bataan, Corregidor Island and on a clear day, the city of Manila situated about 50 km (31 mi) across Manila Bay.

History

Along with the fortified island of Corregidor, Mount Samat was the site of the most vicious battle against the Japanese Imperial Army in 1942 during the Battle of Bataan. Suffering heavy losses against the Japanese all over Luzon, Filipino and American soldiers retreated to Bataan Peninsula to regroup for a last valiant but futile stand. This retreat to Bataan is part of a United States strategy known as War Plan Orange.

Bataan fell after three months of fighting when 78,000 exhausted, sick and starving men under Major General Edward P. King surrendered to the Japanese on April 9, 1942. It is the single largest surrender of U.S. soldiers in history. Together with the Philippine soldiers, they were then led on the Bataan Death March.

The scene of their last stronghold is Mount Samat, the site of Dambana ng Kagitingan. The shrine was conceived as a fitting memorial to the heroic struggle and sacrifices of the soldiers who fought and died in that historic bastion of freedom.[3]

The memorial shrine complex was started with the laying of the cornerstone by President Marcos on April 14, 1966.[4] Due to lack of funds, construction was unfinished for the 25th anniversary of the Fall of Bataan in 1967.[2] The shrine was completed and inaugurated in 1970, in time for the 25th anniversary of the end of World War II.

Architectural features

Located in an area approximately 73,665 hectares (182,030 acres), the park consists of the Colonnade and at the mountain's peak, the Memorial Cross. The shrine was designed by Lorenzo del Castillo and landscaped by Dolly Quimbo-Perez.[5]

Colonnade

Interior

From the parking lot, a wide three series of steps that narrows to the top lead visitors to the flagpole that holds the flag of the Philippines.[6] The last series of steps to the Colonnade level are bordered on two sides by two pedestals topped with bronze urns symbolising the eternal flame.[7]

The Colonnade is a marble-clad structure surrounded by an esplanade, itself surrounded by marble-clad parapets. The outer side is covered with 19 high relief sculptures by National Artist Napoleon Abueva, and alternates depictions of the war with 18 bronze insignia of USAFFE Division units by Talleres de Maximo Vicente, Leonides Valdez, and Angel Sampra and Sons.[5] Each bronze insignia has a flagstaff for the flags of each division.[8]

In the centre of the Colonnade is the altar, behind which are three religious stained glass murals designed by Cenon Rivera and executed by Vetrate D'Arte Giuliani of Rome, Italy.[5] Four large bronze chandeliers hang from the ceiling, while inscribed in marble on the two lateral walls is a narrative of the “Battle of Bataan”.

A footpath that leads to the base of the Memorial Cross begins behind the Colonnade.[9] The 14-flight, zig-zagging path on the mountain slope is paved with bloodstones from Corregidor Island. An alternate road also takes visitors to the base of the Memorial Cross.[3]

Memorial Cross

Dambana ng Kagitingan
Memorial Cross
Shrine of Valor Memorial Cross
LocationPilar, Bataan, Philippines
DesignerLorenzo del Castillo and Napoleon Abueva
TypeHistorical landmark
MaterialSteel and reinforced concrete finished with chipped granolithic marble
Length90 feet (27 m)
Width18 feet (5.5 m)
Height92 metres (302 ft)
Beginning date1966
Completion date1970
Opening date1970
Dedicated toSoldiers who fought for freedom in the Battle of Bataan

The Memorial Cross is a towering structure at the highest point of Mount Samat, 555 m (1,821 ft) above sea level. The monument is made of steel and reinforced concrete with a lift and viewing gallery at the Cross's arms. A staircase also leads to the gallery in the wings. The height of the Cross is 95 m (312 ft) from the base; the height of the arms is 74 m (243 ft) m from the base, with each arm measuring 30 m (98 ft) (15 m (49 ft) on each side), making it the second tallest cross in the world. The viewing gallery is 5.5 m × 27.4 m (18 ft × 90 ft), with a 2.1 m (6.9 ft) clearance.[3]

The exterior of the Cross is finished with chipped granolithic marble. The base until the 11 m (36 ft) level is capped with sculptural slabs and relief[10] titled Nabiag Na Bato also by Abueva, depicting important historical figures and events like the execution of Jose Rizal,[11] Lapu-Lapu[12] and Antonio Luna.[13]

References

  1. ↑ "Proclamation No. 25, s. 1966". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Archived from the original on December 15, 2019. Retrieved December 15, 2019.
  2. 1 2 Yu Jose, Lydia N. (2008). "The Past, Love, Money and Much More: Philippine-Japan Relations Since the End of Second World War", p.23. Ateneo de Manila University.
  3. 1 2 3 "Bataan...A Raging Peninsula". Government of Province of Bataan. 2006. Archived from the original on December 27, 2007. Retrieved December 15, 2019.
  4. ↑ "Mt. Samat National Shrine". National Registry of Historic Sites and Structures in the Philippines. Retrieved on June 8, 2012.
  5. 1 2 3 "Memorials in the Philippines". Filipinos World War II US Military Service. Retrieved on March 27, 2011.
  6. ↑ rhilton4u (March 9, 2009). "Memorial Steps: Mt. Samat Shrine". Flickr. Retrieved on 2011-03-27.
  7. ↑ rhilton4u (March 9, 2009). "Base Memorial: Mt. Samat Shrine". Flickr. Retrieved on 2011-03-27.
  8. ↑ rhilton4u (March 9, 2009). "Mt. Samat Shrine of Valor". Flickr. Retrieved on 2011-03-27.
  9. ↑ rhilton4u (March 9, 2009)."Mt. Samat Shrine of Valor". Flickr. Retrieved on 2011-03-27.
  10. ↑ "Mount Samat Shrine". Flickr. Retrieved on March 15, 2011.
  11. ↑ pianoforte (March 15, 2010). "Mt. Samat Cross". Flickr. Retrieved on 2011-03-27.
  12. ↑ pianoforte (March 13, 2010). "Mt. Samat Cross". Flickr. Retrieved on 2011-03-27.
  13. ↑ pianoforte (March 15, 2010). "Mt. Samat Cross". Flickr. Retrieved on 2011-03-27.
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