Northwest Papuan languages

Northwest Papuan
Northwest Papuan
Northwest New Guinea
(proposed)
Geographic; distribution	northern New Guinea
Subdivisions	Fas; Sentani; Border (Upper Tami); Sko; Foja Range (Tor–Kwerba–Nimboran);
Glottolog	None

The Northwest Papuan languages are a proposed language family of Papuan languages.

Many of the constituent branches of Northwest Papuan were first proposed to be related by H.K.J. Cowan in the 1950s. Voorhoeve (1971) connected the Border and Tor families. Using only pronouns as a diagnostic, Malcolm Ross linked most of the western (Foja Range) branch of the family, which is now fairly secure. The current form of the proposal was worked out by Timothy Usher under the name "North(west) New Guinea"^[1] (not to be confused with the proposed North New Guinea branch of the Austronesian language family). It is not yet certain, however, that the similarities in vocabulary between Foja Range and the other constituent families are due to inheritance rather than borrowing.

Languages

Fas
Sentani
Border (Upper Tami)
Sko
Foja Range
- Nimboran
- Kwerbic
- Mawes
- Orya–Tor

The western branch, Foja Range, is equivalent to Ross's Tor–Kwerba family with the addition of Nimboran.

Søren Wichmann (2013)^[2] considers Nimboran, Kapauri (under Kwerbic above), Border, and possibly also Elseng (under Border above) to form a unified language family.

Lexical comparison

The lexical data below is from the Trans-New Guinea database^[3] and Usher (2020),^[4] unless noted otherwise.

Body parts
family	language	head	hair	ear	eye	nose	tooth	tongue	leg	blood	bone	skin	breast
Trans-New Guinea	Proto-Trans-New Guinea	kobutu; kV(mb,p)utu; mUtUna; mVtVna	iti; (nd,s)umu(n,t)[V]; *zumun	ka(nd,t)(i,e)C; kat(i,e)C; *tVmV(d)	g(a,u)mu; ŋg(a,u)mu; (ŋg,k)iti [maŋgV]; nVpV	mundu; mutu	magata; maŋgat[a]; *titi	balaŋ; mbilaŋ; me(l,n)e; me(n,l)e	kani(n); k(a,o)ond(a,o)C; *kitu	ke(ñj,s)a; kesa	kondaC; kwata(l,n)	gatapu; (ŋg,k)a(nd,t)apu	*amu
Tor-Kwerba	Proto-Orya-Tor River^[4]	*nəbaɾ	*aɾ[ɛ/a][n/ŋ]		*nVwɛ	*masɛ		*mapəɾ[Vm]	*ta[g]əna				*mo̝m
Massep	Massep^[5]	emǐbake	embar sanyabe	irmouibe	nobe	indice	wanabe	satoribe	tenebe	kumobe	koke	maike	absibe sababra
Mawes	Mawes	defar	tere		nonsom		wan		ija	werei	tuan	dukunen
Nimboran	Proto-Grime River^[4]	*jaŋkaMBʉ	*ndɜp	kam[a/ɔ]; kəni[n/ŋ]	*namuɔ		səɺiŋ; wasəɺa[ŋ]	anəmbəɺ[i/ɛ]ŋ; mambəɺ[ɜ/ɔ]p	*masi	*kin	*ndɜn	*asu[p/k]	*min
Sentani	Sowari	tuniyiŋgan	pioupiə		kariŋgewa		itini		nəmbia	owar	ari	yow yim
Sentani	Sentani	faləm	uma		i joko	face	itəha		oro	oki	po	wa	nimə
Kapauri	Proto-Kapauri-Sause^[4]	*baːɽ		*t[o̝/u]waro̝			*w₂ano̝	*mɛn₂o̝		*ko̝mo̝	*aːᵘC		*mɵ̝N
Kaure-Kosare	Proto-Nawa River^[4]		*haⁱ	*hwɔkɽuC	*hwe̝N		*pakaⁱ					*ki	*muN
Kosare	Proto-Kosare^[4]	*pɔtɔ				*m[o̞]ɽo̞		*pɛɽɛ	*ti[p/b]e̞		*kako̞
Kosare	Kosare	potɔ´	potɔi	'kɔro	ĩsɛrit	moro 'kakò	pɛki	pɛrɛ´		ña	'kákò		kó kakò
Kaure	Kaure	kasera; pleŋ; pɔklai	hai; hat	goklu; huaglüt	gewe; hwai; hwew	gopo; hapu	sbeje; səbokai	sremu; sɾumu	due; duɛ	hi; katesa; katsa	era; laq; loa	aguli; arohei; axlit	mu; muq
Elseng	Elseng	walambiap	nimbias	mo; uskŋs	naf	sənpokep	an	mɔs; mɔsən	pokəs	wətwən	ok	son; sɔn	pan
Molof	Molof	emi	ela	ou	lom	toŋga	te	ai	fu	mat	antai	kant	mu
Usku	Usku	flekle	flekle-kunda	beikli	nifi		neŋkle	bra	nafu	kla; mise	kla; mi	ninje; ninye	kiombra
Namla-Tofanma	Tofanma	kemble	kemble -na; kemble-na	kemb lelu	jei; yei	məniti	geme	goŋgogok	wanta	leki	nta	jefake; yefake	mo
West Pauwasi	Tebi	məndini	məndini-teke; məndini- teke	faʔa	ei; i	məndi	kle	klemalbo	puŋwa	teri; təri	gwane; gwano	ser	mamu
West Pauwasi	Towei	mindimna	mindi-teke		ei		kəreser		popnoa	edefi	pana	ser
East Pauwasi	Proto-East Pauwasi^[4]	*mɛ	*mbVwaⁱ	*wVpi	*ji	*mɛⁱ	*jɔ	*mɜtaɺVp	*mbu	*mɜp	*ŋgVɺ	apV, jipi	*mɵ̝m
Yetfa	Yetfa	fran; ᵽr᷈an	fra may; ᵽʌřamai		i; ʔiʔ	ndor	ɔřa; rwa	moR᷈		ndwal	fan	tol; toR᷈
Lepki-Murkim	Lepki^[6]			bwi	yɛmon		kal	braw		yiri	kɔw		nom
Lepki-Murkim	Murkim^[6]			bwi	amol		kal	prouk		mal	kok		mam
Kembra	Kembra^[6]				yi		pa			nili	ka
Kimki	Kimki^[6]			bwa	ẽ		luː	albak		afupla	kwal		mua
Senagi	Dera (Amgotro dialect)	boda	nanada	kumbo- keda	kumba- kwada	gutubu	jabo-gemda	tabu		kodoa	gemda	kueda	toto
Border	Awyi	naŋger; naŋgər	jento; ta	keato	najo; nayo	nubru	ka	marie	malke	keane	sakər	fəker	mə̃
Border	Waris	ku	tea; tɛa	aŋku	nop	lomus	lelo	minde	moŋgola	towol	kəi; kəl	towol	tɛt
Kwomtari	Pyu	uǏiʔ; wiri	Ǐɩsiʔ; lisi	kweɛ	bəmeʔ; pɛmɛʔɛ	tɛpʌǏi	rəne	asaguʔ		ɛmiʔ; kami	bəli; bɩǏiʔ	kagole; kʌkʌǏɛʔ	ib̶iʔ
Sko	Skou	röbe; rö́e	ta	lö	luto; lutɔ̀	ha	kö		tãe	hi	ee	nö re; nö rɔ̀	nɔ

Nature
family	language	louse	dog	pig	bird	egg	tree	sun	moon	water	fire	stone	path
Trans-New Guinea	Proto-Trans-New Guinea	*niman			n(e,i); n(e)i; n[e]i; yak; yaka[i]; yanem	maŋgV; munaka; *mun(a,u)ka	ida; inda ~ *iñja	kamali; kamuli; *ketana	kal(a,i)m; kamali; takVn; takVn[V]	nok; (n)ok; ok(u); ok[V]	inda; k(a,e)dap; k(a,e)(n,d)ap; kambu; *k(a,o)nd(a,u)p	kamb(a,u)na; (na)muna; *[na]muna
Tor-Kwerba	Proto-Orya-Tor River	*nɛna	*gʷəɾa	*gʷas	*dzu	*s[u]w[e̝]	*te̝		*p[ɛⁱ]n	*pɔ			*nVɾ
Massep	Massep	sinome	onobe	iyi yabenayi	inyane	sinye	warane	sobe	mandoma	ɛware	yase	sirimakatiri	sane
Mawes	Mawes		wede	was	ikinin	siwin	deŋkin	esar		bo	kani	feyt
Nimboran	Proto-Grime River	*səna[ŋ]	*unduɔ	*inəmbuɔ	*jʉ	*səwip[i]	*ndi	*wɔj	*mbanu	*mbu	kip; kɜj	*ndəmuɔ	*tap
Sentani	Sowari	ami	aweŋgen	nifie	ey	kuku	ya-yeŋgan	omar		yarim	payn	kara
Sentani	Sentani	mi	yoku	obo	aye	do	no	hu		bu	i	duka
Kapauri	Proto-Kapauri-Sause	*hɛno̝	*unu		*ɽe̝Cne̝N	*huwini		*nisiki (?)	*bɛ[N/nV]	*bo̝C			*nawaɽo̝
Kaure-Kosare	Proto-Nawa River	*miN	*se̝	*pî	*ho̝C		*tɛⁱC	*h[æ/a]niC	*paka	*mi[jɛ]	*sa(-[n/ɽ]ɛN)	ɭitɪ
Kosare	Proto-Kosare		*se̞		*ho̞	*sɛɽi		*e̞ne̞		*mijɛ
Kosare	Kosare	mi	sé	pi	o	ho's̪ɛri	tĩⁿdi	ɛnɛ´ⸯ	paka	biɛ	sá	'naka	kɛmɔrɔ´
Kaure	Kaure	mi; mĩ	se	pi	hou; hu; ku	hore; te; wale	te; tei; teija	hafei; haɾi; harei	gaka; poka	bi; biq; gomesi	sa; saʔ; sareŋ	təsi; tɛsi; tisi	selu
Elseng	Elseng	ku	wəs	wo	bisjas; bisyas	suŋun	sək	ninaf	mɔm	wətel; wətəl	bot; bɔt	səpat	mul
Molof	Molof	lem			au	le	woar	nei	ar	jat; yat	tombe	le	mef
Usku	Usku	nimi			lokwe	kle	weli	nei	meŋgerne	ei	jo; yo	pane	tra
Namla-Tofanma	Tofanma	bli			jetai; yetai	taili	kili	jaku; yaku	menti-gaku	basu	we	klo	meka
West Pauwasi	Tebi	mi			lumu; olmu	alani; membi	wejalgi; weyalgi	maʔa	wuluma	ai	we	kwola	fiaʔa
West Pauwasi	Towei				yemu	jek	wemu	yimap		eye	we	mafi
East Pauwasi	Proto-East Pauwasi	*jəmVɺ		*pVɺ	*and	*jVn	naɺV, waɺ	*jəmaɺ	*juŋg	*Vnd	*jaᵘ	*mbVɺi	*mVwaⁱ
Yetfa	Yetfa	ni:m; yim	say	mbaR᷈; mualə	rawi	řonǏa	yau; yo; yɔ	məlel		kel; kɛr᷈	yaʋ; yau	təkoup; tɩkɔᵽ	miaA
Lepki-Murkim	Lepki				afai	haiden	ya	mom	roɣivei	kel	yaɣala	sauf
Lepki-Murkim	Murkim				afi	nel	yamul	kayakalo	kaya(bi)	kel	yo	oːn
Kembra	Kembra				tra	traləl	ya	ota		er	ya	isi
Kimki	Kimki				ã	im	maul	bwakaya	lokaya	dɪ	kamop	kwil
Senagi	Dera (Amgotro dialect)	manə	jabodo	wadə	du	dogomda	namo; nomo	kəbu	amana	kue	kai	nəmai	bakoda
Border	Awyi	tu	eəl; wŋl	wot	noj; noy	suŋul	ti	mentao	kuŋgəru	wobia; wobio	tao	ser	məŋgir
Border	Waris	ku	unde	mi	tuawa	suul	ti	okumba	wɛs	po	sue	hon	muna
Kwomtari	Pyu	ni; niʔ	naguʔ; nakwu	we; wɛʔ	maǏuǏiʔ; maru	Ǐio taʔ; taʔ	ga; ka	agwiʔ		ʔiʔ; yi	kamie; kʌmæ	siri; sɩliʔ	ʔonæ; ʔonɛ
Sko	Skou	fi	nake; nakɛ́	pale; pálɛ	tåå; tãŋã	tã ko; tã kò	ri	rãã; rãã́	ke	pa	ra	hũ; wũ

Miscellaneous
family	language	man	woman	name	eat	one	two
Trans-New Guinea	Proto-Trans-New Guinea	abV; ambi	panV; pan(V)	ibi; imbi; *wani	na; na-		*ta(l,t)(a,e)
Tor-Kwerba	Proto-Orya-Tor River		*kʷe̝	*bo̝s[ɛ/a]		*apa	*nawɛt
Massep	Massep	kine		okabe		mnika	nabini
Mawes	Mawes	ke		dimane	nano	mendakai	yakenew
Nimboran	Proto-Grime River	*səɺu	kambuŋ; ki	*sʉ	*ndam	*kapəɺaj[a]	*namuan
Sentani	Sowari	watuga		aror	emaŋo	upu	pugwai
Sentani	Sentani	do		do	anəi-ko	əmbai	be
Kapauri	Proto-Kapauri-Sause				*na[N/nV]		*nɛbɽe̝[na]
Kaure-Kosare	Proto-Nawa River		*naⁱ		*naⁱ	*sɔɽɔtɔC
Kosare	Proto-Kosare			*m[ɔ]ɽɔ	*ne̞	*ko̞ɽapɛ
Kosare	Kosare		ḑɩmɔ'kasia	morɔ	kɛnɛ´	kora'ɸɛ	tau
Kaure	Kaure	debla; dido	dae	bəre; blɛ; nokomne	ganasi; kadi; kandɛ	gogotia; kauxjaʔ; kaxotia	tɾapli; təravərei; trapi
Elseng	Elseng	sisɛu; sisew	saɔ		to
Molof	Molof	lomo	anale	ti	ne	kwasekak	ateti
Usku	Usku	mekenja; mekenya	jomia		kepo	kisifaini	narna
Namla-Tofanma	Tofanma	lame	ale	emi	sembe	kenano	neni
West Pauwasi	Tebi	toŋkwar	keke	kini	ne	kərowali	kre
West Pauwasi	Towei	tokwar		ken	nembra	giona	krana
East Pauwasi	Proto-East Pauwasi	*jɵ̝pɛ	*VɺVm[i]	*ɛⁱ	*pɜɺ	*aŋgVtamb	*anVŋg
Yetfa	Yetfa	nam	namiyaA		ŋa; ntɛřᵽI	kəsa; kɛsa	ndyesel; tesyɛnsaR᷈
Lepki-Murkim	Lepki	rawil	konan	gye	ɲis	kutuɣap	kaisi
Lepki-Murkim	Murkim	frawil	wonak	ka ~ kako	ɲẽlo	hel	kais
Kembra	Kembra	ratera		kia	ɲəm	kutina	kais
Kimki	Kimki	ap	kiam	aip ~ mi	auko	amatri	alas
Senagi	Dera (Amgotro dialect)	jani- ndia	kuadedebo		tato-	mano; ŋguadu	imbu
Border	Awyi	kir	kuru		anɛ; na	maŋgua	naŋger
Border	Waris	tənda	ŋguabe	nabae	ne	muŋasəl	sambla
Kwomtari	Pyu	tali; taliʔ	Ǐomæʔ		waŋgɛʔ	tefiye; tɛᵽiɛʔ	kasi
Sko	Skou	ba; keba; kébanè; teba	pemɛ̀		kã; pã; tã	ali; alì	hĩto; hĩ́to

References

↑ Northwest New Guinea
↑ Wichmann, Søren. 2013. A classification of Papuan languages Archived 2020-11-25 at the Wayback Machine. In: Hammarström, Harald and Wilco van den Heuvel (eds.), History, contact and classification of Papuan languages (Language and Linguistics in Melanesia, Special Issue 2012), 313-386. Port Moresby: Linguistic Society of Papua New Guinea.
↑ Greenhill, Simon (2016). "TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea". Retrieved 2020-11-05.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Usher, Timothy (2020). "New Guinea World". Archived from the original on 2022-12-16. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
↑ Hurd, Fred. 1979. Massep. Unpublished word list, m.s. SIL International.
1 2 3 4 Foley, William A. (2018). "The languages of Northwest New Guinea". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 433–568. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.

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[1] Northwest New Guinea

[Wichmann2013-2] Wichmann, Søren. 2013. A classification of Papuan languages Archived 2020-11-25 at the Wayback Machine. In: Hammarström, Harald and Wilco van den Heuvel (eds.), History, contact and classification of Papuan languages (Language and Linguistics in Melanesia, Special Issue 2012), 313-386. Port Moresby: Linguistic Society of Papua New Guinea.

[TNG-org-3] Greenhill, Simon (2016). "TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea". Retrieved 2020-11-05.

[Usher-2020-4] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Usher, Timothy (2020). "New Guinea World". Archived from the original on 2022-12-16. Retrieved 2020-12-31.

[5] Hurd, Fred. 1979. Massep. Unpublished word list, m.s. SIL International.

[Foley-NWNG-6] 1 2 3 4 Foley, William A. (2018). "The languages of Northwest New Guinea". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 433–568. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.

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