A Nyindu face mask with a feathered collar, Monument Avenue in Richmond, Virginia.

The Nyindu people (singular: Mnyindu, plural: Banyindu), are an ethnic group predominantly found along the Ulindi River in the north, west, and south, as well as the Kilungutwe River, located in the Mwenga Territory in the southern part of South Kivu Province in the eastern region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The Nyindu people belong to the Bantu ethnic group and linguistic family, which is among the most populous and diverse ethnic groups in the South Kivu Province.[1][2][3] They are known for their traditional agricultural practices, which include cultivating crops such as maize, cassava, and beans. They also engage in animal husbandry, particularly with cattle. The Nyindu are organized into clans, and each clan has a chief who serves as a leader and arbitrator.[4][5]

History

The Nyindu people are part of the Bantu ethnolinguistic group, which is believed to have originated in the region that is now modern-day Cameroon and Nigeria before spreading across the continent over many centuries. The origin of the Nyindu people is not entirely clear, as there are limited written records of their early history. However, the Nyindu are considered a mixture of aboriginal groups (of M’minje and Lenge origin, but mixed with Pygmies) and immigrant offshoots of the Lega and the Fuliiru-Vira.[6]

According to Nyindu oral tradition, their first king's descendants ruled over neighboring peoples such as the Shi, Hunde, Fuliiru, and Vira. Additionally, some Nyindu people who belong to the Kabila ya Banyindu (Nyindu group) share clans with the Lega, Fuliiru and Vira, such as the Batumba, Balambo, and Banyemganga. Furthermore, Nyindu architecture shows influences from the Lega and the Bembe. As a result, the Nyindu people have close cultural and historical relationships not only with the Lega, but also with the Shi and the Bembe. These cultural connections and historical ties have contributed to the Nyindu people's diverse cultural identity. The Lega, for example, are known for their artistry and are renowned for their wooden sculptures and masks. The Bembe, on the other hand, are recognized for their intricate basket weaving and pottery. The Nyindu people have incorporated elements from these neighboring communities into their own cultural practices and have also shared their own traditions with them.[7][8]

In recent decades, the Nyindu people have confronted significant challenges, such as conflict and displacement stemming from political instability and armed groups in the region. On August 24, 1998, during the Second Congo War, a massacre was carried out by the Rally for Congolese Democracy (Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie) rebels and Rwandan soldiers in Kasika and nearby villages, resulting in the deaths of over 1,000 people, a majority of whom were Nyindu. The incident is widely regarded as one of the deadliest in the conflict, which lasted from 1998 to 2003 and caused immense human suffering and displacement across the country. Following the massacre, the Nyindus took an active part in the political and social life of the Democratic Republic of Congo. They have advocated for greater representation and recognition of their rights and have worked to preserve their cultural heritage, including through traditional music, dance, and art. The international community has also provided assistance to support the Nyindu people and other communities affected by the conflict, including efforts to promote peace, security, and development in the region.[9][10][11][12]

Culture

Economy

The economy of the Nyindu people is likely centered around agriculture, with many people engaged in subsistence farming and livestock rearing. They also participate in small-scale trade and market activities, selling their produce and goods in local markets. The region in which the Nyindu people live is rich in natural resources, including minerals such as gold, tin, and coltan, but the extraction and trade of these resources have often been linked to conflict and human rights abuses. Political instability and conflict have had a severe impact on the economy and livelihoods of people in the Democratic Republic of Congo, including the Nyindu people.[5][8][13][14][15]

Language

The Nyindu people speak Kinyindu, a Bantu language that is part of the Niger-Congo language family. According to Belgian scholar of Central African art, Daniel P. Biebuyck, the Nyindu have the closest cultural and historical connections with the Lega people among the neighboring ethnic groups. However, the linguistic classification of the Nyindu language remains somewhat unclear.[16][5][7] Belgian scholar of Bantu languages and people in the eastern part of the Belgian Congo, Van Bulck, includes the Nyindu language in the subgroup of Lake Kivu of the young Bantu group of Northeastern Bantu (Section B). He considers the Nyindu language to be part of the same language group as the Shi, Hunde, Havu, Tembo, Kinyarwanda, and Kirundi, but distinct from the Lega language.[17]

On the other hand, Belgian historian and anthropologist, Jan Vansina, includes the Nyindu language in the Maniema group, which is the same group as the Lega language. The debate about the classification of the Nyindu language reflects the complex linguistic and cultural diversity of the people residing in the region.[18]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden. Afrika-Studiecentrum (1985). Abstracts Journal of the African Studies Centre Leiden, Volume 16 (in English, French, German, Italian, Dutch, and Afrikaans). De Centrum. p. 111.
  2. ↑ Sigwalt, Richard Dean (1975). The Early History of Bushi: An Essay in the Historical Use of Genesis Traditions. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin--Madison. pp. 102–106.
  3. ↑ PeopleGroups.org. "PeopleGroups.org - Nyindu of Congo (Kinshasa)". peoplegroups.org. Retrieved 2023-05-08.
  4. ↑ Africa, Issue 3 (in English, Spanish, and French). Suita, Japan: National Museum of Ethnology. 1984. p. 73.
  5. 1 2 3 Biebuyck, Daniel P. (1982). Statuary from the Pre-Bembe Hunters: Issues in the Interpretation of Ancestral Figurines Ascribed to the Basikasingo-Bembe-Boyo (in English, French, and Dutch). Tervuren, Belgium: Royal Museum of Central Afrika.
  6. ↑ Biebuyck, Daniel P. (1973). Lega Culture; Art, Initiation, and Moral Philosophy Among a Central African People. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. p. 20. ISBN 9780520020856.
  7. 1 2 Biebuyck, Daniel P. (1973). Lega Culture; Art, Initiation, and Moral Philosophy Among a Central African People. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. pp. 20–23. ISBN 9780520020856.
  8. 1 2 Roy, Christopher D.; Gesellschaft, Kestner (1999). Kilengi: African Art from the Bareiss Family Collection. Washington, Pennsylvania: Univ.Washington P. ISBN 9780295978222.
  9. ↑ "CASUALTIES OF WAR". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 2023-05-08.
  10. ↑ "RDC: 22 ans après le massacre, retour à Kasika où la blessure des charniers reste vive". RFI (in French). 2020-09-04. Retrieved 2023-05-08.
  11. ↑ "20 Years On from the Kasika Massacre, Women Survivors Share Their Stories | Women For Women". Women for Women International. Retrieved 2023-05-08.
  12. ↑ "Life for women in the country that 'never turned the page of conflict'". The Independent. 2019-06-12. Retrieved 2023-05-08.
  13. ↑ Rédaction, La (2020-09-11). "Mwenga: Le dialogue politique et social sur la gestion des Ressources naturelles dans le territoire de Mwenga a vécu". Politico.cd (in French). Retrieved 2023-05-08.
  14. ↑ "Le WWF appuie le dialogue social et politique sur la gestion des ressources naturelles dans le". www.wwfdrc.org. Retrieved 2023-05-08.
  15. ↑ "Exploitation illégale des ressources naturelles au Sud-Kivu : huit députés nationaux en mission à Bukavu et Mwenga". Radio Okapi (in French). 2021-09-09. Retrieved 2023-05-08.
  16. ↑ Grimes, Barbara F.; Pittman, Richard Saunders; Grimes, Joseph Evans (1992). Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Dallas, Texas: Summer Institute of Linguistics. p. 448.
  17. ↑ Africa, Issue 3 (Contributor: Kokuritsu Minzokugaku Hakubutsukan) (in English, Spanish, and French). National Museum of Ethnology. 1984. p. 72.
  18. ↑ Vansina, Jan (October 22, 1990). Paths in the Rainforests: Toward a History of Political Tradition in Equatorial Africa. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 186. ISBN 9780299125738.
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