Nosy Be
Map of Nosy Be
Nosy Be is located in Madagascar
Nosy Be
Nosy Be
Nosy Be is situated off the west coast of Diana Region in northern Madagascar.
Geography
LocationMozambique Channel
Coordinates13°18′54″S 48°16′03″E / 13.31500°S 48.26750°E / -13.31500; 48.26750
Area320.02 km2 (123.56 sq mi)
Highest elevation450 m (1480 ft)
Highest pointMont Lokobe
Administration
RegionDiana Region
Demographics
Population109,465 (2018)

Nosy Be [ˌnusʲ ˈbe] (formerly Nossi-bé and Nosse Be) is an island off the northwest coast of Madagascar. Nosy Be is Madagascar's largest and busiest tourist resort. It has an area of 320.02 km2 (123.56 sq mi), and its population was 109,465 according to the provisional results of the 2018 Census.

Nosy Be means "big island" in the Malagasy language. The island was called Assada during the early colonial era of the 17th century. Nosy Be has been given several nicknames over the centuries, including "Nosy Manitra" (the scented island).

History

The first human inhabitants of Nosy Be were small bands of Antankarana and Zafinofotsy, before the Sakalava people migrated there and became the most numerous ethnic group on the island. These people were joined later by some Comorians, Indians or Antandroy. Nosy Be made first major appearance in Madagascar's history when King Radama I announced that he intended to conquer the whole west of Madagascar. That plan was eventually achieved in 1837 when the Sakalava Kingdom of Boina came into the possession of Ranavalona I upon the defeat of Queen Tsiomeko's army.

The French colonized the island from 1840, founding an outpost named Hell-Ville (from French Admiral de Hell).[1] The 1848 abolition of slavery in the French colonies resulted in a revolt against the French by the Sakalava people, who were extensively involved in the slave trade.[2] In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the island was governed by the French as an internal protectorate within the colony of Madagascar. The outpost became an important trade harbor in the Mozambique channel.[3] During the nineteenth century, the French settlers developed cash crop agriculture (mainly sugar cane) and recruited indentured laborers from East Africa.[4] Though it was difficult for the French to control the littoral, they founded a plantation colony in Nosy Be, mainly producing sugar and cash crops.[5] The French used both military force and diplomacy to maintain their position in the island, appointing the former ruler of Nosy Be Binao as the gouverneur principal of the island.[6]

During the Russo-Japanese War Nosy Be became a supply station for Russia's Second Pacific Squadron. The main fleet led by Admiral Zinovy Rozhestvensky reached Nosy Be on January 9, 1905, where it met a smaller detachment led by Admiral Dmitry von Fölkersam that had arrived already on December 28, 1904.[7] The fleet stayed for two months for refurbishing and coaling, leaving on March 17 to meet its fate ten weeks later at the Battle of Tsushima.[8]

Lynching of tourists, 2013

The island, like most of Madagascar, suffers from an extreme level of uncertainty linked to crime and violence. Rumours quickly turn into accusations in Madagascar, and lynchings are common, even for allegations related to traffic accidents or theft. On October 3, 2013, the body of an 8-year-old boy was discovered at the beach of Ambatoloaka on the island. The condition of the body was poor after one week in the water, and a rumour was spread that the child had been murdered by Western organ-trafficking tourists. The uncle of the boy, a local named Zaidou, was detained by the local police for questioning, but a violent mob gathered to storm the local jail to punish the supposed murderer.[9]

As the uncle was not found, the anger of the mob turned to the Westerners having been in contact with the person, French tourists Sébastien Judalet and Roberto Gianfalla. Judalet was found and dragged from his hotel to the beach of Ambatoloaka, where the large mob repeatedly hit him with sticks and stones. The police received at least five calls from bystanders or expatriates but did not respond. Two police officers actually joined the mob, one of which who was filming the lynching on his smartphone.[10] After three hours of torture and humiliation, the naked and bleeding tourists were put into car tires and thrown alive into a bonfire on the beach.[9] On the afternoon of October 3, 2013, the uncle Zaidou was found driving on the island. A mob of several hundred quickly lynched him by burning him alive on a public street next to a mosque.

Both events were filmed by the bystanders, publishing the murders on the internet. In spite of this mass of evidence, the local justice took two years of investigation to finally convict 4 members of the mob to lifetime imprisonment and 6 others to shorter sentences; 26 suspects in custody were released without charge as well as the two police officers.[11] A local politician, Joseph Yoland, was accused of inciting the killings on his radio station at the island, but the charges were dropped when the court allegedly was unable to retrieve any recordings of the aired shows that evening.[12] Following the events, the French authorities warned travellers for "high risk of assaults, that could be extremely violent",[13] U.S. travellers are also advised "[to] be aware of the potential for mob violence and 'popular justice' that is sometimes directed towards foreign nationals.".[14] The lynching in Nosy Be is a rare public murder of expatriates in Madagascar; most lynchings concern locals. However, expatriates are frequently subject to kidnapping and extortion, such as the January 2015 kidnapping of a 12-year old French child outside of his school,[15] and two separate kidnappings of French citizens of Indo-Pakistani origin in April 2016 that triggered the intervention of the French police tactical unit GIGN in Madagascar.[16]

Geography

A female black lemur and her offspring at the Lokobe Reserve, Nosy Be, November, 2001

Nosy Be is located about eight kilometers (5.0 mi) from the coast of Madagascar in the Mozambique Channel; several smaller islands are located nearby, including Nosy Komba, Nosy Mitsio, Nosy Sakatia, and Nosy Tanikely. The island's main town is Andoany.

The volcanic island has an area of about 312 km2 (120 sq mi), and its highest peak is Mont Lokobe at 450 m (1,480 ft); the volcano is of Holocene origin but has not erupted in recorded history.[17] There are eleven volcanic crater lakes on the island.

The island is known for having one of the world's smallest frogs[18] (Stumpffia pygmaea) and chameleon (Brookesia minima).[19] The Lokobe Reserve is one of Madagascar's five Strict Nature Reserves (Réserves Naturelles Intégrales). Nosy Be is also home to a specific color of panther chameleon (Furcifer pardalis).

Omura's whale

Omura's whale off Nosy Be

Recent studies indicate that adjacent waters around the channel between Nosy Be[20] and Madagascar host a habitat for notable number of Omura's whale, and this has allowed researchers to conduct field studies targeting this rare species for the first time.[21][22]

Climate

Nosy Be has a tropical monsoon climate. It is most humid in summer (December, January, February). The Tsaratanana massif partially protects the island from the strong north-east winds affecting the region in August or during tropical depressions. The wet season lasts from October until the beginning of May, followed by a relatively short dry season that lasts through September. As characteristic of its climate however, it still sees moderate amounts of precipitation even during this time. Daytime temperatures remain fairly steady throughout the year, hovering around 30 °C (86 °F), while the nights are slightly cooler during the dry season.

Climate data for Nosy Be
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 31.1
(88.0)		 31.1
(88.0)		 31.8
(89.2)		 32.0
(89.6)		 31.2
(88.2)		 30.0
(86.0)		 29.6
(85.3)		 29.9
(85.8)		 31.0
(87.8)		 32.0
(89.6)		 32.0
(89.6)		 31.5
(88.7)		 31.1
(88.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) 26.2
(79.2)		 26.3
(79.3)		 27.6
(81.7)		 26.5
(79.7)		 25.2
(77.4)		 23.1
(73.6)		 22.3
(72.1)		 23.3
(73.9)		 24.4
(75.9)		 25.7
(78.3)		 26.4
(79.5)		 26.5
(79.7)		 25.3
(77.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 22.6
(72.7)		 22.8
(73.0)		 22.8
(73.0)		 22.4
(72.3)		 20.9
(69.6)		 19.0
(66.2)		 18.0
(64.4)		 17.8
(64.0)		 19.1
(66.4)		 20.8
(69.4)		 22.0
(71.6)		 22.5
(72.5)		 20.9
(69.6)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 518.5
(20.41)		 435.9
(17.16)		 294.7
(11.60)		 156.5
(6.16)		 61.1
(2.41)		 44.3
(1.74)		 37.4
(1.47)		 36.2
(1.43)		 39.3
(1.55)		 84.6
(3.33)		 148.1
(5.83)		 371.6
(14.63)		 2,228.2
(87.72)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 21 20 18 12 6 6 5 5 6 7 13 18 137
Mean monthly sunshine hours 187.0 171.2 224.0 245.0 271.3 248.9 263.7 284.9 277.6 281.1 249.1 219.7 2,923.5
Source: NOAA[23]

Administration

The island constitutes a department within Diana Region and is organized as the City of Nosy Be (Commune Urbaine de Nosy Be). Its mayor is Mr. Vita Zarga.

Economy

Once a major location of plantation of sugar cane and production of its derived products (sugar, rum), the island's main activities are now the plantation of ylang-ylang (for the production of essential oils) and tourism. Nosy Be is the most developed tourism destination in Madagascar. This is the only place in Madagascar where all-inclusive large resorts can be found.

Transportation

The island is served by Fascene Airport. The airport is serviced by commercial flights with Air Madagascar, Air Austral, Airlink, Ewa, Ethiopian Airlines, and has direct flights from Europe on Neos. Its main city and harbour, Hell-Ville, can be reached by boat from Ankify.

Education

French international schools:

  • École primaire française Lamartine[24]

Local public schools:

  • EPP Andavakotoko
  • EPP Galliéni
  • EPP boulevard Manceaut (?)
  • CEG Ambalakatakata
  • Lycée mixte of Nosy Be

Twin towns—sister cities

Nosy Be is twinned with:

See also

References

  1. ↑ Sanchez SF (2008). "Commerce régional et à longue distance dans l'ouest de Madagascar au XIXème siècle". Tsingy: Revue de l'association des professeurs d'histoire et de géographie de Madagascar (9): 44-56.
  2. ↑ « Sanchez S. F., Un mouvement antiabolitionniste et anticolonial : La révolte sakalava de 1849 dans le Nord-Ouest de Madagascar », in Ballarin M.-P., Derat M.-L., Médard H., Vernet T. (dir.), Traite et esclavage en Afrique Orientale et dans l'Océan Indien, Paris, Karthala, 2013, p.413-439
  3. ↑ Sanchez, Samuel (2 January 2017). "Complex Strands: Changing Textile Trades in Western Madagascar and the Mozambique Channel in the Nineteenth Century, Evidence from Nosy Be Island". Textile History. 48 (1): 85–100. doi:10.1080/00404969.2017.1294817. S2CID 165135935.
  4. ↑ Rajaonah F. & Sanchez S. F., "De l'engagisme au salariat dans le Sud-Ouest de l'océan Indien. La colonie de plantation de Nosy Be, Madagascar (1840-1960)", in Guerassimoff E. & Mande I. (dir.), Le travail colonial. Engagés et autres travailleurs migrants dans les empires 1850-1950 , Paris, Riveneuve, 2016, p.245-282
  5. ↑ « Sanchez S. F., "Persuasion, escarmouches, prises d'otages. L'exercice du pouvoir dans la colonie française de Nosy Be, Nord-Ouest de Madagascar (1839-1896)", in Chanson-Jabeur Ch., Morlat P., Forest A., Colonisations et Répressions, Paris, Les Indes Savantes, 2015, p.413-439
  6. ↑ Allen, Philip M.; Covell, Maureen (2005). Historical dictionary of Madagascar (2nd ed.). Lanham, Md. [u.a.]: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-4636-4.
  7. ↑ Pierre Van de Boogaerde (2009). Shipwrecks of Madagascar. Strategic Book Publishing. p. 243. ISBN 978-1-60693-494-4.
  8. ↑ Alistair Horne (2015). Hubris. The Tragedy of War in the Twentieth Century. HarperCollins. p. 74ff. ISBN 978-0-06-239780-5.
  9. 1 2 "A Madagascar, la folle rumeur qui a mené trois hommes sur le bûcher". Le Monde.fr. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
  10. ↑ "Foule en furie - Deux hommes lynchés à mort à Madagascar". parismatch.com. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
  11. ↑ "Madagascar: quatre personnes condamnées aux travaux forcés à perpétuité pour le lynchage de Nosy Be". Le Monde.fr. 2015-10-09. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
  12. ↑ "Madagascar - Deux Français avaient été battus à mort le 3 octobre 2013 : Lynchage de Nosy Be: un massacre lié au commerce de pierres précieuses". ipreunion.com. 23 February 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
  13. ↑ "Madagascar- Sécurité". France Diplomatie : : Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
  14. ↑ "Madagascar". travel.state.gov. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
  15. ↑ "Un Français de 12 ans kidnappé devant son collège à Madagascar". www.europe1.fr. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
  16. ↑ "Kidnapping des karana, le Groupe d'intervention de la Gendarmerie nationale (GIGN) française débarque". wordpress.com. 21 April 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
  17. ↑ "Nosy-Be". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
  18. ↑ Stumpffia pygmaea
  19. ↑ Tim Flannery and Peter Schouten, Astonishing Animals: Extraordinary Creatures and the Fantastic Worlds They Inhabit. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2004. Page 126-127.
  20. ↑ Sakalav Diving (2012). "petit rorqual minke whale.avi". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2015-10-25.
  21. ↑ Jefferson, Thomas, Marc A. Webber, and Robert L. Pitman (2015). Marine Mammals of the World: A Comprehensive Guide to their Identification. London: Academic.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  22. ↑ Cerchio S.; Andrianantenaina B.; Lindsay A.; Rekdahl M.; Andrianarivelo N.; Rasoloarijao T. (2015). "Omura's whales (Balaenoptera omurai) off northwest Madagascar: ecology, behaviour and conservation needs". Royal Society Open Science. 2 (10): 150301. Bibcode:2015RSOS....240301C. doi:10.1098/rsos.150301. PMC 4632516. PMID 26587244.
  23. ↑ "Nosy Be/Fascene Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved October 19, 2015.
  24. ↑ "École primaire française Lamartine." AEFE. Retrieved on May 7, 2015.
  25. ↑ Vacca, Maria Luisa. "Comune di Napoli -Gemellaggi" [Naples - Twin Towns]. Comune di Napoli (in Italian). Archived from the original on 2013-07-22. Retrieved 2013-08-08.
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