Initial release2014 (2014)
Stable release
0.12.5 / 6 October 2019 (2019-10-06)
Repositorygithub.com/nightscout
Operating systemLinux, Unix-like
Available inJavaScript
TypeMedical software
LicenseAffero General Public License Version 3
Websitewww.nightscout.info

Nightscout is a free and open-source project, and associated social movement, that enables accessing and working with continuous glucose monitor (CGM) data.[1][2] Nightscout software aims to give users access to their real time blood sugar data by putting this data in the cloud. In addition to browser-based data visualization, Nightscout can also be used to review data from a phone or smartwatch, or to remotely monitor CGM data for individuals with type 1 diabetes. Associated with Nightscout software is a broader "CGM in the Cloud" social movement, supporting individuals seeking to access and use realtime CGM data through commercial and DIY ("do it yourself") approaches.[3]

History

The Nightscout Project traces its origin to February 2013, when the parents of a 4-year-old boy newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes began using a continuous glucose monitoring system. [1][2] This data was inaccessible to the parents when the child was at school – there was no commercially available way to access the data in real time. The boy's father, John Costik, a software engineer, developed software to access and transfer CGM data to cloud computing infrastructure. Costik shared his accomplishment on Twitter and, after others expressed interest, privately shared the source code.

Costik's uploader was expanded by Lane Desborough and Ross Naylor,[4] to develop "Nightscout": adding a blood glucose chart display that could be viewed throughout a home. Further development to make the software accessible to the general public occurred within a private community of developers, including Ben West,[5][6] Ross Naylor, Kevin Lee,[7] Jason Calabrese, Jason Adams, and Toby Canning. Because this software was, in effect, an unlicensed medical device, the community delayed releasing the code as open source to explore and address legal concerns. Once this was done, the combined code was released in 2014 as the Nightscout Project.[8]

A website, Facebook group, and Gitter channel were also created to support new users.[3][9] The primary Facebook group for the movement is "CGM in the Cloud", broadly supporting individuals seeking to use realtime CGM data, via commercial and/or DIY methods. As of May 2017, this group has over 23,000 members. In addition, the related 501(c)(3) organization Nightscout Foundation was formed in 2014 to encourage and support open source technology projects for individuals with type 1 diabetes.[10]

The #WeAreNotWaiting hashtag used by the group was initially coined by Lane Desborough[11] and Howard Look, in reference to a growing call for a "diabetes data exchange" hosted by Tidepool and DiabetesMine in November 2013.[1]

A survey of the Nightscout community indicated that the software was most highly used by parents of young children with type 1 diabetes (less than 12 years of age), but is also used by adolescents and adults. [12]

Regulatory concerns

Because Nightscout software displays information relevant to medical care, there are safety concerns regarding reliability, liability, and regulation. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) expressed concern that a singular entity was needed to review code, monitor safety, and respond to issues.[2] As of 2016, no such entity had arisen, beyond the unstructured approach of community communication channels (e.g. Facebook group and Gitter channel).[3][13]

As a non-commercial open source project, Nightscout software has not been regulated by the FDA.[2][14] The software is released with a strong disclaimer:

Highly experimental. Not intended for therapy. Use at your own risk. Intended only as an investigational and educational tool to learn about this technology.

On November 20, 2020, Medical Data Networks LLC (Ben West, CEO) met with and formally petitioned the FDA for clearance of the service product “T1Pal.” T1Pal is a hosted Nightscout platform that runs copies of the latest Nightscout software on its servers for the benefit of individual subscribers.

Nightscout, when operated as a hosted service, is expected to enable many more people to use and benefit from Nightscout. T1Pal.com charges a monthly fee to do this ($12.00/mo.), which includes technical support to set up and use the platform. Medical Data Networks LLC has asserted with the FDA that its implementation of T1Pal meets all of the stated FDA requirements for code review, safety monitoring, and responding to issues. To support this view, a complete copy of the “Quality Management System” currently used by Medical Data Networks LLC was provided to the FDA.

The FDA generally viewed each operating instance of Nightscout as a "medical device" subject to labeling, hazard management, and FDA reporting requirements. Medical Data Networks LLC asserts that its product T1Pal meets all of the FDA criteria for a "Class 2" medical device, and embraces needed FDA oversight and data reporting requirements. Medical Data Networks LLC is actively seeking to work more efficiently with firms that market CGM and other data so as to improve the quality and efficiency by which data is transferred into Nightscout. Nightscout's features for remote monitoring, data integration, and sharing are of immense value to the Nightscout community and merit continued support by the CGM device manufacturers.. T1Pal service adds to the Nightscout software patent-pending sharing features and standard email and phone support capabilities needed to enable access the largest possible community of users.

Commercial alternatives

In 2015, subsequent to the development of the Nightscout Project, Dexcom released a CGM system that included 'Share', providing software for transferring data to cell phones via Bluetooth, and sharing CGM data with others via cell phone apps.

In 2017, the Spanish company Instead Technologies launched a continuous reading system named GlucoAngel for the FreeStyle Libre flash glucose monitor.[15][16]

In 2020, Medical Data Networks LLC commenced commercial service operations, providing T1Pal as "Nightscout in the Cloud" for $12.00/mo. The service is supported by email and phone support for paying customers. Beginning January 2022 the company added integrated support for T1Pal combined with iPhone Loop services. This positions Medical Data Networks LLC as the first commercial provider of IT services needed to implement and support closed Loop operations.

The OpenAPS project has extended Nightscout to create a do-it-yourself "artificial pancreas", by automating basal insulin delivery by an insulin pump to create a "closed loop" system.[17]

References

  1. 1 2 3 Sparling, Kerri (2014-07-10). "We Are Not Waiting: CGM in the Cloud (Part 1)". six until me. Retrieved 2017-05-06.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Lee, Joyce M.; Hirschfield, Emily; Wedding, James (2016-04-12). "A Patient-Designed Do-It-Yourself Mobile Technology System for Diabetes: Promise and Challenges for a New Era in Medicine". JAMA. 315 (14): 1447–8. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.1903. PMID 27115262. S2CID 1858396. Retrieved 2017-05-05.
  3. 1 2 3 www.facebook.com/groups/cgminthecloud/
  4. ↑ Nightscout Foundation. "KCGM-TV Nightscout Origins & What's Next at Bigfoot Biomedical, Ep7". YouTube.com. Retrieved 7 May 2017.
  5. ↑ Rao, Ankita. "Diabetes Hacking 101". WNYC.org. Only Human. Retrieved 7 May 2017.
  6. ↑ West, Benjamin. "6 Years Under 5 Minutes". YouTube.com. Retrieved 7 May 2017.
  7. ↑ Lee, Melissa (23 September 2014). "CGM in the Cloud: A Community Unites to Tackle Diabetes". ASweetLife.org. Retrieved 7 May 2017.
  8. ↑ github.com/Nightscout/
  9. ↑ www.nightscout.info
  10. ↑ www.nightscoutfoundation.org
  11. ↑ Desborough, Lane. "We Are Not Waiting". Tidepool.org. Retrieved 7 May 2017.
  12. ↑ Lee, Joyce M.; Newman, Mark W.; Gebremariam, Achamyeleh; Choi, Preciosa; Lewis, Dana; Nordgren, Weston; Costik, John; Wedding, James; West, Benjamin; Gilby, Nancy Benovich; Hannemann, Christopher; Pasek, Josh; Garrity, Ashley; Hirschfeld, Emily (2017-02-28). "Real-World Use and Self-Reported Health Outcomes of a Patient-Designed Do-it-Yourself Mobile Technology System for Diabetes: Lessons for Mobile Health". Diabetes Technol Ther. 19 (4): 209–219. doi:10.1089/dia.2016.0312. PMID 28245152.
  13. ↑ gitter.im/nightscout/public
  14. ↑ Torrance, Andrew W.; von Hippel, Eric A. (2013-10-12). "The Right to Innovate". Michigan State Law Review (793). doi:10.2139/ssrn.2339132. S2CID 159757936. SSRN 2339132.
  15. ↑ Plaza, Ediciones (2017-07-10). "¿Funcionan las réplicas de negocios de éxito de otros países en España?". Valencia Plaza (in Spanish). Retrieved 2020-09-09.
  16. ↑ "Un ángel de la guarda para los pacientes con diabetes". ELMUNDO (in Spanish). 2018-12-17. Retrieved 2020-09-09.
  17. ↑ "OpenAPS Offers Open Source Tools for Diabetes Management". 31 March 2017. Retrieved 2017-05-04.
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