Oiniwar dynasty
Oiṇīvāra
1325–1526 [1]
Flag of Pithis
Flag
CapitalSugauna
Religion
Hinduism
Historical eraMedieval India
• Established
1325
• Disestablished
1526 [2]
Preceded by		Succeeded by
Karnat dynasty
Raj Darbhanga

The Oiniwar dynasty, or Aainwar dynasty also known as the Sugauna dynasty,[lower-alpha 1] was a Maithil ruling dynasty of territories that form part of the Mithila region of the Indian subcontinent. They governed the area between 1325 and 1526, being preceded by the Karnat dynasty.[lower-alpha 2] Following the demise of the dynasty, emerged the dynasty of the Raj Darbhanga. One of the Oiniwar Dynasty's most notable brave ruler and fighter was Shiva Simha Singh.[3][4]

Origins

The rulers of the Oiniwar dynasty governed their lands between 1325 and 1526[5] however their rule from 1526 till 1526 have been not very well documented/fruitfuil. They were Srotriya Maithil Brahmins whose first significant figure was Jayapati Thakur. His grandson, Nath Thakur, served the local kings of the Karnat dynasty and was rewarded with a grant of the village of Oini in recognition of his scholarship. As was then customary, he took the name of the granted place as his own and the dynasty that followed from him became known as the Oiniwar.[6] There is an alternative theory that the family were generally considered to be significant scholars and that this reputation and the influence that flowed from it resulted in them being awarded the village of Sodapura, which later caused them also to be known as the Srotiyas or Soit.[7]

In 1325, following the collapse of the Karnat dynasty in 1324,[6] Nath Thakur became the first Maithil ruler. The dynasty that followed him comprised a further 20 rulers.[8] The recent studies and appearance of Aurangzed dictat from 1685 AD suggest that this family continued to be treated as King of Mithila and the Khandwalas were subordinate to them.[9] It was not until the early 18th century that the Khandwalas became prominent and were recognised as King by AliVardi Khan.[10]

Capitals

The dynastic capitals were frequently relocated. At some unknown time, it was moved from Oini in present-day Muzaffarpur district to the village of Sugauna in modern-day Madhubani district, thus giving rise to the rulers also being known as the Sugauna Dynasty. It was moved again, to Devakuli, during the reign of Deva Singh, and then to Gajarathpura (also known as Shiva Singhpura) during the early years of the reign of his son, Shiva Singh.[11] When the latter died in 1416, his queen, Lakshima, governed for 12 years and then was succeeded by his brother, Padma Singh, who moved the capital once more. Named Padma, after its founder, this was near to Rajnagar and a long way from the previous seat. Padma Singh, who ruled for three years, was succeeded by his wife, Vivasa Devi, and she, too, founded a new capital which is today the village of Vishual.[8][3]

Military

The military of the Oiniwar dynasty was considered to be the main pillar of the King's power. The army was under the command of a senapati or the commander-in-chief who had direct control of the military.[12] The military had a four-fold structure with infantry, cavalry, elephants and chariots. The poet, Vidyapati who worked in the court of the Oiniwars, noted that the core of the army consisted of Kshatriyas and Brahmins the vanguard consisted of mercenaries from Kurukshetra, Matsya, Surasena and Panchala.[12]

In a battle with a Muslim Sultan during the reign of King Sivasimha, many different warriors were mentioned including Commander Suraja, Śri Śakho Sanehi Jha, Pundamalla who was an expert in archery and Rajadeva (Raut) who was considered to be a matchless warrior.[12]

Culture

The frequent moving of capitals and also the founding of new villages resulted in a range of new infrastructure financed by the dynasty, taking such forms as roads, temples, ponds and forts. In addition, the rulers were significant patrons of Maithili culture.[13] Their era has been called the epitome of the Maithili language.[14][13][15] The contributions of the poet and scholar Vidyapati, who flourished during the reign of Shiva Simha Singh, are particularly notable. This was a significant change from the Karnat era, whose rulers were not native to the area and which had been culturally stagnant.[6]

Sugauna became the core of linguistic and philosophical development of the Hindu religion.[15]

Demise

The last of the Oiniwar rulers was Laxminath Singh Deva.[7]. He had been trying to assert himself as an independent ruler and in the process was killed by Nusrat Shah of Bengal.[16] Following Laxminath Singh Deva death there was a period of lawlessness in the region lasting around 30 years where various Rajput, Brahmin, Kayastha clans were battling for power.[17] After this emerged the dynasty of the Raj Darbhanga.[18]

Rulers

According to historian Makhan Jha, the rulers of the Oiniwar dynasty are as follows:[7]

  • Nath Thakur
  • Atirupa Thakur
  • Vishwarupa Thakur
  • Govinda Thakur
  • Lakshman Thakur
  • Kameshwar Thakur
  • Bhogishwar Thakur, ruled for over 33 years
  • Ganeshwar Singh, reigned from 1355; killed by his cousins in 1371 after a long-running internecine dispute
  • Kirti Singh
  • Bhava Singh Deva
  • Deva Simha Singh
  • Shiva Simha Singh (or Shivasimha Rūpanārāyana), took power in 1402, missing in battle in 1406
  • Lakshima Devi, chief wife of Shiva Simha Singh, ruled as regent for 12 years. She committed sati after many years of waiting for her husband's return.
  • Padma Simha Singh, took power in 1418 and died in 1431
  • Viswavasa Devi, wife of Padma Singh, died in 1443
  • Hara Singh Deva, younger brother of Deva Singh
  • Nara Singh Deva, died in 1460
  • Dhir Singh Deva
  • Bhairva Singh Deva, died in 1515, brother of Dhir Singh Deva
  • Rambhadra Deva
  • Laxminath Singh Deva, died in 1526
  • Rupnarayan Deva 1526 onwards

Jha also refers to the predecessors of Nath Thakur used as "kings" but this contradicts his own explanation of when the family became rulers. Those predecessors are Jayapati Thakur and Hingu Thakur.[7]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ↑ Other spellings include Oinwar and Sugona.
  2. ↑ The Karnat dynasty is also known by other names, including the Karnataka, Simroun, Simraun and the Dev dynasty.

Citations

  1. ↑ Jha, Hetukar (1969). Journal of Bihar Research Society Vol 55: The Oiniwaras In Mughal Period. Bihar. pp. 145–53.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  2. ↑ Jha, Hetukar (1969). Journal of Bihar Research Society Vol 55: The Oiniwaras In Mughal Period. Bihar. pp. 145–53.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  3. 1 2 Jha, Pankaj (2019). A Political History of Literature: Vidyapati and the Fifteenth Century. Oxford University Press. p. 43-46. doi:10.1093/oso/9780199489558.001.0001. ISBN 9780199489558.
  4. ↑ Jha, Hetukar (1969). Journal of Bihar Research Society Vol 55: The Oiniwaras In Mughal Period. Bihar. pp. 145–53.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  5. ↑ Jha, Hetukar (1969). Journal of Bihar Research Society Vol 55: The Oiniwaras In Mughal Period. Bihar. pp. 145–53.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  6. 1 2 3 Jha, Makhan (1997). Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. pp. 52–53. ISBN 9788175330344.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Jha, Makhan (1997). Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. pp. 155–157. ISBN 9788175330344.
  8. 1 2 Jha, Makhan (1997). Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. pp. 55–57. ISBN 9788175330344.
  9. ↑ Jha, Hetukar (1969). Journal of Bihar Research Society Vol 55: The Oiniwaras In Mughal Period. Bihar. pp. 145–53.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  10. ↑ Jha, Bishwambhar (2007). "Epigraphic evidence for early Mithila". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 67: 1015–1019. JSTOR 44148018.
  11. ↑ Sarkar, Bihani (2012). "The Rite of Durgā in Medieval Bengal: An Introductory Study of Raghunandana's Durgāpūjātattva with Text and Translation of the Principal Rites". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 22 (2): 325–390. doi:10.1017/S1356186312000181. JSTOR 41490102. S2CID 162186490.
  12. 1 2 3 Radhakrishna Chaudhary (1976). Mithila in the Age of Vidyapati. Chaukhambha Orientalia. pp. 74–80.
  13. 1 2 Jha, Makhan (1997). Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. pp. 57–59. ISBN 9788175330344.
  14. ↑ Deo, Kamal (2006). "Society in the Kirtilata of Vidyapati". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 67: 286–291. JSTOR 44147948.
  15. 1 2 A History Of Maithili Literature Vol.1, Mishra Jayakanta, 1949, Tirubhakti Publishers, Allahabad
  16. ↑ The Wonder That Was India , S A A Rizvi , Picador India page 60
  17. ↑ Mishra, Vijaykanta (1953). "Chronology of the Oiniwara Dynasty of Mithila". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 16: 200–210. JSTOR 44303873.
  18. ↑ Rorabacher, J. Albert (2016). Bihar and Mithila: The Historical Roots of Backwardness. Taylor & Francis. p. 262. ISBN 9781351997584.
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