Francesco Fontana's drawing of the supposed satellite(s) of Venus. Woodcuts from Fontana's work. The fringes of light around Venus are produced by optical effects

Neith is a hypothetical natural satellite of Venus reportedly sighted by Giovanni Cassini in 1672 and by several other astronomers in following years. It was 'observed' up to 30 times by astronomers until 1770, when there were no new sightings and it was not found during the transit of Venus in 1761 and 1769.[1]

Discovery

In 1672, Giovanni Cassini found a small object close to Venus. He did not take great note of his observation, but when he saw it again in 1686, he made a formal announcement of a possible moon of Venus. The object was seen by many other astronomers over a large period of time: by James Short in 1740, by Andreas Mayer in 1759, by Joseph Louis Lagrange in 1761, another eighteen observations in 1761, including one in which a small spot was seen following Venus while the planet was in a transit across the Sun, eight observations in 1764, and by Christian Horrebow in 1768.

Summary of sightings

YearCityPersonNumber of sightings
1645NaplesFrancesco Fontana3
1646NaplesFrancesco Fontana1
1672ParisGiovanni Domenico Cassini1
1686ParisGiovanni Domenico Cassini1
1740LondonJames Short1
1759GreifswaldAndreas Mayer1
1761MarseillesJoseph Lagrange3
1761LimogesJacques Montaingne4
1761St. Neotsunknown1
1761GreifswaldFriedrich Artzt1
1761KrefeldAbraham Scheuten2
1761CopenhagenPeter Roedkiær8
1764CopenhagenPeter Roedkiær2
1764CopenhagenChristian Horrebow and others3
1764AuxerreMarian3
1768CopenhagenChristian Horrebow1

Observations

Many astronomers failed to find any moon during their observations of Venus, including William Herschel in 1768. Cassini originally observed Neith to be one-fourth the diameter of Venus. In 1761, Lagrange announced that Neith's orbital plane was perpendicular to the ecliptic. That same year, however, mathematician Jean le Rond d'Alembert wrote to Voltaire that Neith had "declined to follow his mistress during her passage over the sun", questioning whether Venus truly had a moon.[2] In 1766, the director of the Vienna Observatory speculated that the observations of the moon were optical illusions. He said: "the bright image of Venus was reflected in the eye and back into the telescope, creating a smaller secondary image." In 1777, J.H. Lambert estimated its orbital period as eleven days and three hours.

In 1884, Jean-Charles Houzeau, the former director of the Royal Observatory of Brussels suggested that the "moon" was actually a planet which orbited the Sun every 283 days. Such a planet would be in conjunction with Venus every 1080 days, which fit with the recorded observations. Houzeau was also the first to give the object the name Neith, after an Egyptian goddess.

The Belgian Academy of Sciences published a paper in 1887 which studied each reported sighting of Neith. Ultimately, they determined that most of the sightings could be explained by stars which had been in the vicinity of Venus, including Chi Orionis, M Tauri, 71 Orionis, Nu Geminorum and Theta Librae.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Helge Kragh (2008). The Moon that Was not: The Saga of Venus' Spurious Satellite. Birkhäuser. ISBN 978-3-7643-8908-6.
  2. ↑ Stevenson, David (2014). "Making the Moon" (PDF). Physics Today: 37. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
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