Many of those listed are cited in the Dictionary of National Biography.^[1]

• Edwin Abbott Abbott – Headmaster of the school (after whom Abbot house is named), theologian and author^[2]
• David Lindo Alexander – Jewish community leader^[3]
• Joe Alwyn – Actor^[4]
• Kingsley Amis – Writer^[5]
• William Anderson – Physician, Anatomy professor and scholar of Japanese Art^[6]
• Michael Apted – Actor, producer and director^[7]
• Thomas Walker Arnold – Orientalist^[8]
• Lord Ashby – Botanist and 5th Chancellor of Queen's University Belfast^[9]
• H. H. Asquith – Prime Minister 1908–1916^[10][11]
• Roy Baker – Film director
• Hugh Lewis – Antique furniture Restorer
• Julian Barnes – Novelist^[12]
• Jonathan Barnes – Philosopher^[12]
• Aaron Barschak – Comedian^[13]
• Henry Charles Beeching – Poet
• Samuel L Bensusan – Author and expert on country matters
• David Blundy – War Correspondent, killed in El Salvador, 17 November 1989
• Bramwell Booth – 2nd General of the Salvation Army
• Mike Brearley – Cricketer, captain of the England cricket team 1977–1981 and whose father Horace Brearley taught at CLS^[14]
• Clive Brooks – Member of the band Egg
• Arthur Henry Bullen – Publisher and scholar
• Kenneth Callow – Biochemist
• Mont Campbell – Member of the band Egg
• Suma Chakrabarti – Senior Civil Servant
• Lord Chalmers – Colonial governor and minister
• Sir Paul Chambers – Industrialist, Chairman of ICI
• Danny Cohen – New Controller of BBC One, and formerly of BBC Three^[15]
• Lord Collins – Supreme Court justice
• MJ Cole – UK Garage DJ, record producer and remixer.
• Robert Seymour Conway – Classical scholar and philologist
• Jim Cousins – Labour MP
• Jack Crawford – Professional NFL Player, Oakland Raiders
• Philip Dawid – Statistician
• John Diamond – Journalist and broadcaster, & Sunday Times writer
• Edward Divers – Chemist
• Lord Evans – Royal physician
• Stewart Farrar – Author
• Henry Charles Fehr – Sculptor^[16]
• John Knight Fotheringham – Historian, an expert on ancient astronomy and chronology
• Percy Gardner – Archaeologist
• Edward Garnett – Editor and writer
• Leo Genn – Stage and film actor
• Roland Glasser – Literary translator
• Israel Gollancz – Founding member of the British Academy
• Yvon John Guillermin – Film director, producer and writer.
• Theodore Bayley Hardy – Victoria Cross holder
• Sam Hield Hamer – Editor and writer
• Sir Nicholas John Hannen – Chief Justice of the British Supreme Court for China and Japan and British Consul General, Shanghai^[17]
• Peter Higgs – Nobel Prize–winning theoretical physicist, predicted the so-called "God Particle" known as the Higgs boson^[18]
• Frederick Hopkins – Nobel prize winning biochemist
• Paul Hough – Film Director
• William Huggins – Astronomer
• Joseph Oscar Irwin – Statistician
• Steven Isserlis – Cellist
• Benedict Jacka – Novelist^[19]
• Tim Jackson – Entrepreneur and author
• Anthony Julius – Lawyer
• Skandar Keynes – Film Actor
• Ralph Knott – Architect
• Peter B. Kronheimer – Mathematician
• James Leasor – Author
• Sidney Lee – Editor of the Dictionary of National Biography^[20]
• Anthony Lester – Lawyer
• Peter Levene – Chairman of Lloyd's of London and Lord Mayor of London 1998 & 1999
• Joseph Hiam Levy – Author, economist, and prominent figure in the Personal Rights Association
• David M. Lewis – Professor of Ancient History, University of Oxford
• Sir Patrick Linstead – Chemist and Rector of Imperial College London
• David Litman – American Entrepreneur, founder of hotels.com
• Ernest Lough – Boy soprano, singer, whose recording of Mendelssohn's "O for the Wings of a Dove" with the Temple Choir in 1927 made him world-famous; it had sold one million copies by 1962, the first classical record to reach this figure.
• Sir Wylie McKissock – Neurosurgeon^[21]
• Luke McShane – Chess Grandmaster
• Lord Mishcon – Solicitor and politician who represented Princess Diana in her divorce. Home affairs spokesman in the House of Lords from 1983 to 1990 and shadow Lord Chancellor 1990–1992.
• Neil Morisetti – UK Climate and Energy Security Envoy
• Max Newman – Mathematician and World War II codebreaker
• George Newnes – Publisher and editor
• Denis Norden – Writer and broadcaster
• John Owen – Senior Civil Servant & Cabinet Office Chief Technology Officer
• Richard Packer – Senior Civil Servant
• Robert William Paul – Pioneer of cinematography^[22]
• Howard John Stredder Pearce – Former Governor of the Falkland Islands and Civil Commissioner of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (SGSSI)
• Mark Pears – British billionaire, CEO of William Pears Group^[23]
• Sir William Henry Perkin FRS – Chemist best known for his discovery of the first aniline dye mauveine at the age of 18.
• Henry Thomas Herbert Piaggio – Physicist
• Arthur Rackham – Illustrator
• Daniel Radcliffe – Actor best known for his role as Harry Potter in the Harry Potter series of film adaptations.^[24]
• Gervais Rentoul – Politician and first chairman of the 1922 Committee
• Charles Thomson Ritchie – Chancellor of the Exchequer 1902–1903
• Joshua Rose – England Hockey Player and comedian
• Leon Roth – Jewish Philosopher and founder of the Department of Philosophy at Hebrew University^[25]
• Edward Linley Sambourne – Punch cartoonist
• Michael Schwab – Professor of Public Health
• John Robert Seeley – Historian and essayist
• John Shrapnel – Film and stage actor
• Bernard Silverman FRS – Former Master of St Peter's College, Oxford, and Chief Scientific Adviser to the Home Office
• William Johnson Sollas – Geologist and anthropologist
• Colin Southgate – Businessman
• Dave Stewart – Keyboardist with the bands Uriel, Egg, Hatfield and the North, National Health, Bruford and Stewart / Gaskin.
• Edward Stanford – Mapmaker
• Alfred Sutro – Playwright
• Derek Taunt – Mathematician and cryptologist^[26]
• Sir Thomas Taylor – Chemist, academic, and university administrator.
• John Lawrence Toole – Actor and theatre manager
• Thomas Fisher Unwin – Publisher
• David Walker – Master of the Household
• Alan Arthur Wells – Structural engineer, developer of Wells turbine^[27]
• Sir Robert Stanford Wood – First Vice Chancellor of the University of Southampton