27°40′33.5″N 85°19′27.1″E / 27.675972°N 85.324194°E / 27.675972; 85.324194

Nagbahal Hiti. The 8th-century stele is left of the bottom of the stairs, the life size Buddha statue is behind the grille door at the top[1]

Nagbahal Hiti, also known as Elhānani Hiti is an old, presumably 8th-century, dhunge dhara (drinking fountain) in Nagbahal, a former Buddhist monastery in the city of Patan, Nepal. In spite of efforts to restore this dhunge dhara, the water is no longer used by the majority of people in the area. However, the space is still being used for cultural events.

History

8th century stele

Not much is known about the history of Nagbahal Hiti, but there is one indication of its age: A stele in a corner of the hiti basin, with four reliefs of different Buddhas, dates from the 8th century.[2][1]

Architecture

The basin (or hitigah) of the hiti is a rectangle of 4.40 metres (14.4 ft) deep, surrounded by a parapet. There are terraces on two levels, the lowest of which is 1.30 metres (4 ft 3 in) from the bottom. The spout area is 7.17 metres (23.5 ft) long. This includes a spout niche of about 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) deep. The spout area is 7.92 metres (26.0 ft) wide, with the niche being 3.75 metres (12.3 ft) wide.[3]

The walls of the hiti are made of brick, with the edges lined with stone. The two terraces have their floors covered with telia tiles (traditional brick tiles from Nepal), while the bottom floor has stone tiles.[2][4] The walls and floors of the basin have been made waterproof by coating them with an almost foot-thick layer of a special type of black mud. This prevents water from the surrounding soil from seeping in.[5]

The entrance to the hiti is at the south corner: Behind a covered gate, a flight of stairs leads to the level of the lowest terrace, where it turns left to the bottom of the basin.[2]

Three makara spouts are protruding from the east facing wall; one in the niche and two on both sides next to the niche. A chaitya can be seen above the middle spout. The south facing basin wall has a tutedhara (overflow reservoir) with two taps; one has the shape of a lion and the other of a lioness.[2][3][6][7]

The staircase of the hiti is dominated by a life size statue of the Buddha in Abhayamudra.[7] The walls of the basin carry several reliefs, for instance a relief of Ganesha and two Lokeshvara sculptures.[2]

Two spouts of Nagbahal Hiti

The water

The source of Nagbahal Hiti is the Khwayebahi aquifer southeast of the hiti, which in turn was fed by the Tikabhairav Canal, a 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) long rajkulo (royal canal) that transported water from Lele and Naldu rivers to the city of Patan.[2][8][9] The water is led from the source to the spouts through a more than 530 metres (1,740 ft) long underground channel made of brick, 230 millimetres (9 in) to 300 millimetres (12 in) feet underground, 150 millimetres (6 in) to 180 millimetres (7 in) inches deep and about 100 millimetres (4 in) inches wide.[2] At places where the channel makes a turn, there is a stone or brick bowl, filled with pebbles.[10]

Woman at Nagbahal Hiti in 2014

In 1998, Nagbahal Hiti could produce up to 143424 litres of water per day.[11]

In 2014, the average discharge of water from Nagbahal Hiti was 103542.85 litres of water per day.[12]

For 2015, an average daily flow of 108343 litres was measured.[13]

Restoration

After having been almost completely dry for 10 years, the Nag Bahal Hiti Rehabilitation project restored the hiti, funded by the US Ambassadors Fund for Cultural Preservation and supported by the Nagbahal Hiti User Group.[10]

The works included repairing the inlet channel, while at the same time mapping it, not only for future maintenance, but also to be able to monitor future building activities that could damage the channel. Because the channel runs beneath a denselsy built area of the city, it could not be mapped entirely. Eight manholes were dug along the way for maintenance as well. The outlet channel of the hiti was unclogging and also fixed.[10]

The renovation was completed in September 2008. It resulted in a marked increase of the water flow. More than 100 households in the area would reap the benefits of the project.[14]

Unfortunately, the water has since been contaminated by sewage from a broken sewer line. Only people who do not know this are using the water now.[15]

The terraced space of Nagbahal Hiti has been used as a music venue on several occasions.

On 5 September 2015 there was a concert of Mohani Dhun at Nagbahal Hiti.[16]

On 12 March 2016 and 26 February 2020 Group Dhaa (Drum) gave a concert inside Nagbahal Hiti during the Samyak Mahadan celebrations.[17][18]

From 23 November to 7 December 2018 the Micro Galleries global arts initiative organised an event in the Nagbahal, Nakabahil and Swotha areas of Patan. A music workshop titled "Singing by a Water Fountain" in Nagbahal Hiti was part of the program.[19][20]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Buddhist Monasteries of Nepal: Survey of Bahas and Bahis of Kathmandu Valley by John K. Locke, Sahayogi Press Pvt. Ltd., Tripureswar, Kathmandu, Nepal, 1985, p 56-58
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Inspection & Inventory Report On: Dyalko Bhagawan Temple, Golden Temple (Kwa: Bahal), Nag Baha: Hiti by Pukar Bhandari, 4/16/2073, retrieved 26 July 2019
  3. 1 2 Water Conduits in the Kathmandu Valley (2 vols.) by Raimund O.A. Becker-Ritterspach, ISBN 9788121506908, Published by Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India, 1995
  4. ↑ Flooring Your Homes by Ar. Alex Shrestha, Healthy Life magazine, retrieved 11 April 2022
  5. ↑ Disaster Risk Management for the Historic City of Patan, Nepal by Rits-DMUCH, Ritsumeikan University, Kyoto, Japan and Institute of Engineering, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal, 2012, retrieved 16 September 2019
  6. ↑ Jarunhiti by Akira Furukawa (ed.), Sukra Sagar Shrestha, Amrit Bajracharya and Kanako Ogasawara, Vajra Books, Nepal, 2010, ISBN 9789937506533
  7. 1 2 The Lotus Pool: Buddhist Water Sanctuaries in the Kathmandu Valley by Julia A. B. Hegewald, South Asian Studies. No. 13, 1997, pp. 145-159
  8. ↑ "Reviving Patan's royal canal". Nepali Times. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
  9. ↑ Stone Spout System Conservation, Rainwater Harvesting and Groundwater Recharge is a Boon for Lalitpur Metropolitan City people by Yash Man Karmacharya/Sibesh Desar, Centre for Integrated Urban Development (CIUD, 24 April 2019, retrieved 10 April 2022
  10. 1 2 3 Preserving the Nagbahal Hiti by Ar. Jharna Joshi, SPACES Nepal NOV-DEC 2008, retrieved 16 April
  11. ↑ Restoration of traditional stone spouts in Sourcebook of Alternative Technologies for Freshwater Augmentation in some Asian Countries (UNEP-IETC, 1998), retrieved 11 September 2019
  12. ↑ Stone Spouts : Possibility of Water Availability as Revived, at LSMC, 7 August 2014, retrieved 6 February 2022
  13. ↑ Traditional Infrastructure, Modern Flows: Cultural Politics of Modernization in the Kathmandu Valley Archived 2021-03-22 at the Wayback Machine by Olivia Molden, Thesis presented to the Department of Geography and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon, June 2015
  14. ↑ Nag Bahal Hiti Rehabilitation Project, Press Release by Ambassadors Fund for Cultural Preservation, SPACES Nepal NOV-DEC 2008, retrieved 16 April
  15. ↑ Shortage in the Mountains of Plenty: Water Supply in Mountain and Hill Cities throughout the Hindu-Kush Himalayan Region Archived 2021-03-22 at the Wayback Machine by Abigail Snyder, 2014 Borlaug-Ruan International Internship, ICIMOD, Lalitpur, Nepal and The World Food Prize Foundation, Des Moines, Iowa, retrieved 30 September 2019
  16. ↑ Mohani Dhun performed in Nagbahal 2072/5/19, with Kaushal Shakya, retrieved 11 April 2022
  17. ↑ Dhaa baja at Samyek 2016, retrieved 11 April 2022
  18. ↑ Dha baja at Samyek 2020, retrieved 11 April 2022
  19. ↑ International art project comes to Patan by Timothy Aryal, The Kathmandu Post, 21 November 2018, retrieved 11 April 2022
  20. ↑ MG Live Kathmandu, Micro Galleries, retrieved 11 April 2022
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nag Bahal Hiti, Patan.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.