I Gusti Ngurah Rai International Airport

Bandar Udara Internasional I Gusti Ngurah Rai
Summary
Airport typePublic
OwnerInJourney
OperatorPT. Angkasa Pura I
ServesDenpasar, Gianyar and Badung Regencies
LocationTuban, Badung Regency, Bali, Indonesia
Opened1931 (1931)
Hub for
Focus city for
Operating base forIndonesia AirAsia
Time zoneWITA (UTC+08:00)
Elevation AMSL14 ft / 4 m
Coordinates08°44′53″S 115°10′03″E / 8.74806°S 115.16750°E / -8.74806; 115.16750
Websitewww.bali-airport.com
Map
DPS/WADD is located in Badung Regency
DPS/WADD
DPS/WADD
Location in Badung Regency
DPS/WADD is located in Bali
DPS/WADD
DPS/WADD
Location in Bali
DPS/WADD is located in Indonesia
DPS/WADD
DPS/WADD
Location in Indonesia
DPS/WADD is located in Southeast Asia
DPS/WADD
DPS/WADD
DPS/WADD (Southeast Asia)
DPS/WADD is located in Asia
DPS/WADD
DPS/WADD
DPS/WADD (Asia)
Runways
Direction Length Surface
ft m
09/27 9,843 3,000 Asphalt
Statistics (2018)
Passengers23,779,178 (Increase 13.0%)
Aircraft movements162,623 (Increase 11.1%)

I Gusti Ngurah Rai International Airport (Indonesian: Bandar Udara Internasional I Gusti Ngurah Rai) (IATA: DPS, ICAO: WADD), also known as Denpasar International Airport, is the main international airport of Bali, Indonesia, located 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) from Downtown Denpasar, serves the Denpasar metropolitan area and the Bali island. Ngurah Rai is the second busiest airport in Indonesia after Soekarno-Hatta, Ngurah Rai is one of the most popular island destination hubs in Asia. In 2018, the airport served 23,779,178 passengers.[1] The new upgrades of Ngurah Rai has increased the popularity of Bali and has become one of the best airports in Asia and being more known worldwide. The airport has category IX and is capable of serving wide-body aircraft including the Boeing 747-8 and Airbus A380.[2]

Airport Council International has awarded Ngurah Rai International Airport as the world's third best airport (with 15-25 million passengers each year) in 2016 based on their services.[3]

The airport is named after I Gusti Ngurah Rai, a Balinese hero who died on 20 November 1946 in a puputan (fight to the death) against the Dutch at Marga in Tabanan, where the Dutch defeated his company with air support, killing Ngurah Rai and 95 others during the Indonesian Revolution in 1946.[4]

Location

The airport is located in Tuban between Kuta and Jimbaran and is close to the tourist locations of The capital of Bali, Downtown Denpasar, is located nearby.

History

A Dutch DC-3 Dakota at Kuta airfield in 1949

The Pelabuhan Udara Tuban, or Tuban airfield, was established in 1931 at the narrowest point on the southern coast of Bali. The airport was originally built as a simple 700 m long airstrip by the Dutch Colonial administration's Voor Verkeer en Waterstaats public works office.[5] When first established the site only had a few huts and a short grass runway. The northern end lay in the Tuban village graveyard and in the south it occupied previously vacant land. The location in this area of the island has subsequently facilitated arrivals and departures over the ocean with minimal noise and overflights intruding upon populated areas. The current airport has an east–west aligned runway and associated taxiway, with over 1,000 m of that runway's length projecting westward into the sea.

In 1942 the airstrip was in use to stage fighter and bomber operations and received bombing damage from Japanese forces. It was repaired using PSP pierced steel planking. The Japanese armed forces occupied Bali during the Second World War seizing the airport on 19 February 1942.[6] A poorly motivated garrison of 600 Dutch led Balinese militia deserted almost immediately as the Japanese invaded the island. Their Dutch commander was to learn that through a misunderstanding of his orders, Tuban airfield had not been destroyed by explosives as he had ordered. Apparently his order not to delay the demolition was misread by the demolition engineers at the airstrip who thought instead that he wanted the operation delayed. This confusion allowed the Japanese to take the airfield completely intact.[7] During the occupation period the Japanese made improvements to the runway at the airport. In the five years from 1942 to 1947 the length of the runway was extended to 1,200 m from the original 700 m.[6] Many Balinese identified the Japanese invaders as being potential liberators from the Dutch colonial authorities who were unpopular on the island. There was never a significant Japanese fighter squadron stationed in Denpasar although it was within the field of tactical air operations conducted from both Surabaya and Allied airbases in northern Australia. More so the taking of Tuban airfield and the island of Bali deprived the allied forces of a fighter staging field en route from Australia to defend Java. At the time the airport was still called Tuban Airfield, named after the local fishing village.

In 1949 a terminal building and other aviation facilities were constructed and a simple wooden flight control tower was erected. Aviation communication was by morse code transceiver.[6] In 1959 president Sukarno sought to further develop the airstrip. The new facilities were built as part of a $13 million (Rp 35 billion in 1959) renovation project.[5]

To allow jet aircraft such as the Douglas DC8 and the Boeing 707 to operate from Bali, it was necessary to extend the runway westward into the sea as any potential eastern extension of the runway was by now blocked by the expansion of the local fishing village. An international airport was developed with the decision by the Indonesia government to further develop and rebuild the terminal building and extend the existing airport runway westward by 1,200 m to a length of 2,700 m with two 100 m overruns. The project, which lasted from 1963 to 1969, was named Project Tuban Airport and was for preparation of Tuban Airport for international operations. Land reclamation to project the runway and the two overruns by 1,500 m was achieved by taking material from the limestone rocks at Ungasan and sand from the river Antosari–Tabanan. With the completion of the temporary terminal and runway project at the Tuban Airport, the government inaugurated international air service on 10 August 1966.[8]

To meet the ever-increasing number of passengers the terminal buildings were extended with construction of an international terminal building undertaken from 1965 to 1969. This added international facilities to the existing domestic passenger terminal. The new Ngurah Rai International Airport was inaugurated the on 1 August 1968 by the then Indonesian President Suharto as Pelabuhan Udara Internasional Ngurah Rai, or Ngurah Rai International Airport. The name came from I Gusti Ngurah Rai who was a significant national republican figure during the struggle for independence in Indonesia.[8]

Garuda Indonesia McDonnell Douglas DC-9-32 at Ngurah-Rai Airport in 1980

The current airport is named after I Gusti Ngurah Rai, an Indonesian National Hero an Indonesian republican who died on 20 November 1946 in a puputan (fight to the death) against the Dutch at Marga in Tabanan where the Dutch defeated them with the aid of aircraft, killing Ngurah Rai and 95 others during the Indonesian Revolution in 1946.[4]

The earlier extension of the runway subsequently caused disruption of natural sand flow along the coast. By 1975 the anticipated rise in passenger volumes was already overburdening the older terminal and works were commenced on a new international passenger terminal, with completion in 1978. The old International Terminal was then converted into the now Domestic Terminal and the old Domestic Terminal was converted to use as the Cargo and Catering facilities building.

On 1 October 1980 based on the Government Decree No. 26 of 1980, the management of Ngurah Rai International Airport was passed over from the Directorate of Air Transportation to Perum Angkasa Pura. Since then the aviation facilities including the apron, the terminal and other buildings have been further developed by Perum Angkasa Pura. In 1986 by Government Decree No. 25 Perum Angkasa Pura changed name to become Perum Angkasa Pura I. The Indonesian term Pelabuhan Udara was changed into Bandar Udara based on the Transportations Ministerial Decision No.213/HK.207/Phb-85 on 1 September 1985. Commencing 1 October 1989 until 31 August 1992 further major airport improvement works were undertaken including a landing strip extension to 3,000 m, taxiway relocations, apron expansion, passenger and cargo building expansions and the further development of air navigational and aircraft fueling facilities. With the issuing of the Government Decree No. 5 of 1992 then Perum Angkasa Pura I was converted into a PT. (Persero) Angkasa Pura 1. Company activities include aviation facilities provisions and airport services. Project Phase II was carried out 10 February 1998 with planned completion June 2000.[9]

Garuda Indonesia Boeing 747-400 lands at Ngurah Rai Airport in 2005

Development since the 2000s

Garuda Indonesia Boeing 777-300ER at Ngurah Rai Airport
International check-in area
Garuda statue at the domestic terminal
Tourists at Kuta Beach near the airport watch a Garuda Indonesia Boeing 737-500 approaching

In 2000, the airport recorded 43,797 domestic and international flights, carrying 4,443,856 passengers.[5] By the end of April 2011, the airport's terminals handled 11.1 million passengers a year, exceeding its capacity of 8 million. PT Angkasa Pura I will relocate 35 guest houses to accommodate the expansion, which is expected to occupy up to 265.5 hectares of land for a new access road to the airport and a new airport building, the construction of a new flyover, enlarge airport terminal and improve luggage handling system.[10]

There have been several plans made seeking a solution to the expansion problems at Ngurah Rai International airport. There have been proposals to develop a north–south runway, but existing land use in the areas adjacent to the airport makes this idea unfeasible due to the considerable land purchase costs. A completely new airport was proposed to ease the airport' congestion due to the area surrounding the existing airport not supporting significant long-term expansion. A masterplan was announced for works at this airport for 2009–2011, which includes a new international terminal with 120,000 square metres (1,300,000 sq ft) in area to be built and the existing international terminal with area of 56,000 square metres (600,000 sq ft) will be renovated for use as a new domestic terminal. The new international terminal opened in November 2013, while the domestic terminal opened on 17 September 2014 with an area of 65,800 square metres (708,000 sq ft), eight departure and seven arrival gates, five passenger boarding bridges, five conveyor belts, as well as more counters — 62 for check-in, 4 for transit and 19 for ticketing.[11] And can accommodate 25 million passengers a year until 2025.[12][13] This provided land for building a new horseshoe shaped building for 17 passenger aircraft parking at the east area on the former domestic terminal. The plan also incorporated a runway extension to 3,600 m. Currently airplanes up to the size of Boeing 747-400, Boeing 747-8, Boeing 777-300ER, Boeing 787-10, Airbus A350-1000 and Airbus A380 can use the airport.[14]

In 2005 the Transportation Security Administration of the United States of America determined that the airport was not meeting the security standards of the International Civil Aviation Administration;[15] however, this warning was lifted in 2007.[16] Currently around 800 of the total employees at Ngurah Rai are security personnel.[17]

Masterplan

The master plan was originally proposed prior to the tourism downturn in Bali following the two bombing incidents. The airport and Bali's economy, which are almost exclusively dependent on tourism suffered considerably from the decline in tourists. Since these proposals were originally made the tourism sector has experienced a gradual recovery and a new international airport has been built on the nearby island of Lombok to the east of Bali. The new Lombok International Airport was first announced in 2005. A stage one completed runway of 2,750 m opened on 1 October 2011 and a proposed stage 2 development of 4,000 m is planned for the new facility. It is anticipated that some of the requirement for expansion of Bali's Ngurah Rai International Airport will be mitigated with the opening of the new facility in Lombok. Lombok is approximately 25 mins away by air from Ngurah Rai International Airport.[18]

Plans to expand the international and domestic terminals at Ngurah Rai International Airport were announced in September 2008 with estimated costs of up to Rp 1 trillion (US$110.10 million) and a 2011 planned completion date. The total area of the domestic and international terminals was to be increased from 83,000 square metres (890,000 sq ft) to about 200,000 square metres (2,200,000 sq ft), with 130,000 m2 (1,400,000 sq ft) provided for the international terminal and 70,000 m2 (750,000 sq ft) for the domestic terminal.[19] In December 2008, the operating company announced that the expansion works at Tuban would begin in early 2009.

Airport Facilities Development and Flight Safety (FBUKP) Phase III for Ngurah Rai International Airport includes the terminal building, a multi story car parking building, and apron. The plan involves developing the site of the current domestic terminal which will be used as a new 120,000 m2 international terminal with the existing international terminal being converted into the new domestic terminal. It is projected that subsequent to these plans being completed Ngurah Rai International Airport will be able to accommodate up to 25 million passengers per annum.[12]

The planned airport buildings were described as a blend contemporary and Balinese traditional architectural elements as required by provincial bylaw No 5/2005 on building designs.

In October 2010 it was reported that the new terminal will be able to handle 20 million passengers a year by 2020 and up to 30 million passengers per year by 2030.[5]

In November 2010 the government allocated Rp 1.9 trillion to realise the terminal improvement plan. Plans are for the work to be completed prior to the expected demands of the 2013 APEC Summit. Rp 3.5 trillion funding was announced for the combined airport and the previously planned connecting toll road projects, with Rp 1.9 trillion allocated to the airport. May 2013 was set as the deadline for both projects.[20]

New airport

With about 12 to 15 per cent passengers growth annually, the airport will reach 20 million passengers per annum in 2017, which is the current airport's full capacity. Lengthening the existing runway is not possible either due to the densely populated areas adjacent to the airport, or environmental concerns regarding land reclamation. A site for a new, larger airport with two runways has been identified in the northern part of Bali, in the eastern part of Buleleng Regency.

Terminals and facilities

The International terminal has a Balinese architectural theme and has separate departure and arrival halls. The departures area has 62 check-in counters that are equipped with electronic scales and luggage conveyors. Ten of the international gates have jet bridges and automated aircraft parking systems. The international departure lounge areas have a total capacity of 3,175 passengers.[21]

Open to the public on 17 September 2014, the new Domestic Terminal area is 65,800 m2 (708,000 sq ft) or four times larger than the old one. It can serve up to 9.4 million passengers a year, has 62 check in counters, four transit and transfer counters, 19 ticket counters, eight boarding gates and seven arrival gates which are provided by five aviobridges (garbarata) and 5 unit conveyor belts.[22]

The airport operates a fleet of buses to ferry passengers to and from aircraft operating low cost flights which do not use an airbridge. Domestic travelers and also some international travellers are often ferried to aircraft parked on the apron between the domestic terminal and the cargo terminal to the east of the International and Domestic terminals using these buses.

The terminal also has prayer rooms, smoking areas, showers and massage services. Various lounge areas are provided, some including children's play areas and cinemas, showing films, news, variety, entertainment and sport channels.

Because about 500 private jets and aircraft land at the airport every month, the airport authority has built an apron at the south of the airport with a special exit gate which can accommodate 14 narrow/small bodied airplanes.[23]

Accommodating the Airbus A380

On 1 June 2023, an Emirates Airbus A380 flight landed at Ngurah Rai, marking the first time an A380 served a scheduled commercial service in Indonesia. The service replaced one of Emirates' previous twice-daily Boeing 777-300ER Bali flights. This switch was a response to high demand for international travel to Bali. The airport met the specifications to serve the Airbus A380 flights by building an aerobridge specifically designed to accommodate the aircraft's upper deck on one of the gates.[24][25]

Ground transportation

Ngurah Rai International Airport is connected by highway via Bali Mandara Toll Road to Denpasar and Nusa Dua.

Public transport

Three bus rapid transit corridors served the Ngurah Rai International Airport. While only one Trans Metro Dewata corridor entered the airport premises, users of system can transfer to other corridors within Denpasar city center free of charge. Trans Sarbagita mainly provides access to destinations south of the airport, especially the GWK monument complex and Nusa Dua resort.

Network Corridor Route Tariff
Trans Metro Dewata K2B Terminal Ubung–Ngurah Rai Airport Rp4.400
Trans Sarbagita TS1 GOR Ngurah Rai–Garuda Wisnu Kencana Rp3.500Rp0 (students)
TS2 GOR Ngurah Rai–Nusa Dua

Airlines and destinations

AirlinesDestinations
Aero Dili Dili
AirAsia Kuala Lumpur–International
AirAsia X Kuala Lumpur–International
Air New Zealand Seasonal: Auckland[26]
Batik Air Adelaide,[27] Balikpapan (begins 24 January 2024),[28] Bangkok–Don Mueang,[29] Jakarta–Halim Perdanakusuma, Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta, Labuan Bajo,[30] Makassar,[31] Melbourne,[32] Perth, Singapore,[33] Sydney[32]
Batik Air Malaysia Brisbane, Kuala Lumpur–International, Melbourne,[34] Perth, Sydney
Cathay Pacific Hong Kong
Cebu Pacific Manila
China Airlines Taipei–Taoyuan[35]
China Eastern Airlines Shanghai–Pudong
China Southern Airlines Guangzhou[36]
Citilink Balikpapan, Bandung–Kertajati, Dili, Jakarta–Halim Perdanakusuma, Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta, Labuan Bajo, Lombok, Makassar, Perth, Port Moresby,[37] Surabaya, Tambolaka
Emirates Dubai–International
Etihad Airways Abu Dhabi (begins 23 April 2024)[38]
EVA Air Taipei–Taoyuan
Garuda Indonesia Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta, Labuan Bajo, Makassar,[39] Melbourne,[40] Seoul–Incheon,[41] Singapore,[42] Sorong,[43] Surabaya, Sydney, Tokyo–Narita,[44] Yogyakarta–International
Hong Kong Airlines Hong Kong
Indonesia AirAsia Balikpapan, Bandar Lampung (begins 17 January 2024),[45] Bandung–Kertajati, Bangkok–Don Mueang, Banjarmasin,[46] Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta, Kuala Lumpur–International, Kupang,[47] Labuan Bajo, Lombok, Perth, Singapore, Solo, Surabaya, Yogyakarta–International
Jetstar Adelaide, Brisbane, Cairns, Darwin, Melbourne, Perth, Sydney
Jetstar Asia Airways Singapore
Juneyao Air Shanghai–Pudong (begins 24 January 2024)[48]
KLM Amsterdam,[lower-alpha 1] Singapore
Korean Air Seoul–Incheon
Lion Air Balikpapan, Banjarmasin,[49] Kupang, Makassar, Manado,[lower-alpha 2] Semarang, Solo, Surabaya, Yogyakarta–International[30]
Malaysia Airlines Kuala Lumpur–International
NAM Air Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta, Tambolaka
Pelita Air Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta
Philippine Airlines Manila
Qantas Melbourne, Sydney
Qatar Airways Doha
Scoot Singapore
Singapore Airlines Singapore
Sriwijaya Air Makassar
Charter: Fuzhou, Hangzhou
Super Air Jet Bandung–Kertajati, Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta, Makassar (begins 25 January 2024),[50] Solo (begins 25 January 2024),[50] Surabaya
Thai AirAsia Bangkok–Don Mueang
Thai Airways International Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi
TransNusa Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta
Turkish Airlines Istanbul
VietJet Air Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City
Virgin Australia Adelaide,[51] Brisbane, Gold Coast,[52] Melbourne,[53] Sydney
Vistara Delhi[54]
Wings Air Bima, Ende, Kupang, Labuan Bajo, Lombok, Maumere, Tambolaka, Waingapu
XiamenAir Fuzhou, Xiamen
  1. ↑ Amsterdam is continuation of Singapore flight as same flight number
  2. ↑ Manado is continuation of Makassar flight as same flight number

Accidents and incidents

YearDateEventCasualties
197422 AprilPan Am Flight 812, a Boeing 707, crashed into a mountain while preparing for final approach.All 107 passengers and crew were killed.[55]
19785 OctoberDouglas C-47A PK-NDI of Merpati Nusantara Airlines caught fire whilst parked and was destroyed.[56]
201313 AprilLion Air Flight 904 with 101 passengers and 7 crew members aboard undershot the runway while landing and ditched in the open sea. The airplane was arriving from Bandung, West Java.[57][58]All 101 passengers and 7 crew survived. 22 were injured.

Statistics

Ngurah Rai International Airport passenger totals (millions)
Source: List of the busiest airports in Indonesia

The following table shows total passenger numbers.

YearPassengers
20088,470,566
20099,621,714
201011,120,171
201112,771,874
201214,188,694
201315,630,839
201417,271,415
201517,108,387
201619,986,415
201721,052,592
201823,779,178

References

  1. ↑ Mutia Ramadhani (5 January 2018). "Penumpang Ngurah Rai Melonjak 13 Persen Sepanjang 2018".
  2. ↑ "Taksi Membawa Penumpang Terbakar di Tol Bali Mandara". 25 September 2015.
  3. ↑ Dewa Wiguna (26 February 2017). "Ngurah Rai Goes Named Top Three Airports with Best Service".
  4. 1 2 Pringle, p 161
  5. 1 2 3 4 Ngurah Rai airport to get multi-million-dollar face-lift, Wasti Atmodjo and Rita A.Widiadana, The Jakarta Post, Denpasar, 9 June 2010, accessed 11 October 2010
  6. 1 2 3 Airport history Archived 27 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 11 October 2010
  7. ↑ Fire in the Night:The loss of Bali and Timor, accessed 11 October 2010
  8. 1 2 Airport history, 1930–2010 Archived 27 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 11 October 2010
  9. ↑ Bali Tourism Board, Aircraft service facilities – Landing Strip Archived 15 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine, accessed Oct 2010
  10. ↑ "Bali set to expand airport amid traffic overload". Archived from the original on 25 November 2015. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
  11. ↑ "Welcome to Bali". 18 September 2014.
  12. 1 2 Airport Facilities Development and Flight Safety (FBUKP) Phase III Archived 27 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 11 October 2010
  13. ↑ "Bali airport expansion to be completed by end of June". 19 April 2014.
  14. ↑ "Bandara Ngurah Rai Siap di Landasi Pesawat Berbadan Lebar". 26 December 2014.
  15. ↑ "TSA Finds Security at Bandara Ngurah Rai International Airport Does Not Meet International Standards" (Press release). Transportation Security Administration. 23 December 2005. Archived from the original on 20 June 2007. Retrieved 10 July 2007. The Transportation Security Administration (TSA) today announced that the Bandara Ngurah Rai International Airport in Bali, Indonesia does not meet international security standards, and the department is taking action to warn travelers of this security deficiency.
  16. ↑ "U.S. lifts Bali airport security alert". Reuters. 11 October 2007.
  17. ↑ Ngurah Rai renovation to cost Rp 1.9 trillion Mariel Grazella, The Jakarta Post, Jakarta 1 November 2010, accessed 12 February 2011
  18. ↑ "PT Angkasa Pura I (Persero)". PT Angkasa Pura I (Persero). 2 June 2016. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
  19. ↑ Ni Komang Erviani (9 September 2008). "Ngurah Rai airport to be expanded". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 12 February 2011.
  20. ↑ Mariel Grazella (11 January 2011). "Ngurah Rai renovation to cost Rp 1.9 trillion". The Jakarta Post, Jakarta. Retrieved 12 February 2011.
  21. ↑ http://www.bali-tourism-board.com/airport-service.html Archived 15 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine Bali tourism board Aircraft service facilities at DPS
  22. ↑ "Terminal Domestik Baru Bandara Ngurah I Gusti Ngurah Rai Resmi Beroperasi Hari Ini". 17 September 2014. Archived from the original on 5 February 2016. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
  23. ↑ "New apron for private jets, charter flights". 24 May 2013. Archived from the original on 15 June 2013.
  24. ↑ Waseso, Ratih (12 July 2021). "Emirates luncurkan layanan A380 pertama ke Bali mulai Juni". antaranews.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 4 March 2023.
  25. ↑ Waseso, Ratih (12 July 2021). "Sejarah! Pesawat A380 Milik Emirates Resmi Mendarat Perdana di Bali". kumparan.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 1 June 2023.
  26. ↑ "Air New Zealand resumes non-stop flights to Bali". One News. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
  27. ↑ "Batik Air Buka Rute Baru Bali-Adelaide PP, Terbang Mulai 10 November 2023". Kumparan (in Indonesian). Retrieved 8 November 2023.
  28. ↑ "Batik Air Buka Rute Baru Langsung Balikpapan - Bali PP, Terbang Perdana 24 Januari 2024". maduraindepth.com. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  29. ↑ "Batik Air Adds Denpasar – Bangkok Flights in 1Q23". Aeroroutes. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
  30. 1 2 "Default". agent.lionair.co.id.
  31. ↑ "Batik Air Buka Rute Baru Langsung Makassar - Bali PP, Terbang Perdana 11 Januari 2024". bisnis.tempo.co. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
  32. 1 2 "BATIK AIR ADDS MELBOURNE / SYDNEY SERVICE IN 1Q23". AeroRoutes. 28 November 2022.
  33. ↑ "Batik Air to launch Bali-Singapore service from Apr-2023". CAPA. 28 February 2023.
  34. ↑ "Batik Air Malaysia connects Bali with Melbourne with pre-pandemic normal back on the horizon". The Bali Times. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
  35. ↑ "China Airlines Plans Taipei – Denpasar Service Resumption in Sep 2022". Aeroroutes. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
  36. ↑ "Mainland Chinese Carriers NS23 International / Regional Network – 14MAY23". Aeroroutes. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
  37. ↑ "Explore Papua New Guinea's Biodiversity and Culture". Citilink. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
  38. ↑ "Etihad Airways to launch flights to Bali". timesaerospace.aero. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
  39. ↑ "Garuda Indonesia Reopens Makassar-Denpasar Flights". Tempo.co. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
  40. ↑ "Garuda Indonesia Current Flight Schedule between Australian and Indonesia". Garuda Indonesia. 1 November 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
  41. ↑ Widodo, Wahyu Setyo. "Mulai 4 Desember, Garuda Indonesia Terbang Langsung dari Bali ke Korsel". detikTravel (in Indonesian). Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  42. ↑ Christy Hosana, Francisca (4 July 2022). "Bali Opens Two International Flights from Philippines, Singapore". Tempo.co. Jakarta. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
  43. ↑ "Garuda Indonesia (GIAA) Buka Rute Denpasar-Sorong Mulai 24 November 2023" (in Indonesian). Bisinis.com. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
  44. ↑ Rahayu, Juwita Trisna (11 October 2022). "Garuda Indonesia resumes Tokyo–Denpasar flights starting 1 November" (in Indonesian). Jakarta. Antara.
  45. ↑ "Indonesia AirAsia Buka Rute Bali-Lampung PP, Cek Jadwalnya". kompas.com. 18 November 2023.
  46. ↑ "Indonesia AirAsia Layani Penerbangan Langsung Rute Domestik Banjarmasin ke Denpasar Mulai 1 Oktober 2023". newsroom. airasia.com. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  47. ↑ "AirAsia Buka Rute Bali-Kupang Terbang Perdana 16 Desember 2023". newsroom. flores.tribunnews.com. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
  48. ↑ "Juneyao Airlines Moves Denpasar Launch to late-Jan 2024". Aeroroutes. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
  49. ↑ "Lion Air Buka Rute Baru Banjarmasin-Bali PP Mulai 24 November, Ini Jadwalnya". newsroom. kumparan.com. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
  50. 1 2 "Super Air Jet Buka Rute Baru Langsung dari Makassar dan Solo ke Bali". Tempo (in Indonesian). 14 January 2024. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  51. ↑ "Virgin Australia relaunches Adelaide-Bali route from December with return flights from $399". Karryon Travel. 21 September 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
  52. ↑ Curran, Andrew. "Virgin Australia Confirms Nonstop Gold Coast - Denpasar Flights In 2023". Simple Flying. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
  53. ↑ "Virgin Australia retires three planes and routes after business review". www.9news.com.au.
  54. ↑ "Vistara to launch flights to Bali from December". JetArena. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
  55. ↑ "Pan Am Flight 812." aviation-safety.net. Retrieved: 17 January 2010.
  56. ↑ "PK-NDI Accident description". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
  57. ↑ "Runway overshoot." Retrieved: 13 April 2013.
  58. ↑ "Passenger plane crashes into sea at Bali". ABC News. Retrieved 4 June 2015.

Bibliography

  • Pringle, Robert (2004). Bali: Indonesia's Hindu Realm; A short history of. Short History of Asia Series. Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86508-863-3.
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