Nuvuk, once Alaska's northernmost village,[1] was located at the tip of Point Barrow, Alaska. In the Inupiaq language the name means "point" or "promontory of land" and refers both to the landform and the village. Archaeological evidence indicates that Point Barrow was occupied for over 1,500 years prior to the arrival of the first Europeans. Occupation continued into the 1940s. The headland is an important archaeological site, yielding Ipiutak artifacts, many burials and artifacts associated with the Thule culture, as well as artifacts from pre- and post-contact Ipiutak occupation.

Research

Explorers

The first recorded visit of non-Natives to Nuvuk took place in 1826, in the form of an expedition led by Captain Frederick William Beechey of the British Royal Navy, in command of the fifteen-gun sloop HMS Blossom.[2] Although Beechey and Blossom did not get far past Icy Cape due to ice and shoal water, Blossom’s barge under the command of Thomas Elson and William Smyth made it as far as Point Barrow and the settlement of Nuvuk.[2] By the early 1850s the residents of Nuvuk were aware of other European and American ships, and in some cases may have seen them while traveling, but the next ship to actually reach Point Barrow seems to have been HMS Plover under the command of Rochfort Maguire. Plover overwintered in 1852 and 1853 in Elson Lagoon, adjacent to the village of Nuvuk.[3] The village residents and the crew interacted quite a bit and Maguire recorded a considerable amount of information on the community.[3]

Scientific investigations

The earliest primarily scientific expedition to north Alaska was the United States Army Signal Corps expedition under Lieutenant Patrick Henry Ray. In 1881 the expedition established a station at Cape Smythe for the 1st International Polar Year (IPY). Although the expedition was primarily to collect meteorological and magnetic data, it produced one of the most important references for pre-and post-contact north Alaskan archaeology.[4] The expedition purchased a large collection of Iñupiat material culture from the residents of Nuvuk and Utqiagvik (Barrow). Expedition member John Murdoch recorded ethnographic information and wrote a volume covering that as well as an exhaustive description of the material culture collected by the expedition.[4]

Vilhjalmur Stefansson, came to the Barrow area in 1912 and spent some time with Charles Brower. He purchased many artifacts excavated by local residents, including from Nuvuk and Birnirk, which later were reported in several work.[5][6][7]

James A. Ford began his archaeological work on the North Slope in 1931. He had a full field season in 1932, working between Nuvuk and Walakpa, although his excavations at Nuvuk were quite limited.[5]

In 1951, Wilbert Carter began the first of three seasons of excavations at Piġniq (Birnirk) and Nuvuk. The crew staged out of the Naval Arctic Research Laboratory (NARL), worked at Nuvuk (which at the time was actually on an island, since the Point Barrow spit was breached) until seasonal ice melt impeded access, then shifted operations to Piġniq for the rest of the season. Over the three seasons, several cuts were excavated at Nuvuk. The material has yet to be published to any great extent. There are several preliminary reports and a so-called Final Report which remain unpublished.

Nuvuk Archaeological Project

The Nuvuk Archaeology Project (NAP) started after the repeated finding of eroding graves. The main focus of the NAP was the excavation of a cemetery that was discovered eroding at Nuvuk.[8] Over 90 burials have been excavated from the eroding spit. They range in age from at least the Early to Late Western Thule cultures. Bayesian chronological modeling suggests that Northern Maritime occupation may have begun as early as 530–650 cal AD.[9] These people are considered to be ancestors by the Iñupiat residents of Barrow, a point of view supported by genetic data.[10][11][12]

Researchers recorded the remnants of two Ipiutak structures which repent the first evidence of the Ipiutak north of Point Hope.[8] They were located beneath the Thule and Iñupiat occupations, which were already known at Nuvuk.[5] Nearly 3 ft 3 in (1 m) of sterile gravel separated these structures from more recent occupation evidence; the beach ridge and sea level were much lower in Ipiutak times. One of the two loci suggested a catastrophic termination of the occupation by a storm surge, based on a strandline deposit which cut across the archaeological deposit. This material is dated to 300–400 cal AD, an early date for Ipiutak cultural material. Both loci were completely eroded within two months of their discovery.

Another feature is a whaling captain’s work area likely from the 1870s or 80s, based on the combination of Euroamerican and traditional whaling gear. It was first exposed during geomorphological work on the erosion face in 2006 and was completely eroded within two years, before which only portions had been excavated. It is the only such feature on the Alaska North Slope to have been extensively excavated.

Notes

References

  • Beechey, Frederick William (1831). Narrative of a voyage to the Pacific and Beering's Strait, to co-operate with the polar expeditions performed in His Majesty's ship Blossom, under the command of Captain F.W. Beechey, R. N., F.R.S. &c. in the years 1825, 26, 27, 28. H. Colburn and R. Bentley. ISBN 0-665-47596-9. OCLC 1111847805.
  • Bockstoce, John (2011). The Journal of Rochfort Maguire, 1852-1854 : Two Years at Point Barrow, Alaska, aboard HMS Plover in Search for Sir John Franklin, Volume II. Ashgate. ISBN 978-1-283-24750-4. OCLC 824104417.
  • Murdoch, John (September 17, 2017). Ethnological Results of the Point Barrow Expedition. ISBN 978-3-337-32154-3. OCLC 1129760429.
  • Ford, James A. (1959). Eskimo prehistory in the vicinity of Point Barrow, Alaska. Anthropological papers of the AMNH ; v. 47, pt. 1. New York. OCLC 705133484.
  • Stefansson, Vilhjalmur (1978). Stefánsson-Anderson Arctic expedition of the American Museum : preliminary ethnological report. AMS Press. ISBN 0-404-11688-4. OCLC 319422626.
  • Wissler, Clark (1916). "Harpoons and Darts in the Stefansson Collection". Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History. 14 (2).
  • Jensen, Anne M. (January 2009). Nuvuk Point Barrow, Alaska : the Thule cemetery and Ipiutak occupation. OCLC 805946847.
  • Krus, Anthony M; Jensen, Anne M; Hamilton, W Derek; Sayle, Kerry (April 23, 2019). "A Context-Appropriate Approach to Marine 14C Calibration: Δr and Bayesian Framework for the Nuvuk Cemetery, Point Barrow, Alaska" (PDF). Radiocarbon. 61 (3). doi:10.1017/rdc.2019.20. ISSN 0033-8222. S2CID 146297693.
  • Tackney, Justin; Jensen, Anne M.; Kisielinski, Caroline; O'Rourke, Dennis H. (January 9, 2019). "Molecular analysis of an ancient Thule population at Nuvuk, Point Barrow, Alaska". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 168 (2). doi:10.1002/ajpa.23746. ISSN 0002-9483. PMID 30628076.
  • Raff, Jennifer A.; Rzhetskaya, Margarita; Tackney, Justin; Hayes, M. Geoffrey (April 17, 2015). "Mitochondrial diversity of Iñupiat people from the Alaskan North Slope provides evidence for the origins of the Paleo- and Neo-Eskimo peoples". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 157 (4). doi:10.1002/ajpa.22750. ISSN 0002-9483. PMID 25884279.
  • Raghavan, Maanasa; DeGiorgio, Michael; Albrechtsen, Anders; et al. (August 29, 2014). "The genetic prehistory of the New World Arctic". Science. 345 (6200). doi:10.1126/science.1255832. PMID 25170159. S2CID 353853.
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