Muhammad-nutsal IV
Nutsal of Avars
PredecessorMahmud Khan I
SuccessorUmma Khan V
Born1730
Khunzakh
Died1774
Wives
  • Bahu (Paru), daughter of Khan-Muhammad of Kaitag
  • Tinatina
  • Maryam
  • Bita
Issuesons: Umma Khan V, Gebek (Ekber Khan), Surkhay daughters: Histaman, Bakhtika (Bartikhoy), Mesedu (Mezeda), Sultanzada (Sultansad), Shamay, Aymisi
FatherUmma Khan IV
ReligionIslam

Muhammad-nutsal IV the Brave also known as Nursal-bey[1][2][3] or Mersel-khan[4] (Avar: Мухӏаммад-нуцал, 1730–1774)[5] was an Avar nutsal (ruler), who ruled from 1735 to 1774.

Biography

Early years

He was born in 1730 or 1731 in Khunzakh village in the family of Umma Khan IV. In 1735, his father was mortally wounded in a campaign against the shamkhal of Tarki and after some time died from his wounds when he was 5 years old.[6] Due to the infancy of the children of the previous ruler Nutsal Khan II, who ruled until 1744 became the khan.[7]

Shapi Kaziev describes how during the Nader Shah's Dagestan campaign, the people of Khunzakh were led by Muhammad-nutsal and together they defeated the 20.000-strong Shah’s detachment in the Aimakin Gorge,[8] after which nutsal went to Andalal and finally expelled the Persians from Avar lands.[9]

War with Georgia

In 1751, the united army of the Dagestan feudal lords defeated the Georgian troops.[9] This was one of the most serious defeats for Teimuraz II and Heraclius II. According to Petr Butkov, in 1752/1753 he came to Georgia with the Lezgin army Mersel-khan (Muhammad-nutsal) and surrounded the Mchadis-Jvari fortress.[10] King Teimuraz in the first battle with him defeated and drove out the Lezgins, but then they gathered in Gartiskar and did not stop raiding Georgia. King Heraclius blocked their way and exterminated them all.[10] But the joy of a major victory over the Khunzakh ruler was overshadowed by continuous small raids that continued until 1760.[11]

Relations with the Russian Empire

In 1753, Muhammed-nutsal applied for acceptance into Russian citizenship.

Among other things, in the first quarter of the 19th century, some Chechen societies were politically dependent on the Avar Khan,[12] and in a letter to the Kizlyar commandant received on May 21, 1758, Muhammad-nutsal motivated his negative attitude towards the alleged repressions of the tsarist authorities against the Chechens.[13]

Return of Lezghians from a raid

War with the Guba Khanate

In 1765, Fatali Khan of Quba captured Derbent, and in 1768 occupied Shamakhi. The ruler of Shamakhi khanate Aghasi Khan fled to Karabakh, where he gathered a detachment and also attracted to his side the Muhammad Husayn Khan of Shaki and Muhammad-nutsal, who did not want the strengthening of Fatali Khan.[14] The Avar nutsal sent an armed detachment led by his brother Muhammad Mirza and nephew Bulach. In the ensuing battle between Muhammad Husayn Khan, Aghasi Khan and the Avar nutsals on the one hand and Fatali Khan on the other, the first were defeated, Muhammad Mirza and his son Bulach killed, Muhammad Husayn Khan fled to Shaki and Aghasi Khan to Kotevan.[14]

In the next battle between Khans and already the sons of the Avar nutsal on the one hand and Fatali Khan on the other, the first were defeated, both sons of the Avar nutsal died and the Khans fled to their lands again.[15][16]

In 1774, Muhammad-nutsal himself opposed Fatali Khan and together with Aghasi Khan he finally managed to capture Shamakhi. However, soon, led by the forces recruited in his possessions and the detachment of Malik Muhammad Khan of Baku, Fatali Khan also hiring the Akushites moved to Shirvan.[17] The Avar nutsal and Aghasi Khan moved to meet and entered into battle with him. The army of Aghashi Khan was defeated and fled, and the Nutsal decided to continue the fight, but in the end was defeated too. Not seeing a successful outcome of the battle, the Avar nutsal proposed negotiations, to which Fatali Khan agreed and invited him to his place for negotiations,[18] where during the talks he was killed[16] by the Akushites.[19]

After his death, he was succeeded by his eldest son Umma Khan V.[20] Wanting to avenge the death of his father, the new ruler of Avar lands began to prepare a campaign against Fatali Khan.[21]

Family

Genealogy of the Avar khans, compiled by A. Berge

According to the genealogy of the Avar khans compiled by Adolf Berge, Muhammed-nutsal had 4 wives and 9 children:

  1. Paru from the Utsmiy clan
    1. Umma Khan V
    2. daughter Bulach died during the war with Persians
    3. daughter Histama married Ali-Sultan of Mehtuli
    4. daughter Bartikhoy (Bike, b. c. 1744) married Ibrahim Khalil Khan of Karabakh
    5. daughter Mesedu (Mezeda) is married to the Kaitag utsmiy
  2. Tinatina taken prisoner Georgian
    1. daughter Sultanzada (Sultansad) married in Tabasaran
  3. Maryam taken prisoner Georgian
    1. son Surkhay died during the life of his father
    2. son Gevek (Ekber Khan) "wanted to take possession of the Avar lands after the death of his father, but the widow of his brother Gikhilay poisoned him in 1800.
  4. Bita, Lezgin woman
    1. daughter Shamay married in the Mehtuli Khanate[22]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Magomedov, Murad. History of the Avars.
  2. ↑ Akhzakov, Alikhadji (1968). Dagestanskiĭ filial Akademii nauk SSSR, In-t istorii, i︠a︡zyka, i literatury im. G. T︠S︡adasy. p. 37.
  3. ↑ Macharadze, Valerian (1960). Posol'stvo Teĭmuraza II V Rossii͡u. p. 152.
  4. ↑ Butkov, Petr (2021-10-02). "Materials for the new history of the Caucasus from 1722 to 1803". Archived from the original on 2021-10-02. Retrieved 2023-02-17.
  5. ↑ Aitberov, Timur (1986). Materials on the chronology and genealogy of the rulers of the Avaria. Makhachkala: Study of medieval Dagestan. pp. 154–156.
  6. ↑ Ilyasov, Khizri (1997). Gazikumukh khans. Makhachkala: Dagestan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. p. 7.
  7. ↑ "Statesmen of Avaria". 2021-10-02. Archived from the original on 2021-10-02. Retrieved 2023-02-17.
  8. ↑ Gadzhiev, Vladilen; Musaev S. A. (2005). History of Dagestan. Makhachkala: Юпитер (Jupiter). p. 105.
  9. 1 2 Kaziev, Shapi (2009). The collapse of the tyrant. Makhachkala: Эпоха. p. 10. ISBN 978-5-98390-066-0.
  10. 1 2 Butkov, Petr (2022-01-21). "Materials for the new history of the Caucasus". Archived from the original on 2022-01-21. Retrieved 2023-02-17.
  11. ↑ Vachnadze, Merab; Guruli, Vakhtang; Bakhtadze, Mikhail (2021-11-01). "History of Georgia (from ancient times to the present day)". Archived from the original on 2021-11-01. Retrieved 2023-02-17.
  12. ↑ Volkov, Natalia (1973). Ethnonyms and tribal names of the North Caucasus. Makhachkala: Наука. p. 208.
  13. ↑ Khapizov S. M. (2013). Umma Nutsal the Great (PDF). Makhachkala. p. 9. ISBN 978-5-4242-0152-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-10-05.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  14. 1 2 Leviatov, Vadim (1948). Essays from the history of Azerbaijan in the 18th-century. Baku: AN ASSR. p. 190.
  15. ↑ "КОММЕНТАРИИ К ТЕКСТУ". 2021-02-14. Archived from the original on 2021-02-14. Retrieved 2023-02-17.
  16. 1 2 History of Dagestan. Makhachkala: Наука. 1967. pp. 375–376.
  17. ↑ Gadzhiev, Vladilen (1965). The role of Russia in the history of Dagestan. Наука. p. 141.
  18. ↑ "Akusha-Dargo Union in the system of relations between the feudal estates of Dagestan in the second half of the 18th-century". cyberleninka.ru. Retrieved 2023-02-17.
  19. ↑ Gajinsky, Iskender-bek (1959). Life of Fatali Khan of Quba. Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijan SSR. p. 54.
  20. ↑ Khapizov S. M. (2013). Umma Nutsal the Great. Makhachkala. p. 31. ISBN 978-5-4242-0152-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  21. ↑ Gadzhiev, Vladilen (1967). History of Dagestan. Наука. p. 152.
  22. ↑ Aitberov, Timur (1986). Materials on the chronology and genealogy of the rulers of the Avaria. Makhachkala: Study of medieval Dagestan.

Sources

  • Aitberov, Timur (1986). Materials on the chronology and genealogy of the rulers of the Avaria. Makhachkala: Study of medieval Dagestan, p. 154–156.
  • Ilyasov, Khizri (1997). Gazikumukh khans. Makhachkala: Dagestan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. p. 7.
  • Kaziev, Shapi (2009). The collapse of the tyrant. Makhachkala: Эпоха. p. 10. ISBN 978-5-98390-066-0
  • Totoev, Felix (2009). The social structure of Chechnya. — Institute of IAE DSC RAS. - Nalchik. 374 p. ISBN 978-5-88195-977-7
  • Khapizov S. M. (2013). Umma Nutsal the Great. Makhachkala. p. 9, 31. ISBN 978-5-4242-0152-3
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