Mount Vernon
LocationFairfax County, Virginia
Nearest cityAlexandria, Virginia
Coordinates38°42′29″N 77°05′10″W / 38.7080°N 77.0861°W / 38.7080; -77.0861
Area500 acres (200 ha)
Built1758 (1758)
Architectural stylePalladian
Restored byMount Vernon Ladies' Association
Websitemountvernon.org
NRHP reference No.66000833[1]
VLR No.029-0054[2]
Significant dates
Added to NRHPOctober 15, 1966[1]
Designated NHLDecember 19, 1960[3]
Designated VLRSeptember 9, 1969[2]

Mount Vernon is the former plantation of Founding Father, commander of the Continental Army in the Revolutionary War, and the first president of the United States, George Washington, and his wife, Martha. An American landmark, the estate lies on the banks of the Potomac River in Fairfax County, Virginia. It is located 15 miles south of Washington, D.C., and Alexandria, Virginia, and across the river from Prince George's County, Maryland.

The Washington family acquired land in the area in 1674. Around 1734, the family embarked on an expansion of its estate that continued under George Washington, who began leasing the estate in 1754 before becoming its sole owner in 1761.[4]

The mansion was built of wood in a loose Palladian style; the original house was built in about 1734 by George Washington's father Augustine Washington.[4] George Washington expanded the house twice, once in the late 1750s and again in the 1770s.[4] It remained Washington's home for the rest of his life. Following his death in 1799, the estate progressively declined under the ownership of several successive generations of the family as revenues were insufficient to maintain it adequately.

In 1858, the house's historical importance was recognized and it was taken over by the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association; this organization acquired it together with part of the Washington property estate. The mansion and its surrounding buildings did escape damage from the American Civil War suffered by many properties located within the Confederate States of America.

Mount Vernon was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960 and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is still owned and maintained in trust by the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, being open to the public daily[5] in recognition of George Washington's 1794 acknowledgement of public interest in his estate: "I have no objection to any sober or orderly person's gratifying their curiosity in viewing the buildings, Gardens, &ca. about Mount Vernon."[6]

Name

When George Washington's ancestors acquired the estate, it was known as Little Hunting Creek Plantation, after the nearby Little Hunting Creek.[7] However, when Washington's older half-brother, Lawrence Washington, inherited it, he renamed it after Vice Admiral Edward Vernon,[8] who had been his commanding officer during the War of Jenkins' Ear and captured Portobelo from the Spanish.[9] When George Washington inherited the property, he retained the name.[7]

Buildings and grounds

In classic Palladian style, the home's west side is flanked by advancing single-story secondary wings creating a cour d'honneur.

The estate contained 8,000 acres (3,200 ha) when Washington lived there.[10]

Today's property consists of 500 acres (200 ha),[11] with the Mansion and over 30 outbuildings being situated near the riverfront.[12]

Architecture

The present mansion was built in phases from approximately 1734, by an unknown architect, under the supervision of Augustine Washington.[4] This staggered and unplanned evolution is indicated by the off-center main door. As completed and seen today, the house is in a loose Palladian style. The principal block, dating from about 1734, was a one-story house with a garret.[4] In the 1750s, the roof was raised to a full second story and a third floor garret. There were also one-story extensions added to the north and south ends of the house; these were torn down during the next building phase.[13] The present day mansion is 11,028 sq ft (1,025 m2).[14]

In 1774, the second expansion began. A two-story wing was added to the south side. Two years later a large two-story room was added to the north side.[13] Two single-story secondary wings were built in 1775. These secondary wings, which house the servants hall on the northern side and the kitchen on the southern side, are connected to the corps de logis by symmetrical, quadrant colonnades, built in 1778. The completion of the colonnades cemented the classical Palladian arrangement of the complex and formed a distinct cour d'honneur, known at Mount Vernon as Mansion Circle, giving the house its imposing perspective.

The corps de logis has a hipped roof with dormers and the secondary wings have gable roofs with dormers. In addition to its second story, the importance of the corps de logis is further emphasized by two large chimneys piercing the roof and by a cupola surmounting the center of the house; this octagonal focal point has a short spire topped by a gilded dove of peace.[15] This placement of the cupola is more in the earlier Carolean style than Palladian and was probably incorporated to improve ventilation of the enlarged attic and enhance the overall symmetry of the structure and the two wings; a similar cupola crowns the Governor's House at Williamsburg, of which Washington would have been aware.

Though no architect is known to have designed Mount Vernon, some attribute the design to John Ariss, a prominent Virginia architect who designed Paynes Church in Fairfax County (now destroyed) and likely Mount Airy in Richmond County.[16] Other sources credit Colonel Richard Blackburn, who also designed Rippon Lodge in Prince William County and the first Falls Church.[17][18] Blackburn's granddaughter Anne married Bushrod Washington, George's nephew, and is interred at the Washingtons' tomb on the grounds. Most architectural historians believe that the design of Mount Vernon is solely attributable to Washington alone and that the involvement of any other architects is based on conjecture.[19]

Interior

Washington’s study at Mount Vernon, pictured in July 2023

The rooms at Mount Vernon have mostly been restored to their appearance at the time of George and Martha Washington's occupancy. Rooms include Washington's study, two dining rooms (the larger known as the New Room), the West Parlour, the Front Parlour, the kitchen and some bedrooms.[20]

The interior design follows the classical concept of the exterior, but owing to the mansion's piecemeal evolution, the internal architectural features – the doorcases, mouldings and plasterwork – are not consistently faithful to one specific period of the 18th-century revival of classical architecture. Instead they range from Palladianism to a finer and later neoclassicism in the style of Robert Adam.[20] This varying of the classical style is best exemplified in the doorcases and surrounds of the principal rooms. In the West Parlour and Small Dining rooms there are doorcases complete with ionic columns and full pediments, whereas in the hall and passageways the doors are given broken pediments supported by an architrave.[20] Many of the rooms are lined with painted panelling and have ceilings ornamented by plasterwork in a Neoclassical style; much of this plasterwork can be attributed to an English craftsman, John Rawlins, who arrived from London in 1771 bringing with him the interior design motifs then fashionable in the British capital.[20]

Visitors to Mount Vernon now see Washington's study, a room to which in the 18th century only a privileged few were granted entry. This simply furnished room has a combined bathroom, dressing room and office; the room was so private that few contemporary descriptions exist. Its walls are lined with naturally grained paneling and matching bookcases.[21] In contrast to the privacy of the study, since Washington's time, the grandest, most public and principal reception room has been the so-called New Room or Large Dining Room – a two-storied salon notable for its large Palladian window, occupying the whole of the mansion's northern elevation, and its fine Neoclassical marble chimneypiece.[22] The history of this chimneypiece to some degree explains the overall restrained style of the house. When it was donated to Washington by English merchant Samuel Vaughan, Washington was initially reluctant to accept the gift, stating that it was "too elegant & costly I fear for my own room, & republican stile of living."[23]

Efforts have been made to restore the rooms and maintain the atmosphere of the 18th century; this has been achieved by using original color schemes and by displaying furniture, carpets and decorative objects which are contemporary to the house. The rooms contain portraits and former possessions of George Washington and his family.[20]

Grounds

East Front of George Washington's Mansion
The eastern façade faces the Potomac River
Geometric garden at Mount Vernon

The gardens and grounds contain English boxwoods, taken from cuttings sent by Major General Henry Lee III a Governor of Virginia and the father of Robert E. Lee, which were planted in 1786 by George Washington and now crowd the entry path. A carriage road skirts a grassy bowling green to approach the mansion entrance. To each side of the green is a garden contained by red brick walls. These Colonial Revival gardens[24] grew the household's vegetables, fruit and other perishable items for consumption. The upper garden, located to the north, is bordered by the greenhouse.[25] Ha-ha walls are used to separate the working farm from the pleasure grounds that Washington created for his family and guests.[26] The overseer's quarter, spinning room, salt house, and gardener's house are between the upper garden and the mansion.

The lower garden, or southern garden, is bordered on the east by the storehouse and clerk's quarters, smokehouse, wash house, laundry yard, and coach house. A paddock and stable are on the southern border of the garden; east of them, a little down the hillside, is the icehouse. The original tomb is located along the river. The newer tomb in which the bodies of George and Martha Washington have rested since 1831 is south of the fruit garden; the slave burial ground is nearby, a little farther down the hillside. A "Forest Trail" runs through woods down to a recreated pioneer farm site on low ground near the river; the 4-acre (16,000 m2) working farm includes a re-creation of Washington's 16-sided treading barn.[27]

A museum and education center are on the grounds and exhibit examples of Washington's survey equipment, weapons, and clothing, and the dentures worn by Washington as the first U.S. president. In 2013, the Fred W. Smith National Library for the Study of George Washington opened on Mount Vernon;[28] the library, which is open for scholarship by appointment only, fosters new scholarship about George Washington and safeguards original Washington books and manuscripts.

History

Washington family

In 1674, John Washington, the great-grandfather of George Washington, and Nicholas Spencer came into possession of the land from which Mount Vernon plantation would be carved, originally known by its Indian name of Epsewasson.[29][lower-alpha 1] The successful patent on the acreage was largely executed by Spencer, who acted as agent for his cousin Thomas Colepeper, 2nd Baron Colepeper,[29] the English landowner who controlled the Northern Neck of Virginia, in which the tract lay.[30]

When John Washington died in 1677, his son Lawrence, George Washington's grandfather, inherited his father's stake in the property. In 1690, he agreed to formally divide the estimated 5,000 acre (20 km2) estate with the heirs of Nicholas Spencer, who had died the previous year. The Spencers took the larger southern half bordering Dogue Creek in the September 1674 land grant from Lord Culpeper, leaving the Washingtons the portion along Little Hunting Creek. The Spencer heirs paid Lawrence Washington 2,500 lb (1,100 kg) of tobacco as compensation for their choice.[29]

Lawrence Washington died in 1698, bequeathing the property to his daughter Mildred. On 16 April 1726, she agreed to a one-year lease on the estate to her brother Augustine Washington, George Washington's father, for a peppercorn rent; a month later the lease was superseded by Augustine's purchase of the property for £180.[31] He built the original house on the site around 1734, when he and his family moved from Pope's Creek to Eppsewasson,[32] which he renamed Little Hunting Creek.[33] The original stone foundations of what appears to have been a two-roomed house with a further two rooms in a half-story above are still partially visible in the present house's cellar.[32]

Augustine Washington recalled his eldest son Lawrence (George's half-brother) home from school in England in 1738 and set him up on the family's Little Hunting Creek tobacco plantation, thereby allowing Augustine to move his family back to Fredericksburg at the end of 1739.[7] In 1739, Lawrence, having reached his majority (age 21), began buying up parcels of land from the adjoining Spencer tract, starting with a plot around the grist mill on Dogue Creek. In mid-1740 Lawrence received a coveted officer's commission in the Regular British Army and made preparations to go off to war in the Caribbean with the newly formed American Regiment to fight in the War of Jenkins' Ear.[34] He served under Admiral Edward Vernon; returning home, he named his estate after his commander.

George Washington

Mount Vernon with the Washington family on the terrace, by Benjamin Henry Latrobe (1796)

Lawrence died in 1752, and his will stipulated that his widow should own a life estate in Mount Vernon, the remainder interest falling to his half-brother George; George Washington was already living at Mount Vernon and probably managing the plantation. Lawrence's widow, Anne Fairfax, remarried into the Lee family and moved out.[35] Following the death of Anne and Lawrence's only surviving child in 1754, George, as executor of his brother's estate leased his sister-in-law's estate. Upon the death of Anne Fairfax in 1761, he succeeded to the remainder interest and became sole owner of the property.[36]

In 1758, Washington began the first of two major additions and improvements by raising the house to two-and-a-half stories.[36] The second expansion was begun during the 1770s, shortly before the outbreak of the Revolutionary War. Washington had rooms added to the north and south ends, unifying the whole with the addition of the cupola and two-story piazza overlooking the Potomac River. The final expansion increased the mansion to 21 rooms and an area of 11,028 square feet.[26] The great majority of the work was performed by enslaved African Americans and artisans.[37]

Agriculture and enterprise

Washington out on the plantation, with Mount Vernon in background, by Junius Brutus Stearns (1851)

Washington had been expanding the estate by the purchase of surrounding parcels of land since the late 1750s and was still adding to the estate well into the 1780s, including the River Farm estate.[38] From 1759 until the Revolutionary War, Washington, who at the time aspired to become a prominent agriculturist, had five separate farms as part of his estate. He took a scientific approach to farming and kept extensive and meticulous records of both labor and results.

In a letter dated 20 September 1765, Washington writes about receiving poor returns for his tobacco production:

Can it be otherwise than a little mortifying then to find, that we, who raise none but Sweetscented Tobacco, and endeavour I may venture to add, to be careful in the management of it, however we fail in the execution, and who by a close and fixed corrispondance with you, contribute so largely to the dispatch of your Ships in this Country shoud [sic] meet with such unprofitable returns?[39]

In the same letter he asks about the prices of flax and hemp, with a view to their production:

In order thereto you woud do me a singular favour in advising of the general price one might expect for good Hemp in your Port watered and prepared according to Act of Parliament, with an estimate of the freight, and all other Incident charges pr. Tonn that I may form some Idea of the profits resulting from the growth. I should be very glad to know at the sametime how rough and undressd Flax has generally, and may probably sell; for this year I have made an Essay in both, and altho I suffer pretty considerably by the attempt, owing principally to the severity of the Drougth [sic], and my inexperience in the management I am not altogether discouraged from a further prosecution of the Scheme provided I find the Sales with you are not clogd with too much difficulty and expence.

Map of the estate, drawn by Washington
Red Devon Heritage Breed Cow
Red Devon bull at Mount Vernon

The tobacco market had declined, and many planters in northern Virginia converted to mixed crops. Like them, by 1766 Washington had ceased growing tobacco at Mount Vernon and had replaced the crop with wheat, corn, and other grains. Besides hemp and flax, he experimented with 60 other crops including cotton and silk. He also derived income from a gristmill which produced cornmeal and flour for export and also ground neighbors' grain for fees. Washington similarly sold the services of the estate's looms and blacksmith.

Washington built and operated a small fishing fleet, permitting Mount Vernon to export fish. Washington practiced the selective breeding of sheep in an effort to produce better quality wool. He was not as invested in animal husbandry as he was in cropping experiments, which were elaborate and included complex field rotations, nitrogen fixing crops and a range of soil amendments.[40] The Washington household consumed a wider range of protein sources than was typical for the Chesapeake population of his day, which consumed a great deal of beef.[41]

The new crops were less labor-intensive than tobacco; hence, the estate had a surplus of slaves. But Washington refused to break up families for sale. Washington began to hire skilled indentured servants from Europe to train the redundant slaves for service on and off the estate.[42] Following his service in the war, Washington returned to Mount Vernon and in 1785–1786 spent a great deal of effort improving the landscaping of the estate. It is estimated that during his two terms as President of the United States (1789–1797), Washington spent a total of 434 days in residence at Mount Vernon. After his presidency, Washington tended to repairs to the buildings, socializing, and further gardening. In 1797, farm manager James Anderson—a recent Scottish immigrant—suggested the establishment of a whisky distillery,[43] which proved to be the estate's most profitable business venture over the decade of its operation.[44]

George Washington's will

In his will, written several months before his death in December 1799, George Washington left directions for the emancipation of all the slaves who belonged to him. Of the 317 slaves at Mount Vernon in 1799, a little less than half, 123 individuals, belonged to George Washington. Under the terms of his will, these slaves were to be set free upon Martha Washington's death.[45]

In accordance with state law, George Washington stipulated in his will that elderly slaves or those who were too sick to work were to be supported throughout their lives by his estate. Children without parents, or those whose families were too poor or indifferent to see to their education, were to be bound out (or apprenticed) to masters and mistresses who would teach them reading, writing, and a useful trade, until they were ultimately freed at the age of twenty-five.[45]

When Martha Washington's first husband, Daniel Parke Custis, died without a will, she received a life interest in one-third of his estate, including the slaves. Neither George nor Martha Washington could free these slaves by law. Upon Martha's death, these slaves reverted to the Custis estate and were divided among her grandchildren. By 1799, 153 slaves at Mount Vernon were part of this dower property.[45]

Martha signed a deed of manumission in December 1800.[46] Abstracts of the Fairfax County, Virginia, Court Records record this transaction. The slaves received their freedom on January 1, 1801.[45]

Washington's tomb

Washington family tomb at Mount Vernon.
Sarcophagi of Martha (left) and George (right) Washington at the entrance to the family mausoleum.

On December 12, 1799, Washington spent several hours riding over the plantation, in snow, sleet, and freezing rain. He ate his supper later that evening without changing from his wet clothes. The following day, he awoke with a severe sore throat (either quinsy or acute epiglottitis) and became increasingly hoarse as the day progressed. All the available medical treatments failed to improve his condition, and he died at Mount Vernon at around 10 pm on December 14, 1799, aged 67.

On December 18, a funeral was held at Mount Vernon, where his body was interred.[47] Congress passed a joint resolution to construct a marble monument in the United States Capitol for his body, an initiative supported by Martha. In December 1800, the United States House passed an appropriations bill for $200,000 (~$4.39 million in 2022) to build the mausoleum, which was to be a pyramid with a base 100 feet (30 m) square. Southerners who wanted his body to remain at Mount Vernon defeated the measure.[48]

In accordance with his will, Washington was entombed in a family crypt he had built upon first inheriting the estate. It was in disrepair by 1799, so Washington's will also requested that a new, larger tomb be built. This was not executed until 1831, nearly the centennial of his birth. The need for a new tomb was confirmed when an unsuccessful attempt was made to steal his skull.[49] A joint Congressional committee in early 1832 debated the removal of Washington's body from Mount Vernon to a crypt in the Capitol, built by Charles Bulfinch in the 1820s. Southern opposition was intense, exacerbated by an ever-growing rift between North and South. Congressman Wiley Thompson of Georgia expressed the Southerners' fears when he said:

Remove the remains of our venerated Washington from their association with the remains of his consort and his ancestors from Mount Vernon and from his native State, deposit them in this capitol, and then let a severance of the Union occur and behold the remains of Washington on a shore foreign to his native soil.[48]

In 1831, the bodies of George and Martha Washington, along with other members of the family, were moved from the old crypt to the new family tomb.[50] On October 7, 1837, Washington's remains, encased in a lead inner casket, were transferred from the closed tomb to a sarcophagus presented by John Struthers of Philadelphia. It was placed on the right side of the gateway to the tomb. A similar structure was provided for Martha's remains, which was placed on the left.[51] Other members of the Washington family are interred in an inner vault, behind the vestibule containing the sarcophagi.

Preservation, legacy, and tourism

Following Martha Washington's death in 1802, George Washington's will was carried out in accordance with the terms of his bequests. The largest part of his estate, which included both his papers and Mount Vernon, passed to his nephew, Bushrod Washington, an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.[52] The younger Washington and his wife then moved to Mount Vernon.[53]

Bushrod Washington did not inherit much cash and was unable to support the upkeep of the estate's mansion on the proceeds from the property and his Supreme Court salary. He sold some of his own slaves to gain working capital.[54] However, the farms' low revenues left him short, and he was unable to adequately maintain the mansion.

Mount Vernon in the 1850s

Following Bushrod Washington's death in 1829, ownership of the plantation passed to George Washington's grandnephew, John Augustine Washington II. After he died in 1832, his wife, Jane Charlotte inherited the estate, and her son began managing it. Upon her death in 1855, John Augustine Washington III inherited the property. As his funds dwindled and the wear and tear of hundreds of visitors began to take its toll, Washington could do little to maintain the mansion and its surroundings.[55]

Washington suggested to the United States Congress that the federal government purchase the mansion.[55] However, Congress paid little interest to Washington's offer, as the legislature was focusing on the conditions that shortly led to the American Civil War.[55] Washington then traveled to Richmond, where he was equally unsuccessful in appealing to the Virginia General Assembly for the state to purchase the mansion.[55] The mansion's decline continued.[55]

In 1858, Washington sold the mansion and a portion of the estate's land to the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, which was under the leadership of Ann Pamela Cunningham.[55] The association paid the final installment of the purchase price of $200,000 ($6.3 million in 2020 dollars) in December 1859, taking possession in February 1860.[55] The estate first opened to the public during that year.[10]

The estate served as a neutral ground for both sides during the Civil War, although fighting raged across the nearby countryside. Troops from both the Union and the Confederacy toured the building. The two women caretakers asked that the soldiers leave their arms behind and either change to civilian clothes or at least cover their uniforms. They usually did as asked.[56]

Charles Wilson Killam performing restoration work at Mount Vernon (1932)

Harrison Howell Dodge became the third resident superintendent in 1885. During his 52 years' overseeing the estate, he doubled the facility's acreage, improved the grounds, and added many historic artifacts to the collections. Dodge reviewed George Washington's writings about the estate, visited other Colonial-era gardens, and traveled to England to see gardens dating from the Georgian period. Using that knowledge, Dodge oversaw the restoration of the site completed by Charles Wilson Killam,[57] and put in place a number of improvements that Washington had planned but had never implemented.[58]

Charles Wall was assistant superintendent from 1929 to 1937, then resident superintendent for 39 years. He oversaw restoration of the house by Killam and planted greenery consistent with what was used in the 18th century. In 1974, a campaign he organized was successful in preserving as parkland areas in Maryland across the Potomac River from Mount Vernon, as part of an effort to retain the bucolic vista from the house.[59] His office was the same one used in the 18th century by Washington.[60]

Steamboats began to carry tourists to the Mount Vernon estate in 1878.[61] In 1892, the Washington, Alexandria and Mount Vernon Electric Railway opened, providing electric trolley service between Alexandria and the estate.[62][63][64] The electric railway and its successors carried tourists and others between Washington, D.C., and Mount Vernon from 1896 to 1932, when the federal government acquired part of its route on which to construct the George Washington Memorial Parkway.[63][65] The parkway, originally named the Mount Vernon Memorial Parkway, opened in 1932.[62]

Reconstruction of George Washington's 1797 distillery

In 2007, the estate opened a reconstruction of George Washington's distillery on the site of Washington's original distillery, a short distance from his mansion on the Potomac River. Construction of the distillery cost $2.1 million. The fully functional replica received special legislation from the Virginia General Assembly to produce up to 5,000 US gal (19,000 L) of whiskey annually, for sale only at the Mount Vernon gift shop.

Frank Coleman, spokesman for the Distilled Spirits Council that funded the reconstruction, said the distillery "will become the equivalent of a national distillery museum" and serve as a gateway to the American Whiskey Trail.[66] In 2019, Mount Vernon began an annual whiskey festival.[67]

As of 2020, the estate had received more than 85 million visitors.[10] In addition to the mansion, visitors can see original and reconstructed outbuildings and barns (including slaves' quarters), an operational blacksmith shop, and the Pioneer Farm. Each year on Christmas Day, Aladdin the Christmas Camel recreates Washington's 1787 hiring of a camel for 18 shillings to entertain his guests with an example of the animal that brought the Three Wise Men to Bethlehem to visit the newborn Jesus.[68]

     Mount Vernon
1956 Liberty Issue

Mount Vernon remains a privately owned property. The non-profit Mount Vernon Ladies' Association has not received any funds from the federal government to support the restoration and maintenance of the mansion and the estate's 500-acre (2.0 km2) grounds or its educational programs and activities.[69]

The association derives its income from charitable donations and the sales of tickets, produce and goods to visitors. These enable the Association to continue its mission "to preserve, restore, and manage the estate of George Washington to the highest standards and to educate visitors and people throughout the world about the life and legacies of George Washington, so that his example of character and leadership will continue to inform and inspire future generations."[70] Admission to Mount Vernon is free on Presidents' Day (the third Monday of February) and on George Washington's birthday (February 22).[71]

Mount Vernon was featured in a 1-cent United States postage stamp in 1936 within the Army and Navy Commemorative Series. The green stamp, which was the first in the series, also contained portraits of George Washington and Nathanael Greene, a Major General of the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War.[72]

George Washington Family Statue

In 1956, a 1.5-cent stamp within the Liberty Issue of U.S. postage stamps memorialized Mount Vernon as a national shrine. The Liberty Issue was originally planned to honor six presidents, six famous Americans, and six historic national shrines. The Mount Vernon stamp, which featured a view of Washington's home facing the Potomac River, was the issue's first that commemorated a shrine.[73]

Mount Vernon was designated a National Historic Landmark on December 19, 1960, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966.[1][3] Development and improvement of the estate is an ongoing concern. Following a $110 million fundraising campaign, two new buildings that GWWO, Inc./Architects had designed opened in 2006 as venues for additional background on George Washington and the American Revolution. The Ford Orientation Center introduces visitors to George Washington and Mount Vernon with displays and a film. The Donald W. Reynolds Museum and Education Center houses many artefacts related to Washington along with multimedia displays and further films using modern entertainment technology.

Mount Vernon was put on the tentative list for World Heritage Site status in the early 2000s. It was submitted but failed to get approved. In 2014, Mount Vernon awarded its first Cyrus A. Ansary Prize for Courage and Character to former President George H. W. Bush.[74][75]

The airspace surrounding Mount Vernon is restricted to prevent damage from aircraft vibrations.[76][77] As a consequence, overhead/aerial photography has been limited and requires unique approaches.[78]

Mount Vernon Viewshed

In 1955, a 485-acre farm across from Mount Vernon went up for sale. There were rumors that an oil company was to buy it. Charles Wagner, a resident of the Moyaone Association, a community next to the proposed site, reached out to Charles Wall, the Resident Director of Mount Vernon.[79] The Mount Vernon Ladies' Association and its then leader, Ohio Member of Congress Frances P. Bolton, had expressed a desire to protect the view from Mount Vernon. At this point Bolton, Wagner, Wall, and Moyaone resident Robert W. Straus developed a decades-long plan to protect the Mount Vernon viewshed, which came to be known as Operation Overview.[80][81]

The first step was taken in 1957 when Bolton founded the Accokeek Foundation, one of the nation's first land trusts.[81] The Foundation was used to purchase 200 acres (81 ha) of land across from Mount Vernon to help preserve the area,[82]

In 1961 and at Bolton's instigation, a joint resolution to preserve the viewshed was introduced in the United States Senate by Senator Clinton Anderson with identical text in the United States House of Representatives by Representative John P. Saylor. The resolution was quickly passed and signed by President John F. Kennedy. Its purpose was to "preserve lands which provide the principal overview from the Mount Vernon Estate and Fort Washington" in order to designate 133 acres (54 ha) around Mockley Point, which was to be the site of water treatment plant, as a national landmark. The resolution also authorized the National Park Service to receive donations and scenic easements from adjacent communities.[83] At this point Bolton and the Accokeek Foundation transferred their land to the National Park Service to form Piscataway Park.[79] In addition, Moyaone Association residents transferred conservation easements to the Park Service to further protect the viewshed. In 2020, the Moyaone Reserve was given National Register of Historic Places status.[84]

Access

Public transportation

The Fairfax Connector Routes 101, 151 and 152 buses travel daily between the Mount Vernon estate and the Huntington station on Washington Metro's Yellow Line.[85] The Route 11C Metrobus travels between the estate and the Braddock Road station on Metro's Blue and Yellow Lines during weekday peak hours.[86]

Cycling, running, and walking

The 17-mile (27 km)-long Mount Vernon Trail travels along the George Washington Memorial Parkway and the Potomac River between the Mount Vernon estate and Rosslyn in Arlington County, Virginia, where it connects to the Custis Trail.[87][88] The shared-use path is a part of the Potomac Heritage Trail, the East Coast Greenway and U.S. Bicycle Route 1.

The Mount Vernon Trail connects to shared-use paths that travel on the Francis Scott Key Bridge, the Theodore Roosevelt Bridge, the Arlington Memorial Bridge and the George Mason Memorial Bridge (one of the 14th Street bridges).[88][89] The bridges cross the river into Washington, D.C., where their shared-use paths connect to the Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway Trail, the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal towpath and the Capital Crescent Trail.[88][89]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ↑ The deed conveying the grant of Mount Vernon, then in Stafford County, to Washington and Spencer was dated 1 March 1677, and was signed by "Tho. Culpepper", the original proprietor of the Northern Neck, from whom the proprietorship devolved to his eventual heir Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron.

Citations

  1. 1 2 3 (1) "Mount Vernon". NPGallery Digital Asset Management System: National Register Digital Assets. United States Department of the Interior: National Park Service. Archived from the original on October 21, 2020. Retrieved October 26, 2020..
    (2) "Department of the Interior: Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service: National Register of Historic Places: Annual Listing of Historic Properties: Virginia: Fairfax County" (PDF). Federal Register. National Archives. 24 (26: Book 2): 7614. February 6, 1979. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 22, 2020. Retrieved October 26, 2020 – via Library of Congress. Alexandria vicinity. MOUNT VERNON, 7 mi. S of Alexandria on George Washington Memorial Pkwy., (10-15-66) PH0036030 NHL; HABS..
  2. 1 2 "Virginia Landmarks Register". Virginia Department of Historic Resources. Archived from the original on August 9, 2020. Retrieved May 15, 2016.
  3. 1 2 "List of NHLs by State". National Historic Landmarks. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of the Interior: National Park Service. December 2016. Archived from the original on October 23, 2020. Retrieved October 26, 2020.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 "Expansion of Mount Vernon's Mansion". George Washington's Mount Vernon. Archived from the original on November 6, 2018. Retrieved November 5, 2018.
  5. ↑ "Hours & Directions". George Washington's Mount Vernon. Archived from the original on November 6, 2018. Retrieved November 5, 2018.
  6. ↑ George Washington, letter to William Pearce (23 November 1794)
  7. 1 2 3 Grizzard (2005), p. 332
  8. ↑ "Frequently Asked Questions". The Papers of George Washington. University of Virginia. Archived from the original on May 30, 2013. Retrieved May 25, 2013.
  9. ↑ "Growth of Mount Vernon". mountvernon.org. Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. Retrieved March 14, 2020.
  10. 1 2 3 "About Mount Vernon". George Washington's Mount Vernon. Archived from the original on February 7, 2019. Retrieved February 5, 2019.
  11. ↑ "Mount Vernon Fact Sheet". mountvernon.com. 2011. Archived from the original on August 18, 2010. Retrieved August 8, 2011.
  12. ↑ "Historic Structures". George Washington's Mount Vernon. Archived from the original on November 8, 2018. Retrieved November 7, 2018.
  13. 1 2 "Expansion of Mount Vernon's Mansion". George Washington's Mount Vernon. Archived from the original on November 6, 2018. Retrieved November 7, 2018.
  14. ↑ "The Mansion". George Washington's Mount Vernon. Archived from the original on September 10, 2018. Retrieved February 5, 2019.
  15. ↑ "History of Mount Vernon". Mountvernon.com. Archived from the original on August 11, 2011. Retrieved August 8, 2011.
  16. ↑ Kornwolf, James D.; Kornwolf, Professor James D.; Kornwolf, Georgiana Wallis (2002). James D. Kornwolf, Georgiana Wallis Kornwolf, Architecture and Town Planning in Colonial North America, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 2002. JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-5986-1. Archived from the original on June 17, 2016. Retrieved October 31, 2015.
  17. ↑ Writers' Program of the Work Projects Administration in the State of Virginia. Price, Jamese (ed.). VIRGINIA A Guide To The Old Dominion. American Guide Series. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on August 10, 2016. Retrieved November 9, 2019.
  18. ↑ Hayden, H.E. (April 1910). Virginia Genealogies. The William and Mary Quarterly.
  19. ↑ Manca (2012), p. 250
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 "Interior Architectural Details". George Washington's Mount Vernon. Mount Vernon, Virginia: Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. 2020. Archived from the original on December 15, 2018. Retrieved February 13, 2020.
  21. ↑ "George Washington's Study". George Washington's Mount Vernon. Mount Vernon, Virginia: Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. 2020. Archived from the original on May 30, 2018. Retrieved February 13, 2020.
  22. ↑ "New Room". George Washington's Mount Vernon. Mount Vernon, Virginia: Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. 2020. Archived from the original on October 21, 2019. Retrieved February 13, 2020.
  23. ↑ "Chimney Piece". George Washington's Mount Vernon. Mount Vernon, Virginia: Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. 2020. Archived from the original on October 10, 2017. Retrieved February 13, 2020.
  24. ↑ Griswold & Foley (1999), p. 124
  25. ↑ "Gardens". Mountvernon.org. Archived from the original on July 29, 2011. Retrieved August 8, 2011.
  26. 1 2 Anon. "Ten Facts about the Mansion". Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. Archived from the original on February 13, 2014. Retrieved February 15, 2014.
  27. ↑ "Sixteen-Sided Barn". Mountvernon.org. Archived from the original on August 28, 2011. Retrieved August 8, 2011.
  28. ↑ "About the Library". George Washington's Mount Vernon. Archived from the original on March 15, 2016. Retrieved March 15, 2016.
  29. 1 2 3 Dalzell & Dalzell (1998), pp. 19–20
  30. ↑ Tyler, Lyon Gardiner (1915). "Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography, Under the Editorial Supervision of Lyon … - Google Books". google.com. Archived from the original on May 17, 2016. Retrieved March 15, 2016.
  31. ↑ Wall, Charles C. (1945), "Notes on the Early History of Mount Vernon", William and Mary Quarterly, 3, 2 (2): 173–90, doi:10.2307/1923518, JSTOR 1923518
  32. 1 2 Dalzell & Dalzell (1998), pp. 25–26
  33. ↑ Rasmussen & Tilton (1999), p. 7
  34. ↑ Rasmussen & Tilton (1999), p. 38
  35. ↑ Burian, A. Ward (April 1, 2007). George Washington's Legacy of Leadership. Morgan James Publishing. pp. 19–20. ISBN 978-1-60037-161-5.
  36. 1 2 Greenberg, Allen (May 1999). George Washington, architect. Andreas Papadakis Publishers. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-901092-18-9.
  37. ↑ Dalzell & Dalzell (1998), p. 228
  38. ↑ "The Growth of Mount Vernon 1754–1786". The Papers of George Washington. Archived from the original on December 15, 2008.
  39. ↑ "George Washington to Robert Cary & Company, September 20, 1765, Account Book 1". The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, 1745–1799. John C. Fitzpatrick, Editor. The George Washington Papers at the Library of Congress, 1741–1799. Archived from the original on June 22, 2018. Retrieved March 6, 2009.
  40. ↑ Subak, Susan (2018). The Five-Ton Life. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 47–50. Archived from the original on April 1, 2019. Retrieved April 2, 2019.
  41. ↑ Subak, Susan (2018). The Five-Ton Life. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 32–40. Archived from the original on April 1, 2019. Retrieved April 2, 2019.
  42. ↑ Chernow, Ron (2010). Washington: A Life. The Penguin Press. ISBN 978-1-101-44418-4.
  43. ↑ "James Anderson". George Washington's Mount Vernon. Retrieved July 4, 2023.
  44. ↑ "Whiskey Production". George Washington's Mount Vernon. Retrieved July 4, 2023.
  45. 1 2 3 4 "George Washington and Slavery". George Washington's Mount Vernon: Digital Encyclopedia. Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. 2015. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved November 30, 2015.
  46. ↑ Gehred, Kathryn (July 6, 2018). "Why Did Martha Washington Free Her Husband's Slaves Early?". Washington Papers. Charlottesville, Virginia: University of Virginia. Archived from the original on January 23, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
  47. ↑ "The Funeral". The Papers of George Washington. University of Virginia. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011. Retrieved July 3, 2011.
  48. 1 2 Boorstin, Daniel J. (1965). The Americans: The National Experience. Vintage Books. pp. 349–350. ISBN 0-394-70358-8.
  49. ↑ Johnston, Elizabeth Bryant (1889). Visitors' Guide to Mount Vernon (16th ed.). Gibson Brothers, printers. pp. 14–15. OCLC 22376201. Retrieved July 3, 2011.
  50. ↑ "Tomb". George Washington's Mount Vernon.
  51. ↑ Washington, George; Jefferson, Thomas; Peters, Richard (1847). Knight, Franklin (ed.). Letters on Agriculture. Washington, The editor; Philadelphia, W. S. Martien. pp. 177–180. OCLC 3347675. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
  52. ↑ (1) Fister, Jude M. (2014). America Writes Its History, 1650-1850: The Formation of a National Narrative. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland and Company, Inc. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-7864-7921-4. OCLC 859384941 – via Google Books.
    (2) Lossing, Benson J. (1870). "The Home of Washington; Or, Mount Vernon and Its Associations, Historical, Biographical, and Pictorial". Hartford, Connecticut: A.S. Hale & Company. p. 350. OCLC 1593086 – via Google Books.
    (3) Washington, George. "George Washington's Last Will and Testament, 9 July 1799". Founders Online. National Archives. Archived from the original on October 22, 2020. Retrieved October 25, 2020. To my nephew Bushrod Washington, I give and bequeath all the Papers in my possession which relate to my Civil and Military Administration of the affairs of this Country; I leave to him also such of my private papers as are worth preserving; and at the decease of my wife, and before; if she is not inclined to retain them, I give and bequeath my Library of books, and pamphlets of every kind. ..... To my nephew Bushrod Washington and his heirs (partly in consideration of an intimation to his deceased father, while we were Bachelors, & he had kindly undertaken to superintend my Estate during my Military Services in the former War between Great Britain and France, that if I should fall therein, Mount Vernon (then less extensive in domain than at present) should become his property) I give and bequeath all that part thereof which is comprehended within the following limits, ..... [Original source: Abbot, W. W., ed. (1999). The Papers of George Washington. Retirement Series. Vol. 4: 20 April 1799 — 13 December 1799. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia. pp. 479–511. ISBN 0-8139-1855-3. LCCN 97006770. OCLC 985598820.]
    (4) "George Washington's Last Will and Testament". The Papers of George Washington. Charlottesville, Virginia: University of Virginia: washingtonpapers.org. July 9, 1799. pp. 14, 19, 20, 21. Archived from the original (Manuscript) on October 26, 2020. Retrieved October 25, 2020..
    (5) Smith, M. Earl. "Bushrod Washington". Digital Encyclopedia. Mount Vernon, Virginia: George Washington's Mount Vernon. Retrieved November 16, 2016. "Bushrod Washington · George Washington's Mount Vernon". Archived from the original on November 16, 2016. Retrieved November 16, 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link).
  53. ↑ Smith, M. Earl. "Bushrod Washington". Digital Encyclopedia. Mount Vernon, Virginia: George Washington's Mount Vernon. Archived from the original on November 16, 2016. Retrieved November 16, 2016.
  54. ↑ (1) Fister, Jude M. (2014). America Writes Its History, 1650–1850: The Formation of a National Narrative. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland and Company, Inc. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-7864-7921-4. OCLC 859384941. Archived from the original on June 17, 2016. Retrieved March 15, 2016. At Google Books.
    (2) Dunne, Gerald. "Bushrod Washington and The Mount Vernon Slaves". 1980 Yearbook. Supreme Court Historical Society. Archived from the original on October 9, 2002. Retrieved November 30, 2015.
  55. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "The Formation of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association and the Dramatic Rescue of George Washington's Estate". Mount Vernon Estate and Gardens. Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. Archived from the original on December 29, 2008. Retrieved November 23, 2015.
  56. ↑ "Smithsonian Civil War Studies: Article - Protecting Mount Vernon During the Civil War". Archived from the original on September 9, 2016. Retrieved February 13, 2017.
  57. ↑ Minutes of the Council of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union held at Mount Vernon, Virginia. Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. May 11–18, 1932 – via The George Washington Presidential Library At Mount Vernon.
  58. ↑ "Col. Harrison Dodge, Mt. Vernon Custodian; Superintendent of Washington's Home Since 1885—Made Many Improvements". The New York Times. May 21, 1937. Archived from the original on April 2, 2018. Retrieved July 24, 2010.
  59. ↑ Robert McG. Thomas Jr. (May 5, 1995). "Charles Wall, 91, Long Director Of George Washington's Home". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 31, 2013. Retrieved July 23, 2010.
  60. ↑ Barnes, Bart (May 4, 1995). "Former Master of Mt. Vernon Charles Cecil Wall Dies at 91". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 17, 2016. Retrieved November 16, 2016.
  61. ↑ "19th Century Cruises on the Potomac River". George Washington's Mount Vernon. Mount Vernon, Virginia: Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. 2018. Archived from the original on January 18, 2018. Retrieved February 13, 2020.
  62. 1 2 "George Washington Memorial Parkway". George Washington's Mount Vernon. Mount Vernon, Virginia: Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. 2020. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved February 13, 2020.
  63. 1 2 Merriken, John E. (1987). Old Dominion Trolley Too: A History of the Mount Vernon Line. LeRoy O. King, Jr. ISBN 0-9600938-2-6. LCCN 86091361. OCLC 17605355.
  64. ↑ 1894 topographic map of the city of Alexandria, Alexandria County, and eastern Fairfax County, showing the route of the Washington, Alexandria and Mount Vernon Railway (unlabled) between the city of Alexandria and Mount Vernon: Gannett, Henry; Thompson, Gilbert (November 1894). "Reconnaissance Map: Virginia - Maryland: Mt. Vernon Sheet". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved January 20, 2020 – via Perry–Castañeda Library Map Collection: Virginia Historical Topographic Maps: Austin, Texas: Perry–Castañeda Library, University of Texas at Austin.
  65. ↑ (1) Snowden, William H. (1902). Some Old Historic Landmarks of Virginia and Maryland, Described in a Hand-book for the Tourist Over the Washington, Alexandria and Mount Vernon Electric Railway (3rd ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: G.H. Ramey & Son. p. 1. OCLC 6234650. Retrieved February 2, 2018 – via Internet Archive.
    (2) 1904 map of Alexandria County (now Arlington County), the city of Alexandria and southeastern Fairfax County showing the route of the Washington, Alexandria & Mt. Vernon Railroad (Wash. Alex. & Mt.V. R.R.): "Map of electric railroads, steam railroads and streets in Washington and vicinity". Rand McNally & Co.'s Pictorial Guide to Washington. New York and Chicago: Rand McNally & Company. 1904. p. 5. Retrieved January 13, 2013 – via Internet Archive.
    (3) Tindall, Dr. William (1918). "Beginning of Street Railways in the National Capital". Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C.: Columbia Historical Society. 21: 46–47. Retrieved February 2, 2014 – via Google Books.
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  67. ↑ "A new whiskey festival is coming to Mount Vernon". July 15, 2019. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
  68. ↑ Basch, Michelle (December 25, 2011). "Mount Vernon continues 'Christmas Camel' tradition". Archived from the original on January 18, 2012. Retrieved March 7, 2013.
  69. ↑ "Exploring Mount Vernon". Smithsonian Magazine. Smithsonian.com. November 1, 2006. Archived from the original on February 3, 2008. Retrieved February 28, 2008.
  70. ↑ "The Mission of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association". About Mount Vernon: Our Mission. Mount Vernon, Virginia: Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. 2016. Archived from the original on August 5, 2016. Retrieved November 16, 2016.
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  72. ↑ Trotter, Gordon T. "Army & Navy Issue: 1-cent Washington & Greene". About U.S. Stamps. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution: National Postal Museum. Archived from the original on October 18, 2020. Retrieved October 26, 2020..
  73. ↑ Rod, Steven J. (May 16, 2006). "1-1/2-cent Mount Vernon". Arago: people, postage & the post. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution: National Postal Museum. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved February 13, 2020. Archived February 13, 2020, at the Wayback Machine.
  74. ↑ Baker, Peter, "Bush 41 Reunion Looks to Burnish His Legacy" Archived 19 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine, New York Times, 3 April 2014. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
  75. ↑ "Executive Profile: Cyrus A. Ansary", Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
  76. ↑ Nesi, Chris (November 18, 2014). "11 Places Planes Can't Fly Over in the U.S." Archived from the original on October 12, 2018. Retrieved October 12, 2018.
  77. ↑ "Federal Register PART 73—SPECIAL USE AIRSPACE Mount Vernon, VA" (PDF). May 25, 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 12, 2018. Retrieved October 12, 2018.
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  79. 1 2 McDonnell, Janet (December 2020). "Preservation and Partners: A History of Piscataway Park" (PDF). National Park Service.
  80. ↑ John H. Sprinkle Jr. (November 2016). "Operation Overview and the Creation of Piscataway Park". The Public Historian. 38 (4): 79–100. doi:10.1525/tph.2016.38.4.79.
  81. 1 2 Meringolo, Denise D. (2008). "The Accokeek Foundation and Piscataway Park". CRM: The Journal of Heritage Stewardship. National Park Service. 5 (1).
  82. ↑ Lutz, Lara (November 1, 2005). "Piscataway Park, Rooted in Farming of Past, Sows Seeds for Future". Bay Journal. Seven Valleys, Pennsylvania: Chesapeake Media Service. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
  83. ↑ "Joint resolution to provide for the preservation and protection of certain lands in Prince Georges and Charles Counties, Maryland, and for other purposes". Act of October 4, 1961. United States House of Representatives.
  84. ↑ "WEEKLY LIST OF ACTIONS TAKEN ON PROPERTIES: 10/2/2020 THROUGH 10/8/2020". National Park Service. October 9, 2020.
  85. ↑ "Route 101 (Fort Hunt – Mt. Vernon) bus map and schedule" (PDF). Fairfax Connector. Government of Fairfax County, Virginia. December 19, 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 14, 2021. Retrieved June 14, 2021.
    (2) "Routes 151 & 159 (Engleside – Mt. Vernon) bus map and schedule" (PDF). Fairfax Connector. Government of Fairfax County, Virginia. December 19, 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 14, 2021. Retrieved June 14, 2021.
    (3) "Route 152 (Groveton – Mt. Vernon) bus map and schedule" (PDF). Fairfax Connector. Government of Fairfax County, Virginia. December 19, 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 5, 2019. Retrieved June 14, 2021.
    (4) "Fairfax County Transit Network" (map). Fairfax Connector. Government of Fairfax County, Virginia. January 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 10, 2021. Retrieved June 14, 2021.
  86. ↑ "11C Mount Vernon Line bus map and schedule" (PDF). Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority. June 6, 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 6, 2021. Retrieved June 14, 2021.
  87. ↑ "Exploring the Mount Vernon Trail" (map). Washington, D.C.: National Park Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 25, 2021. Retrieved June 14, 2021.
  88. 1 2 3 "Arlington County Bike Map: 2019" (PDF). BikeArlington. Arlington County government. May 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 6, 2020. Retrieved January 6, 2020.
  89. 1 2 "Washington, D.C. and vicinity bike map" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: District Department of Transportation, Government of the District of Columbia. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 2, 2021. Retrieved June 14, 2021.

Further reading

  • Brandt, Lydia Mattice. First in the Homes of His Countrymen: George Washington's Mount Vernon in the American Imagination (U of Virginia Press, 2016). xii, 284 pp
  • Dalzell, Robert F.; Dalzell, Lee Baldwin (1998), George Washington's Mount Vernon: At Home in Revolutionary America, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-513628-9
  • Griswold, Mac; Foley, Roger (1999), Washington's Gardens at Mount Vernon: Landscape of the Inner Man, Houghton Mifflin
  • Grizzard, Frank (2005), George!: A Guide to All Things Washington, Mariner Companies
  • Manca, Joseph (2012), George Washington's Eye: Landscape, Architecture, and Design at Mount Vernon, The Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 978-1-4214-0432-5
  • Rasmussen, William M. S.; Tilton, Robert S. (1999), George Washington—the Man Behind the Myths, University of Virginia Press, ISBN 978-0-8139-1900-3
  • Thane, Elswyth (1966). Mount Vernon is ours. New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce.
  • Virginia: A Guide to the Old Dominion. Oxford University Press. 1940.
  • Wilstach, Paul (1918). Mount Vernon: Washington's Home and the Nation's Shrine. The Bobbs-Merrill Company.

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