Murād Khan
Khan of the Golden Horde
Western Half (Blue Horde)
Reign1361–1363
PredecessorTimur Khwaja
SuccessorPūlād Khwaja (Khayr Pūlād?)
DiedSeptember? 1363
DynastyBorjigin
FatherMangqutai
ReligionIslam

Murād Khan (Turki/Kypchak: مرید خان‎; Persian: مراد خان); called Amurat and Murut in Russian sources, and sometimes Murīd/Mürid, Burut, and Murdād in eastern sources, was Khan of at least part of the Golden Horde from 1361 to 1363)

Origins

Murād, or more fully Ḥājjī Murād, was the brother of Khiḍr Khan, the son of Mangqutai, son of Töle Buqa, son of Qadaq, son of Shiban, son of Jochi, and originated from the Ulus of Shiban in the eastern part of the Golden Horde, according to the information of the Tawārīḫ-i guzīdah-i nuṣrat-nāmah.[1] The variant ancestry supplied by some other sources is now considered inaccurate, for example the assertion of Muʿīn-ad-Dīn Naṭanzī (earlier known as the "Anonymous of Iskandar") that Murīd (i.e., Murād) was the son of Orda Shaykh (i.e., Ordu Malik),[2] or Khwandamir, Ötemiš-Ḥājjjī, and one Russian chronicle, making Murād (whom they call Murdād, Burut, and Murut, respectively) the parricide son of Khiḍr Khan.[3]

Rise to power

Murād's brother Khiḍr Khan made himself ruler of the Golden Horde in 1360. Threatened by the advance of a competitor, Ordu Malik, Khiḍr Khan was murdered by his own son Timur Khwaja in 1361. Murād might have claimed the throne in opposition to his parricide nephew, but it was Timur Khwaja who took over at the capital Sarai. However, the uncle and nephew were both threatened by the continued advance of Ordu Malik from the east, and of Mamai from the west. Timur Khwaja was expelled and killed after several weeks on the throne, while Ordu Malik seized Sarai, only to hold it for about a month, before he was killed and succeeded by the pretended Kildi Beg, still in 1361. At some point during these developments, Murād established himself as khan at Gülistan (Tsarevskoe gorodishche just northwest of Tsarev). This appears to have remained the base of his authority, and it was from here that he issued his coinage. In August or September 1362, Murād fought a battle against Kildi Beg and emerged victorious, and his rival was killed. Before Murād could take over Sarai, however, the city was seized by Mamai and his puppet khan ʿAbdallāh. Subsequent events are confused, but it seems Murād expelled ʿAbdallāh from Sarai in Mamai's absence, only to lose the city immediately to another Jochid prince, Khayr-Pūlād (or Mīr-Pūlād). While the latter retained Sarai, the rest of the Golden Horde was divided between Murād and ʿAbdallāh, and both courts sought to win the loyalty and tribute of the vassal Russian princes. Desperate for revenue, Murād granted the diploma of investiture (yarlik) with the Grand Principality of Vladimir to the 11-year-old Dmitry Ivanovich of Moscow in 1362, However, Mamai induced Dmitrij of Moscow and his regent, Metropolitan Aleksey, to recognize Mamai's protégé ʿAbdallāh as suzerain in 1363. When this happened, Murād granted the investiture with the Grand Principality of Vladimir to Dmitry Konstantinovich of Suzdal instead. But the Muscovites forced Dmitry of Suzdal to come to terms and renounce his claims. Murād did not have a chance to retaliate, before he died in the winter of 1363.[4]

Death

According to the often unreliable Muʿīn-ad-Dīn Naṭanzī, Murād's beglerbeg was Ilyās, the son of the former beglerbeg Mogul Buqa, who had perished due to the machinations of Kildi Beg. Murād was enamored of Ilyās' son, and determined to kill the father and promote the son in his place. When Murād shared this design with his wife in secret, she betrayed it to Ilyās, who preempted the khan and killed him.[5] Murād's death is dated to the winter of 1363–1364. What happened at Murād's court at Gülistan after his death is not entirely clear: he may have been succeeded by a certain Pūlād Khwaja (perhaps the same as Khayr Pūlād), possibly a distant cousin and fellow descendant of Shiban, son of Jochi, but his first coins are dated to late 1364; by 1365, Pūlād Khwaja had been succeeded by ʿAzīz Shaykh, also apparently a distant cousin of Murād's as a fellow descendant of Shiban, son of Jochi.[6]

Genealogy

See also

References

Notes

  1. ↑ Tizengauzen 2006: 431, followed by Gaev 2002: 19; Sagdeeva 2005: 33, 71; Seleznëv 2009: 307; Počekaev 2010: 147-148; May 2018: 302.
  2. ↑ Tizengauzen 2006: 257, followed, in part, by Safargaliev 1960: 117.
  3. ↑ Thackston 1994: 43-44; Judin 1992: 113; Howorth 1880: 197-198; Sidorenko 2000: 285.
  4. ↑ Howorth 1880: 198, 202-203 (he erroneously divides Murād into two different khans, identifying the first, his "Merdad" with Khiḑr's parricide son and with Ordu Malik); Vernadsky 1953: 251; Grigor'ev 1983: 28-29, 31-33; Seleznëv 2009: 207; Počekaev 2010: 124-128 (he attributes the murder of Khiḍr Khan to his rival Ordu Malik). The sequence of events as related here follows Grigor'ev 1983, but note the alternative reconstruction by Sidorenko 2000: 285-286 (followed by Počekaev 2010), who denies Murād any reign at Sarai and lists the rulers there as Kildi Beg (1361–1362), Khayr Pūlād (1362), ʿAbdallāh (1362–1365), ʿAzīz Shaykh (1365–1367).
  5. ↑ Tizengauzen 2006: 257; Počekaev 2010: 128.
  6. ↑ Sidorenko 2000: 285; Gaev 2002: 28; Sagdeeva 2005: 71; Počekaev 2010: 128 thinks ʿAzīz Shaykh succeeded Murād directly.

Sources

  • Gaev, A. G., "Genealogija i hronologija Džučidov," Numizmatičeskij sbornik 3 (2002) 9-55.
  • Grekov, B. D., and A. J. Jakubovskij, Zolotaja orda i eë padenie. Moscow, 1950.
  • Grigor'ev, A. P., "Zolotoordynskie hany 60-70-h godov XIV v.: hronologija pravlenii," Istriografija i istočnikovedenie stran Azii i Afriki 7 (1983) 9-54.
  • Howorth, H. H., History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century. Part II.1. London, 1880.
  • Judin, V. P., Utemiš-hadži, Čingiz-name, Alma-Ata, 1992.
  • May, T., The Mongol Empire. Edinburgh, 2018.
  • Počekaev, R. J., Cari ordynskie: Biografii hanov i pravitelej Zolotoj Ordy. Saint Petersburg, 2010.
  • Safargaliev, M. G., Raspad Zolotoj Ordy. Saransk, 1960.
  • Sagdeeva, R. Z., Serebrjannye monety hanov Zolotoj Ordy, Moscow, 2005.
  • Seleznëv, J. V., Èlita Zolotoj Ordy, Kazan', 2009.
  • Sidorenko, V. A., "Hronologija pravlenii zolotoordynskih hanov 1357-1380 gg.," Materialov po arheologii, istorii i ètnografii Tavrii 7 (2000) 267–288.
  • Thackston, W. M. (trans.), Khwandamir, Habibu's-siyar. Tome Three. Cambridge, MA, 1994.
  • Tizengauzen, V. G. (trans.), Sbornik materialov otnosjaščihsja k istorii Zolotoj Ordy. Izvlečenija iz persidskih sočinenii, republished as Istorija Kazahstana v persidskih istočnikah. 4. Almaty, 2006.
  • Vernadsky, G., The Mongols and Russia, New Haven, 1953.
  • Vohidov, Š. H. (trans.), Istorija Kazahstana v persidskih istočnikah. 3. Muʿizz al-ansāb. Almaty, 2006.
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