A norepinephrine releasing agent (NRA), also known as an adrenergic releasing agent, is a catecholaminergic type of drug that induces the release of norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline) from the pre-synaptic neuron into the synapse. This in turn leads to increased extracellular concentrations of norepinephrine and epinephrine therefore an increase in adrenergic neurotransmission.[1][2]
A closely related type of drug is a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (NRI). Another class of drugs that stimulates adrenergic activity is the adrenergic receptor agonist class.
Uses and examples
NRAs are used for a variety of clinical indications including the following:
- For the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) — e.g., amphetamine, methamphetamine, pemoline
- As anorectics in the treatment of obesity — e.g., amphetamine, phentermine, benzphetamine, phenmetrazine, aminorex
- As wakefulness-promoting agents in the treatment of narcolepsy — e.g., amphetamine, methamphetamine
- As nasal decongestants — e.g., levomethamphetamine, propylhexedrine, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, phenylpropanolamine
They are also used as recreational drugs, though this is typically reserved only for those that also induce the release of serotonin and/or dopamine like amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA, mephedrone, and 4-methylaminorex, among others.[3]
Cathine and cathinone are NRAs found naturally in Catha edulis. Ephedrine and pseudoephedrine are also found naturally in Ephedra sinica. Both of these plants are used medicinally (and recreationally as well regarding the former). The endogenous trace amines phenethylamine and tyramine are NRAs found in many animals, including humans.
Selective NRAs include ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, phenylpropanolamine, levomethamphetamine, phentermine, and bupropion. These drugs also release dopamine to a much lesser extent, however, and bupropion is also a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist.
See also
References
- ↑ Keith Parker; Laurence Brunton; Goodman, Louis Sanford; Lazo, John S.; Gilman, Alfred (2006). Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (11 ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-142280-3. Archived from the original on 2011-11-18. Retrieved 2011-06-26.
- ↑ Thomas L. Lemke; David A. Williams, eds. (2007). Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry (6 ed.). Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-7817-6879-5.
- ↑ Gavai, Anand K.; Bouzembrak, Yamine; van den Bulk, Leonieke M.; Liu, Ningjing; van Overbeeke, Lennert F. D.; van den Heuvel, Lukas J.; Mol, Hans; Marvin, Hans J. P. (2021-12-01). "Artificial intelligence to detect unknown stimulants from scientific literature and media reports". Food Control. 130: 108360. doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108360. ISSN 0956-7135.
External links
Media related to Norepinephrine releasing agents at Wikimedia Commons