The Hells Angels Motorcycle Club (HAMC) is designated an outlaw motorcycle gang by the Department of Justice.[1] There are an estimated 92 Hells Angels chapters in 27 U.S. states, with a membership of over 800.[2] Due to the club's designation as a "known criminal organization" by the State Department and Department of Homeland Security, the United States has a federal policy prohibiting its foreign members from entering the country.[3] The Hells Angels partake in drug trafficking, gunrunning, extortion, money laundering, insurance fraud, kidnapping, robbery, theft, counterfeiting, contraband smuggling, loan sharking, prostitution, trafficking in stolen goods, motorcycle and motorcycle parts theft, assault, murder, bombings, arson, intimidation and contract killing.[4] The club's role in the narcotics trade involves the production, transportation and distribution of marijuana and methamphetamine, in addition to the transportation and distribution of cocaine, hashish, heroin, LSD, MDMA, PCP and diverted pharmaceuticals.[2] According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the HAMC may earn up to $1 billion in drug sales annually.[5]
The Hells Angels are allied with numerous smaller motorcycle gangs – such as the Devils Diciples,[6] the Diablos,[6] El Forastero,[6] the Galloping Goose,[7] the Hessians,[1] the Iron Horsemen,[8] the Red Devils,[9] the Sons of Silence[1] and the Warlocks[10] – and have associated in criminal ventures with the Bufalino,[1] Cleveland,[1] Gambino,[1] Genovese[1] and Patriarca[11] crime families, as well as the Aryan Brotherhood,[12] the Mexican Mafia,[13] and the Nazi Lowriders.[14] Rival motorcycle gangs include the Bandidos,[15] the Breed,[16] the Mongols,[17] the Outlaws,[4] the Pagans,[4] the Sons of Satan,[18] and the Vagos.[19]
Alaska
HAMC chapters were established in Anchorage and Fairbanks in December 1982 following a merger with the Brothers MC.[20] The Brothers were formed in 1967,[21] and established an association with the Hells Angels in California's San Francisco Bay Area by 1977.[22] The club "patched over" to the HAMC during a ceremony in California attended by members of the Brothers' Fairbanks chapter.[23] The Alaskan Hells Angels are involved in methamphetamine trafficking.[24]
Operation CACUS
Anchorage Hells Angels chapter sergeant-at-arms Anthony John Tait volunteered to become a paid informant for the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in 1985, and he provided the government with detailed information on the club's organization and criminal activities – such as drugs and explosives trafficking – for two years.[25] During this period, Tait travelled the country at government expense to meet with various Hells Angels members, and he covertly recorded some of these meetings by wearing a wire.[26] As part of the investigation, the informant and undercover agents purchased approximately $1.6 million of cocaine and methamphetamine from the Hells Angels, in addition to more than twenty pounds of explosives, three automatic weapons and two silencers.[27] The Organized Crime Drug Enforcement Task Force (OCDETF) Operation CACUS culminated with 38 HAMC members in Alaska and four other states being arrested on narcotics, weapons, explosives and conspiracy charges on November 10, 1987.[1][28] Anchorage chapter president Edward Floyd Hubert and Fairbanks chapter president Dennis E. Pailing were among fourteen people taken into custody during raids by FBI and Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) agents on homes in Anchorage and a compound in Fairbanks.[29]
Ten Hells Angels from California and Alaska, including Hubert and Pailing, were extradited to Louisville, Kentucky to face charges of conspiring to transport firearms and explosives across state lines in order to kill members of the Outlaws in retaliation for the death of John Cleave Webb, the previous Anchorage Hells Angels president who was fatally shot by two Outlaws outside a saloon in Jefferson County, Kentucky on August 12, 1986.[30] On October 28, 1988, Anchorage chapter members Hubert, Lawrence Russell Hagel and Gerald G. Protzman were convicted of the misdemeanor charge of converting a government intelligence manual for their use, while Pailing and four other Alaskan Angels were acquitted.[31] Other members of the Alaska and California chapters were convicted on state drug and firearm charges either side of the federal trial.[1] The Hells Angels allegedly put a $1 million bounty on Tait's life.[32]
Federal racketeering case
Four Alaskan Hells Angels – Montgomery David Elliott, Michael Hurn, Dale Leedom and William Spearman – were arrested by ATF agents on federal racketeering and firearms charges during raids at three homes in Anchorage and one in Two Rivers on December 3, 2003. HAMC clubhouses in Anchorage and North Pole were also searched.[33] The charges, filed at the U.S. District Court for the District of Nevada, stemmed from the River Run riot – a conflict between the Hells Angels and the Mongols on April 27, 2002, which left three bikers dead in Laughlin, Nevada – and followed a twenty-month ATF investigation of the club.[34] The operation resulted in the arrests of a total of fifty-eight Hells Angels members and associates by federal, state and local law enforcement agencies in Alaska and four other Western states for narcotics trafficking, firearms violations, possessing stolen explosives and various other crimes.[35] Leedom, the Fairbanks chapter president, was one of six Hells Angels convicted in the case after being extradited to Las Vegas, Nevada to face charges; he pleaded no contest to committing a violent crime in the aid of racketeering in October 2006 and was sentenced to two years in prison on February 13, 2007.[36] Thirty-six others had charges against them dismissed.[37]
Violent incidents
Hells Angels member James William Leffel was convicted of first-degree assault for stabbing a man named Jens Schurig in the thigh, opening his femoral artery, outside a bar in Anchorage after Schurig allegedly denigrated Leffel's motorcycle.[38]
On August 3, 2017, Michael "Steak Knife" Staton was kidnapped and taken to a duplex in Wasilla where he was tortured, beaten and killed by members of the 1488s – a white supremacist prison gang to which he belonged – after he was accused of stealing drugs and "colors" from Craig "Oakie" King, a Hells Angels member and 1488s associate.[39] King and five 1488s members were arrested on March 27, 2019, and charged with murder, kidnapping and racketeering crimes including drug trafficking.[40] On May 2, 2022, King was convicted of racketeering conspiracy, conspiracy in aid of racketeering, murder in aid of racketeering, kidnapping resulting in death, and kidnapping conspiracy.[41] King and four others were sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole in January 2023.[42]
Methamphetamine trafficking
Hells Angels member Charles Denver "Pup" Phillips and his wife Lois Latrilla Phillips were arrested after an FBI drug task force discovered twelve pounds of methamphetamine and almost $25,000 in cash at their apartment and in a nearby shipping container in Anchorage on August 10, 2018. Investigators also found a ledger listing money and quantities, and a list of names of Hells Angels prospects throughout the state.[24] The couple were convicted of distributing and conspiring to distribute methamphetamine. On October 30, 2019, Charles Phillips was sentenced to eighteen years in federal prison, and his wife was sentenced to five years.[43]
Arizona
The HAMC has approximately a hundred members in Arizona and is classified as a criminal street gang by the Arizona Department of Public Safety (AZDPS).[44] The Arizona Hells Angels produce methamphetamine – independently and in conjunction with Mexican drug cartels – and also distribute the drug at retail level.[45] The HAMC's predecessor in the state, the Dirty Dozen, voted to merge with the Hells Angels in 1996 and officially "patched over" during a meeting in Oakland, California in October 1997.[46] With the merger of the Dirty Dozen, the Hells Angels established six Arizona chapters, in Phoenix, Mesa, Tucson, Cave Creek and Flagstaff, as well as a nomads chapter.[47]
Methamphetamine trafficking
In June 2001, Greg "Snake" Surdukan and Chris "Porker" Baucum, president and vice-president of the Hells Angels' nomads chapter in Arizona, were arrested and charged with narcotics trafficking after the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) uncovered an international drug network involving the smuggling of methamphetamine into the United States from South Africa. The smuggling ring was allegedly established in November 1999 and involved South African Hells Angels members speed mailing methamphetamine hidden inside stuffed toys to their American counterparts in Flagstaff, from where it was distributed to other U.S. states.[48] On June 17, 2002, Surdukan and Baucum pleaded guilty to drug trafficking; Surdukan was sentenced to fifteen years' imprisonment.[49]
Operation Black Biscuit
The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) initiated an undercover investigation into the Arizona Hells Angels in September 2001 when Rudolph "Rudy" Kramer – a member of the Solo Angeles, a club based in Tijuana, Mexico with a small presence in southern California – agreed to become an informant and infiltrate other motorcycle gangs in exchange for the dismissal of charges against him after he was arrested by ATF agents for weapons violations. The investigation, known as Operation Black Biscuit, resulted in a twenty-one month infiltration of the club by a team of ATF agents, technicians and confidential informants.[50] Kramer made contacts throughout the state as a dealer of methamphetamine and firearms, and he began collaborating with the Hells Angels in narcotics and weapons smuggling after fabricating a story that he was arming the Solo Angeles in Mexico to combat a Mongols chapter there. He sought permission from the HAMC to form a Solo Angeles nomads chapter in Arizona, which the ATF used to make contact with the Hells Angels. Kramer began introducing ATF agents posing as Solo Angeles bikers to Hells Angels leaders statewide after a meeting with Mesa chapter president Robert "Bad Bob" Johnston Jr. in July 2002. The drug-addicted Kramer eventually became a liability to the operation, however, and was returned to prison after the firearm indictment against him was reinstated in September 2002. He was sentenced to five years in prison after pleading guilty, and he later entered protective custody. Information on Kramer's role as an informant soon leaked, and Hells Angels leaders in Arizona also began hearing rumors from southern California that the Solo Angeles were imposters.[51] In an effort to ensure credibility, undercover ATF agent Jay Dobyns told the Hells Angels in June 2003 that he and another Solo Angeles biker would be travelling to Sonora to kill Mongols. The ATF then staged the murder of a Mongols member by photographing and videotaping a law enforcement officer posing as the rival biker laying in a shallow grave, splattered with lamb blood and brains.[52] Dobyns had bloodstained Mongols colors mailed to the Hells Angels from Mexico, and provided a videotape and pictures of the staged killing. The ruse proved successful and, according to Dobyns and the ATF, he was subsequently voted in as a member of the Hells Angels' Skull Valley chapter. Sonny Barger and the HAMC have vehemently denied that Dobyns was ever awarded membership.[53]
Operation Black Biscuit was ended prematurely because the ATF believed Robert "Chico" Mora, a senior member of the Hells Angels' Phoenix chapter, was plotting to murder the Solo Angeles. Mora did not know the Solo Angeles were undercover agents, but believed they were a potential rival encroaching on the Hells Angels' territory. He allegedly assembled a group of veteran Hells Angels enforcers to liquidate the Solo Angeles.[46] The operation culminated with a series of synchronized raids carried out across Arizona on July 8, 2003, and the arrests of fifty-two people; sixteen Hells Angels members and associates were indicted on charges including RICO Act violations, murder and drug trafficking.[54] Over 500 illegal weapons, including silencers, pipe bombs, sawed-off shotguns and machine guns, along with ammunition, $50,000 in cash and drugs were also seized.[55] During one of the raids, on a HAMC clubhouse in North Phoenix, club prospect Michael Wayne Coffelt was shot and wounded with a rifle by police officer Laura Beeler. He was subsequently charged with aggravated assault against Beeler, who reported that Coffelt fired first and was cleared of any wrongdoing in the shooting by county prosecutors.[51] The charges against Coffelt were dismissed in November 2004 when judge Michael Wilkinson of the Maricopa County Superior Court ruled that the police violated state search-and-seizure laws during the raid. Investigators determined that Coffelt never fired at Beeler.[56] Operation Black Biscuit was deemed a success by the ATF, but internal government disagreement ultimately led to the sixteen defendants escaping conviction on the key charges of racketeering and murder. Half of the defendants plea bargained to lesser offenses, and five others had federal charges dismissed. The plea agreements resulted in no more than five-year prison sentences.[50] In 2004, Mora was convicted of the federal charge of possessing body armor with intent to sell and sentenced to eighteen months in prison. The conviction was overturned the following year after an appeal.[46] The Skull Valley chapter disbanded as a result of the investigation.[44]
Murder of Cynthia Garcia
On October 27, 2001, full-patch Hells Angels members Kevin J. Augustiniak and Michael Christopher "Mesa Mike" Kramer, and prospective member Paul Merle Eischeid murdered Cynthia Yvonne Garcia, a forty-four-year-old mother of six who verbally disrespected the club and its members while in an intoxicated state during a party at the Hells Angels' clubhouse in Mesa. After beating Garcia unconscious, the three bikers loaded her into the trunk of a car and drove her into the desert near the Salt River where they stabbed her twenty-seven times and attempted to decapitate her.[50] Garcia's body was discovered on October 31. Kramer contacted ATF agent John Ciccone the following month and, without disclosing his crime, offered to become an informant. After moving to Los Angeles, California and infiltrating the club's San Fernando Valley chapter by posing as an Arizona drug runner, Kramer offered the ATF information on Garcia's killing in exchange for immunity from prosecution. Fourteen months after becoming an informant, he signed a plea agreement to serve five years of probation for the murder.[51] Eischeid fled the country following his indictment for the killing in 2007 and was placed on the U.S. Marshals Service (USMS) 15 Most Wanted Fugitives list. He was apprehended in the San Isidro district of Buenos Aires, Argentina on February 3, 2011, after being tracked by the USMS, Diplomatic Security Service (DSS), and Interpol.[57] Eischeid was extradited to Arizona in July 2018 after exhausting all of his appeals in the Argentine legal system.[58] Augustiniak pleaded guilty to second-degree murder in October 2011 and was sentenced to twenty-three years and six months' imprisonment on March 30, 2012.[59]
Conflict with the Mongols
Joshua William Harber, a member of the Hells Angels chapter in Ventura, California, was shot in the face outside a bar in Cave Creek on June 8, 2002, and died later that day at John C. Lincoln Medical Center in Phoenix. Harber's unidentified killer fled the scene in a car after the shooting.[60] While Phoenix Police Department detectives investigated several motives for the murder, including the possibility of retaliation by the Mongols for the killing of a Mongol by the Hells Angels at the River Run riot in Laughlin, Nevada on April 27, 2002, the crime has become a cold case.[61]
Cave Creek Hells Angels chapter president Daniel Leroy "Hoover" Seybert was shot to death outside a bar in Phoenix on March 22, 2003. The autopsy report showed that Seybert was shot in the head at close range by a small caliber handgun which was located during the investigation in Seybert's back pocket. The homicide has never been solved and there have been various theories regarding the reason for Seybert's killing. It has been speculated that he was killed by the Mongols, by the Hells Angels as part of an internal conflict, or by the ATF in relation to Operation Black Biscuit. Two days after Seybert's death, a Mongols member was stabbed in the back and wounded at a gas station in Reno, Nevada by a suspected Hells Angels member in a possible revenge attack.[62]
Seven Hells Angels – including the Tucson chapter president, the former Mesa chapter president and other leaders – were arrested in Arizona on various charges on December 3, 2003, following a two-year investigation of the club by the ATF.[63] Five of those were indicted at the U.S. District Court for the District of Nevada on federal racketeering and firearms charges stemming from the River Run riot.[34] The raids in Arizona were carried out as part of a coordinated operation which led to the arrests of at least fifty-five Hells Angels members and associates in five Western states by federal, state and local law enforcement agencies.[35] Two Arizona Angels – Rodney Cox and Calvin Schaefer – were among six HAMC members convicted in the case after being extradited to Las Vegas, Nevada to stand trial. Schaefer was sentenced to four years and three months in a federal prison on January 12, 2007, for committing a violent crime in the aid of racketeering.[36] Cox was sentenced to two years' imprisonment on February 23, 2007, after pleading guilty to the same charge.[64] Charges were dismissed against thirty-six others.[37]
Patrick Michael Eberhardt, treasurer of the Hells Angels' Cave Creek chapter, was shot dead and a club hangaround was wounded when a group of six Hells Angels were fired upon while riding their motorcycles in Phoenix on February 7, 2015.[65] Earlier that day, a group of unidentified bikers had fired shots at members of the Mongols nearby. A Mongols member is one of the two suspects in Eberhardt's unsolved murder.[66]
On August 17, 2016, Hells Angels Mesa chapter member Wayne Whitt opened fire outside a sports bar in Tempe, killing one Mongols member – Richard "AZ Slick" Garcia – and wounding another before fleeing on his motorcycle. The shooting followed a verbal altercation between the rival bikers inside the bar.[67] Three surviving Mongols – Frank Gardea, John Magana and Efren Ontiveros – were arrested, although the Tempe Police Department declined to press charges against Whitt as the shooting was deemed self-defense.[68]
Conflict with the Vagos
Five Hells Angels and two members of the Desert Road Riders – a club founded in Bullhead City in 1993 that became a HAMC support club in 2002 – were arrested on December 2, 2009, by an AZDPS task force as part of Operation Quiet Riot, a six-month investigation into a turf war involving the Hells Angels, Desert Road Riders and Vagos in Mohave County.[69] On April 11, 2012, four Hells Angels members – Stephen Helland, Dale Hormut, Rudolfo "Rudy" Martinez and Gerald Smith – were acquitted of rioting and assisting in a criminal street gang. Another, George "Joby" Walters, took a plea deal and was sentenced to two-and-a-half years in prison. The charges stemmed from an alleged riot involving the rival clubs at a bar in Bullhead City on June 11, 2009.[70]
Members of the Hells Angels were allegedly involved in a shoot-out with Vagos members in Chino Valley on August 21, 2010; over fifty shots were fired and at least five people were wounded, although no life-threatening injuries were reported. After dozens of law enforcement officers arrived at the scene, twenty-seven people were arrested on charges ranging from attempted murder and aggravated assault to participation in a criminal street gang.[71] Charges against seven Hells Angels members – John Bernard, Kevin Christiansen, Kiley Hill, Robert Kittredge, Michael Koepke, Larry Scott, Jr. and Bruce Schweigert – were dismissed in June 2012 after it transpired that Alfred Acevedo, the only direct witness to the confrontation between the gangs immediately before the shooting, was a Vagos hangaround working as an informant for AZDPS detective John Morris, and who had previously tried to infiltrate the Hells Angels and was rebuked.[72]
Other incidents
Hells Angels member Nathaniel Barton Sample was convicted in September 2009 of aggravated assault and acting for the benefit of a street gang following an incident at a Scottsdale bar on March 28, 2008, in which he and another man, Jose Cano, attacked an unidentified third man who had accidentally bumped into them.[73] The case marked the first time the HAMC had been labelled a gang in the state of Arizona.[74]
Former Tucson Hells Angels chapter president William Gary "Tramp" Potter, who was expelled from the club due to his methamphetamine use and also because he was suspected of being a government informant, was arrested after deputies from the Pima County Sheriff's Department found the body of Randall Scott Pfeil buried in his yard on July 13, 2010.[75] Pfeil was the subject of a missing persons investigation and had been shot twice in the head.[76] Potter pleaded guilty in April 2012 to second-degree murder and two counts of possession of a deadly weapon by a prohibited possessor. On June 4, 2012, he was sentenced to nineteen years in prison.[77]
Hells Angels Yavapai County chapter treasurer Bruce Schweigert, Sr. was sentenced to eight years in prison on August 12, 2014, after being convicted of threatening and intimidating as a criminal street gang member, assault, disorderly conduct and felony misconduct involving weapons, charges stemming from an August 2013 bar fight in Cottonwood.[78]
California
With over 300 members statewide, the Hells Angels are the most significant motorcycle gang in California in terms of membership and criminal activity. The club has a significant role in the manufacture and distribution of methamphetamine, and in other illegal enterprises.[79] The West Coast faction of the HAMC has also been especially active in the infiltration of legitimate businesses, including motorcycle and automobile services, catering operations, bars, restaurants, and antique stores.[80]
Colorado
The Hells Angels have three chapters in Colorado.[81] The club initiated its first chapter in the state on June 13, 2001, by amalgamating the Brothers Fast MC,[47] a club founded in Denver in 1963.[82] The HAMC inherited the Brothers Fast's methamphetamine distribution operations[83] and expanded into Colorado at a time when the Sons of Silence, historically the state's preeminent motorcycle gang, were severely weakened as a result of a federal investigation.[84]
Violent incidents
On August 5, 1996, two members of the Hells Angels' San Fernando Valley, California chapter – Donald Dinehart and Larry Lajeunesse – were shot and wounded at the Iron Horse Inn in Steamboat Springs, which was hosting the club's annual rally.[85] Dinehart was airlifted to Denver Health Medical Center and underwent surgery for gunshot wounds to the arm, leg and chest, while Lajeunesse was treated at Routt Memorial Hospital after being shot in the hand.[86] A member of the Ventura, California chapter was suspected of the shooting,[87] which police believed was carried out as a punishment for a breach of club rules.[88] HAMC members reportedly blocked police from entering the motel where the incident took place until after evidence had been removed.[89] Over 200 Hells Angels attended the convention, and several beatings and a stabbing at local bars were also attributed to the bikers.[90] By the end of the four-day rally, 160 police officers from 27 agencies had been drafted into Steamboat Springs to assist the 24 officers on duty in the town.[91]
A group of Hells Angels were allegedly involved in a bar fight with other patrons at the Black Nugget Saloon in Carbondale on November 19, 2005. The bikers were reportedly attending a benefit concert featuring several area punk rock bands to raise money to pay the legal fees of a prospective club member when they were provoked by a group of locals, resulting in a brawl. Kevin Hilgeford suffered a broken jaw and two broken ribs, while Kurt Trede, another patron purported to have been injured in the melee, left the bar before an ambulance arrived. Both men declined to press charges.[92] Hilgeford denied being the instigator of the violence and claimed he was the victim of "a jumping".[93]
John Lockhart, a prospective member of the Hells Angels' LaSalle-based Colorado nomads chapter, was charged on June 19, 2017, with two counts of attempted first-degree murder, two counts of vehicular eluding and illegal discharge of a firearm after a series of incidents in Weld County in which a gun was fired at two vehicles, including a police car. In the early hours of June 11, Lockhart shot from his Harley-Davidson motorcycle through the rear window of a sport utility vehicle driven by Faustino Garcia in a road rage incident in Greeley, before also firing at and hitting a pursuing police cruiser near Colorado State Highway 60 in Milliken. He was identified by investigators via surveillance video after being observed speeding in Greeley on June 13.[94] On March 22, 2019, Lockhart was convicted of vehicular eluding, and acquitted of attempted first-degree murder and illegal discharge of a firearm. A mistrial was initially declared on the charge of attempted first-degree murder of a peace officer,[95] although he was subsequently convicted on June 26 in a retrial.[96] On July 30, Lockhart was sentenced to 32 years' imprisonment for attempted murder, to run consecutively with a three-year sentence for the vehicular eluding conviction.[97]
Members of the Hells Angels and the Mongols engaged in a gun battle that started in the parking lot of the Jake's Roadhouse bar and restaurant in Arvada on July 11, 2020, leaving Hells Angels member William "Kelly" Henderson dead from a gunshot wound, and three others injured.[98][99] Dozens of shots were fired over a four-block area, and the suspects fled the scene before police arrived.[100] Among the wounded was Ryan McPhearson, a member of a band playing in the bar that night who was hospitalized in critical condition with a brain injury after he was hit in the back of the head by an unknown assailant as he attempted to assist an injured man.[101][102]
Lawsuits against the police
The Hells Angels' Denver chapter clubhouse, located in the city's Highlands neighborhood, was raided by the Denver Police Department (DPD) on July 31, 2001, and three club members were arrested. One was convicted of disobeying a lawful order, while charges were dismissed against the other two.[103] In July 2002, eleven plaintiffs – ten HAMC members and the owner of the building housing the club's headquarters – filed a federal lawsuit as a result of the warrantless search, alleging that police acted illegally and violated their constitutional rights.[104] The Denver City Council approved a $50,000 settlement in September 2003 with eighteen claimants – the original eleven petitioners in addition to seven other Hells Angels who were detained at a motorcycle swap meet in early 2003.[105] Denver police chief Gerry Whitman also wrote the club a letter of apology.[106]
Hells Angels members Shiloh Frazier and Todd Zahn were arrested for possession of handguns after eight club members were pulled over by police for allegedly speeding while riding their motorcycles in Denver on September 2, 2005. Zahn pleaded guilty to possession of weapon by a previous offender, and charges against Frazier were dismissed. According to a federal lawsuit filed by the group in the U.S. District Court for the District of Colorado on August 31, 2007, alleging an unconstitutional traffic stop and search without probable cause, the bikers were held at gunpoint and handcuffed, while dozens of police officers, including a SWAT team, and a police helicopter arrived at the scene after the officer who made the traffic stop called for reinforcements.[107] On January 24, 2008, the police departments of Denver and adjacent Mountain View settled the lawsuit with a $14,000 payment, with Denver Manager of Safety Al LaCabe and Mountain View police chief Eric Gomez also signing apologies.[108][109]
HAMC member Anthony Mills filed a federal lawsuit in April 2020 against city of Greeley, the town of LaSalle and the Weld County Sheriff's Office, as well as individual officers from those jurisdictions and from the Kersey and Garden City police departments in response to an April 8, 2018 incident in which LaSalle police officer David Miller joked about shooting Mills in order to get "paid vacation" after he had pulled him over for speeding.[110] In September 2020, five police agencies paid $25,000 to Mills to settle the lawsuit. Miller issued an apology to Mills as part of the settlement, and resigned from the police department.[111][112]
Denver Hells Angels chapter member Dustin "Dusty" Ullerich filed a federal lawsuit on November 3, 2021, against Jefferson County, the cities of Golden, Aurora and Arvada, and sixteen individual police officers from four departments over injuries he suffered when police executed a no-knock warrant at his home in Golden on November 7, 2019, as part of an operation targeting fourteen bikers in an organized crime case. Ullerich was hospitalized and placed in a medically induced coma after being hit by a projectile when Jefferson County Sheriff's Office deputy Anthony Brown discharged a short-barreled shotgun loaded with lock-breaking ammunition.[106] Brown was cleared of wrongdoing in 2020.[113]
Organized crime
Twelve people were taken into custody after Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) agents and police SWAT teams raided nineteen locations in the Denver metropolitan area, Colorado Springs and Weld County, including the Denver Hells Angels chapter clubhouse, two tattoo shops and an automobile business, on November 7, 2019.[114] Dozens of firearms, methamphetamine, cocaine, cash and passports were seized in the raids. Thirteen Hells Angels members and a fourteenth man affiliated with the Destroyers motorcycle gang were ultimately indicted on charges of assault, kidnapping, robbery, motor vehicle theft and chop shop activity in relation to a Denver-based organized crime ring.[115] The five-month investigation into the ring involved eleven state and federal law enforcement agencies, and began in July 2019 after former HAMC member Joshua O'Bryan began offering investigators details on the Denver chapter's alleged involvement with interstate drug trafficking, gunrunning, prostitution and money laundering.[116] O'Bryan allegedly survived an ambush by a group of Hells Angels at a stashhouse in Erie on June 28, 2019, after he was expelled from the club due to suspicions he was cooperating with law enforcement, which emerged when he was arrested on firearms charges following a police raid on his motorcycle shop in Lakewood. In another alleged incident, on July 12, 2019, O'Bryan was beaten and kidnapped before having his club tattoos covered up at a Hells Angels-owned tattoo parlor in Englewood.[117]
One defendant in the case, William "Kelly" Henderson, was killed in a shootout with a rival motorcycle gang on July 11, 2020, before he could stand trial. William "Curly" Whitney received a two-year deferred sentence after pleading guilty to possessing an explosive. Charges were dismissed against Michael Dire.[113]
Connecticut
Violent incidents
Connecticut is home to three HAMC chapters, in Bridgeport, Hartford and Middletown.[118] The Bridgeport chapter was the first to be established, following a patch-over of the Grateful Dead Motorcycle Club in 1975.[119] The Connecticut Hells Angels have been recruited as enforcers and contract killers for the Mafia.[120][121]
On February 7, 1975, Bridgeport Police Department patrol officer John McGee issued a member of the Hells Angels' Bridgeport chapter with a citation for speeding on his motorcycle. While driving home at the end of his shift that evening, McGee observed a stalled vehicle and stopped to assist the occupants when he was attacked by three men and beaten with a baseball bat.[122] He suffered major head injuries and was hospitalized in critical condition.[123] A Hells Angels member was convicted of the assault and sentenced to a year in prison, while two others had charges against them dismissed.[120]
Police raided the Bridgeport Hells Angels chapter clubhouse on May 7, 1975, and arrested five members – John J. Miller, Frank Passalaqua, Robert L. Redmond, Nicholas Romano Jr. and Joseph "Crazy Joe" Whelan – on charges of first-degree manslaughter in connection with the death of José Sosa, whom police determined was pulled from his automobile and beaten to death after being involved in a near collision with a vehicle operated by one of the bikers in the early hours of May 2, 1975.[124][125] Sosa died of multiple head and internal injuries, and his body was found in the back of his parked car by three passing youths the following afternoon.[126] Three other Hells Angels – Jack Forbes, Russell J. Kutzer and Carlos Pini – were later apprehended on the same charges.[127]
Bridgeport Hells Angels members Frank D'Amato and Salvatore Saffioti were killed and another, Donald "Big Red" Meredith, was left wounded in critical condition when they were shot with a .44 Magnum carbine by Donald E. Krosky after they forced their way into a hotel and bar in Sandy Hook, Newtown on July 31, 1975.[128] The three Hells Angels, armed with knives, had been contracted by the building's owner Charles Framularo to evict Krosky, who rented and managed the premises. Krosky, who was associated with the rival Huns Motorcycle Club, was charged with two counts of murder and one count of assault with intent to murder on November 10, 1975; he was freed on a $100,000 bail bond.[129] After receiving several anonymous death threats, Krosky was shot dead with a shotgun when another vehicle pulled up alongside his car while he was stopped at a traffic light in Trumbull on July 20, 1976.[130] A woman passenger, Jean Ann McDaid, was also hospitalized.[131] No one has ever been arrested for Krosky's murder,[132] although police believe the gunman was Meredith.[133]
Frank Passalaqua was one of four white inmates investigated over the homicide of Alfred Chisholm, a black inmate who was strangled to death at Northern Correctional Institution on November 10, 1977.[134]
Bridgeport Hells Angels chapter president Daniel Eugene "Diamond Dan" Bifield, along with Susan Corin Bouton, was arrested by local police officers in Milford on October 3, 1979, after being observed with a 12-gauge pump-action shotgun in his vehicle. A .45 caliber semi-automatic handgun was also found in Bouton's possession.[135] Bifield was on probation for a 1975 assault on a policeman at the time. He was convicted of possession of a shotgun by a convicted felon in October 1980 and was sentenced to two years in prison on November 20, 1980.[136]
Joseph Whelan fatally stabbed bar patron John Matulionis after a verbal altercation in a Bridgeport barroom on February 24, 1980. He was sentenced to twenty-five-years-to-life in prison for the murder.[137]
Hells Angels sergeant-at-arms Daniel "Dan" Klimas shot and killed Todd Festa, a rejected club prospect and state police informant, in Wallingford on January 7, 1998. Klimas pleaded guilty to murder and possession of a pistol without a permit, and was sentenced to twenty-eight years in prison on March 3, 2000.[138]
Roger Mariani, a senior member of the Hells Angels in Connecticut, was shot and killed while riding his motorcycle on the Connecticut Turnpike in West Haven on April 2, 2006.[139] The shooting happened after a group of over twenty motorcyclists was involved in an altercation with four men travelling in a sport utility vehicle. Another Hells Angels member, Paul Carrol, was also wounded when shots were fired from the car.[140] Within hours of Mariani's killing, two Hells Angels – Trevor Delaware and Jeffrey Richard – were arrested near the home of an Outlaws member in Enfield, in possession of weapons including knives and a loaded gun as well as pages from a classified state police manual that lists identities and addresses of gang members. The pair were charged with weapons possession and theft of a license plate.[141]
The Hells Angels are considered suspects in the murder of Joseph "HoJo" Ferraiolo, the president of the Outlaws' Waterbury chapter, who died from multiple gunshot wounds after being ambushed outside a tattoo parlor he owned in Hamden on February 9, 2010.[142] No one has ever been arrested in the case, which police consider an open investigation.[143]
Hells Angels associate Howard Hammer was contracted by loanshark James Broderick III to collect a $1,500 loan from a delinquent debtor in late December 2015. When the individual failed to pay the debt and falsely claimed to be the acting president of the New York Hells Angels chapter, he was stabbed eight times, beaten with a hammer and blinded in one eye in a New Milford hotel room on January 25, 2016. Broderick and Hammer were arrested on May 27, 2016. Hammer refused to identify those involved in the assault, although an investigation revealed that members of the Hells Angels' Bridgeport chapter had attacked the victim in connection with the extortion scheme.[144] Hammer pleaded guilty to conspiracy to participate in the collection and attempted collection of an extension of credit by extortionate means on December 2, 2016, and was sentenced to two-and-a-half years' imprisonment on June 1, 2017.[145] Broderick pleaded guilty to the same charge on December 7, 2016, and was sentenced to two years' on June 29, 2017.[146]
Racketeering
Daniel Bifield and two Bridgeport Hells Angels associates, including Daniel's father Richard Bifield, were convicted of conspiring to make and collect extortionate loans, and Hobbs Act violations on August 4, 1981, for their involvement in a loansharking operation headed by Francis "Fat Franny" Curcio, a made member of the Genovese crime family.[147][148] As an inmate awaiting sentencing, Daniel Bifield and three others escaped from the Bridgeport Correctional Center on September 23, 1981. He became the subject of an international manhunt by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and, at one point, a body found in the East River in New York City was incorrectly identified as that of Bifield.[149] After spending several weeks in the United States, he fled to the Bahamas. Successfully managing to elude his pursuers, Bifield finally returned to the U.S. in late January 1982 and went to Denver, Colorado, where he was eventually apprehended by United States Marshals Service (USMS) and FBI agents on February 5, 1982. Bifield was sentenced two weeks after his capture to two consecutive twenty-year prison sentences on the extortion charge.[150][151] He was then found guilty on June 10, 1982, of escape from the custody of the United States Attorney General, and was sentenced to an additional five years' imprisonment to be served consecutively.[152]
Thirty-seven members and associates of the Bridgeport Hells Angels were arrested on racketeering and drug trafficking charges on May 2, 1985, in connection with a three-year FBI investigation of the club known as Operation Roughrider. The arrests took place in three cities across Connecticut. Among those indicted was an officer of the Bridgeport PD, Joseph Seamons.[153] Two law enforcement officers were injured during the raids; state trooper Angel Gonzalez was wounded when a suspect fired at him through the door of a house in Stratford, and a Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) official suffered a broken toe while using a sledgehammer to break through an armored clubhouse door in Bridgeport.[154] An undercover FBI agent, Kevin P. Bonner, infiltrated the club for over two years and made drug deals with various chapters during the investigation.[155] The operation involved around a thousand law enforcement personnel, and resulted in the arrests of a total of 133 Hells Angels members and associates during approximately fifty coordinated raids carried out in eleven states. The raids also led to the seizure of $2.6 million worth of cocaine, marijuana, methamphetamine, hashish, PCP and LSD, as well as weapons including Uzi submachine guns and rocket launchers.[156] Thirty-five of those charged were convicted – including Roger "Bear" Mariani, Robert "Red Dog" Redmann and Joseph Whelan, who were each sentenced to fifteen years in prison.[157] One Hells Angel, Robert Banning, became a cooperating witness.[158] In 1986, detective Nicholas Barone of the Connecticut State Police received intelligence indicating that he and H. James Pickerstein, Chief Assistant U.S. Attorney for the District of Connecticut, were to be physically harmed by the HAMC in retaliation for their efforts in the investigation and subsequent prosecutions. These attempts at violence were to be funded by the Hells Angels' Oakland, California chapter. As a result, Barone was subject to intense security for an extended period of time.[123]
Illinois
Four leading members of the Hells Angels in northern Illinois were arrested and charged with numerous crimes including violating the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) Act in 2005, following a four-year federal investigation into the club. At least three were convicted; Melvin "Road" Chancey (president of the Chicago chapter from 1997 to 1999) was sentenced to nine years in prison, David G. "Pulley" Ohlendorf (president of the Spring Valley chapter from 2003) was sentenced to four years in prison and Richard A. Abrams (a former president of both the Rockford and Spring Valley chapters) was sentenced to three years in prison during trials in June and July 2006. Their group carried out the June 25, 1994 shooting of a rival club president in Cook County, threatened to bomb a rival gang's clubhouse in Kankakee in March 1995, and planned two murders in Peoria and Joliet, crimes they committed to protect sales of cocaine and methamphetamine with a street value of $624,000 from 1993 through 2002.[159]
Indiana
In 2016, law enforcement received public backlash for heavily patrolling the area where the HAMC was holding a charity for educational programs for children with special needs. Citizens took issue with authorities summoning the Chicago area's SWAT team and helicopter unit for the relatively small bike night, which attracted about eighty motorcycles to the small bar where the event was hosted. One HAMC member summed up the public's feelings in an interview:
"As far as what we view as the excessive law enforcement build-up that's always present at our events, they've made it clear to us that they don't want motorcycle clubs in Porter County ... We do understand the need for law enforcement in our society, however what happened Thursday night was a waste of their talents and a waste of our tax dollars."
The Angel then once again reaffirmed that the main purpose of his club was for men to ride motorcycles together and that this was a purely charitable event. He then spoke about how his chapter is working to support the communities that support his club.[160]
Kentucky
In October 1988, Ralph "Sonny" Barger, the Hells Angels' Oakland (California) chapter president and reputed national leader, and Michael Vincent "Irish" O'Farrell, the former Oakland president, were convicted of plotting to carry out bomb attacks in Louisville and elsewhere against members of the Outlaws. Three other club members were also found guilty on lesser charges, while five others were acquitted. The government contended the Hells Angels planned the attacks in revenge for the murder of John Cleve Webb, a member of Hells Angels' Anchorage (Alaska) chapter, who was shot outside a Jefferson County bar on August 12, 1986. A Louisville Outlaws member later pleaded guilty to reckless homicide in Webb's death.[161][162]
Maryland
Pagans member Christopher J. Brennan shot and wounded three Hells Angels at a bar in Deale on May 30, 2002, when he fired shots from a van with a .32 caliber pistol. Brennan pleaded guilty to reckless endangerment and was sentenced to ninety days in jail in November 2002 after prosecutors dropped additional other charges, which included attempted first-degree and second-degree murder, due to "a distinct lack of witness cooperation".[163]
Three members of the North Beach Hells Angels chapter – chapter president John Anthony Beal, vice-president Lewis James Hall and Cornelius Wood Alexander, as well as Hall's wife Traecy Eugenia Hall – were indicted on federal drug and firearm charges, and were arrested by the ATF during a series of simultaneous raids on July 24, 2003. Federal agents uncovered seventeen firearms, over 270 rounds of ammunition, a bulletproof vest and methamphetamine during the raids. According to affidavits filed in federal court, two undercover ATF agents who had infiltrated the Warlocks witnessed Beal sell cocaine to two Warlocks members at the Hells Angels' clubhouse on May 3, 2003.[164] The arrests followed a nationwide investigation into the Hells Angels which also resulted in operations against the club in five other east coast states.[165]
Massachusetts
The HAMC has established chapters in Lowell, Lynn, Salem, Cape Cod (headquartered in Buzzards Bay) and Berkshire County (headquartered in Lee).[166] The "Bad Company" chapter in Lowell, founded in 1966,[167] was the club's first branch on the East Coast.[168] The Hells Angels are the most significant motorcycle gang involved in drug trafficking in Massachusetts,[166] and have also collaborated with the Boston faction of the Patriarca crime family in loansharking and narcotics distribution.[169][170]
Violent incidents
Hells Angels members were among a group of twenty people – fifteen men and five women – charged with various offenses after a battle with police on Lowell's Andover Street on December 14, 1969. The violence erupted when police officers arrived at a house party in response to complaints from neighbors and were threatened with a rifle. Around forty-five officers, including reinforcements from neighboring towns, were required to arrest the group. Five police officers were injured and a patrol wagon was damaged in the incident. Several rifles and a sawed-off shotgun were seized along with clubs and daggers, as well as barbiturates.[171] Three Hells Angels – Alan J. "Big Al" Hogan, Philip W. Jones and Michael Maguire – were charged with assault with intent to murder.[172]
Hells Angels member Alan Hogan, along with Gilbert LaRocque and Joseph F. Quartarone, Jr., abducted Linda Condon outside a bar in Beverly in the early hours of August 9, 1975 and forcefully took the keys to her Newburyport apartment, which she shared with her husband Theodore Condon, a member or former member of the Hells Angels. While LaRocque held Linda Condon captive in the back seat of Quartarone's Cadillac, Hogan and Quartarone – a police officer in the city of Beverly – entered the apartment and beat Theodore Condon with clubs, inflicting severe injuries including fractures of the femur and of both tibiae, a severe contusion of the left side of his face, a through-and-through laceration of his left ear, a perforated left ear-drum, and a fractured skull. Linda Condon was then taken to a motel room in Peabody, where she escaped through a window and called for the police after LaRocque fell asleep. The trio were convicted of kidnapping, assault and battery by means of a dangerous weapon, and mayhem.[173] The Massachusetts Appeals Court reversed all convictions because, in its view, the trial judge improperly forbade cross-examination of the Condons designed to show bias because criminal charges stemming from a 1971 drug indictment were pending against them at the time.[174]
In September 1984, Salem Hells Angels chapter member Billy Leary and another motorcyclist were arrested by the Massachusetts State Police (MSP) for operating under the influence after leaving a nightclub in Revere. Leary was subsequently charged with three counts of assault and battery, and three counts of making threats after an incident occurred when officers attempted to strip search him at a Peabody police station. He was ultimately acquitted.[175]
Two Hells Angels were accused of raping a woman at the Lynn chapter's clubhouse during the 1997 funeral of former chapter president Alan Hogan.[176]
Salem Hells Angels members James Costin and Thomas M. Duda were charged with assault and battery following an attack on off-duty police lieutenant Vernon "Skip" Coleman at a Lynn bar on November 24, 2004.[177] Coleman suffered a severe facial laceration after being punched and kicked.[178] Costin pleaded guilty on May 18, 2005, and was sentenced to two-to-four years in prison, with fifteen months to be served and the rest suspended for five years of probation.[179]
During a traffic stop on Route 107 on January 6, 2005, Hells Angels member Christopher Ranieri fled into a marsh after state trooper Daniel Crespi observed what he believed to be a gun under his jacket. Police eventually coaxed Ranieri out of the swamp and arrested him on several charges. He was given a ninety-day suspended sentence for assault on a police officer.[180]
Eric Franco, the sergeant-at-arms of the Lynn Hells Angels chapter, was found to be in possession of a firearm and ammunition on May 3, 2011, when police were called to the apartment he shared with his girlfriend and her child after receiving a report that Franco had assaulted his girlfriend. Franco's criminal record in Massachusetts includes three convictions for assault and battery by a dangerous weapon, as well as convictions for indecent assault and battery, failure to register as a sex offender, breaking and entering at night with intent to commit a felony, and conspiracy to violate the controlled substances act. Franco was also convicted in Arkansas for battery in the second degree in a case in which he and five other Hells Angels assaulted and stabbed four Bandidos members. He was convicted in September 2012 of possessing a firearm and ammunition after receiving a felony conviction, and was sentenced to twenty-one years in prison on March 12, 2013.[181]
Two members of the Hells Angels' Salem chapter – Marc Eliason and Sean Barr, the chapter president – were arrested on charges of kidnapping, mayhem and extortion on March 13, 2013, along with Nikolis Avelis and Brian Weymouth – two members of the Byfield chapter of the Red Devils, a Hells Angels support club.[182] Two others were also later apprehended. The charges related to the assault of a former Red Devils member, who was forced to resign from the club after failing to assault an expelled member of the Salem Hells Angels as ordered by superiors.[183] The victim was lured to the Red Devils' Byfield clubhouse on October 15, 2012, where he was interrogated before being knocked unconscious and having his hand broken with a ball-peen hammer, causing permanent injury. His motorcycle was also stolen. After being threatened by Red Devils members into delivering the title to the stolen motorcycle, he went into hiding and eventually contacted the FBI.[184] Barr, Eliason, Weymouth and another Hells Angel, Robert DeFronzo, pleaded guilty to conspiring to commit violent crimes, maiming, assault with a dangerous weapon, assault resulting serious bodily injury and racketeering in February 2015.[185] Barr and Eliason were each sentenced to eight years' imprisonment, while DeFronzo and Weymouth were sentenced to four years'.[186]
Conflicts
David A. Urban, a Hells Angels member from Buffalo, New York, was fatally shot in the heart after an unidentified gunman fired four rounds from a pistol into a bar in Lynn on April 23, 1974.[187] Mark W. Veherbon, a Menlo Park, California Hells Angel, was also wounded after being shot three times in the stomach and leg, while two other club members escaped unharmed.[188] Although the murder has been unsolved, Lynn police have speculated that the shooting stemmed from a conflict with a fledgling rival club, Lucifer's Henchmen MC, and an incident at a local café on April 7, in which the son of the café proprietor, Thomas Abernathy Jr., was allegedly stabbed by two Hells Angels. The HAMC reportedly emerged victorious in the feud, seizing the colors of ten or eleven Lucifer's Henchmen members. Another three rival bikers fled the state.[189] One of the Hells Angels charged with the non-fatal stabbing, "Whiskey" George Hartman, Jr., was murdered in Florida on April 30 before he could face trial.[190] A man sentenced in the café assault was released from prison days before Abernathy Jr. was seriously injured by a nail bomb left on the porch of his home on March 24, 1975. He was blinded, and lost his left arm and his right hand in the explosion.[191]
During the early hours of September 20, 1981, James Rich was stabbed numerous times in the legs after being attacked outside a bar in Revere Beach by four unidentified men – believed to be Hells Angels members – who accused him of being a member of the Devil's Disciples MC. The following evening, three friends of Rich – Robert L. Cobb, Arthur A. Corbett and Andrew J. Millyan – went to the bar seeking revenge on any Hells Angels present. Millyan shot bar patron Dana Hill in the head with a shotgun. Hill – who was not a member of any motorcycle gang, but had the appearance of a biker – died three days later. After discarding the murder weapon in a body of water, Cobb, Corbett and Millyan were arrested by police and indicted on first-degree murder charges on the theory of joint enterprise. On May 19, 1982, Corbett and Millyan were convicted of murder in the first degree; Cobb was convicted of murder in the second degree.[192] The trio were sentenced to life in prison.[193]
Two Hells Angels members were stabbed in Revere on November 8, 1991, allegedly by Devil's Disciples members.[123]
Hells Angels members Michael J. Blair and Jake Doherty were arrested on June 19, 2016, and charged with beating two members of the Defiant Disciples MC with a flashlight outside a pub in Worcester on May 8, 2016. Witnesses said a total of seven men were involved in the assault.[194] Blair pleaded guilty on January 7, 2019, and was given a two-year suspended prison sentence.[195]
Seven bikers suffered stab wounds during a brawl involving approximately 50 members of the Hells Angels and the Pagans in front of the Pagans' Fall River chapter clubhouse on May 14, 2022.[196] Four of the wounded were treated at Rhode Island Hospital and three others were taken to Charlton Memorial Hospital.[197]
Murders
Michele Gagnon, a member of the Quebec chapter of the Hells Angels, is believed to be a prime suspect in two unsolved murders that occurred in Lynn in 1979. Gagnon's girlfriend Susan Marie DeQuina, who reportedly wanted to break up with Gagnon because he and his friends were using her car to transport drugs, went missing on October 3, 1979. Shortly after her disappearance, DeQuina's car was found abandoned and burned in Saugus. Authorities believe she was murdered.[198] On November 4, 1979, the dismembered torso of Robert "Bino" Garbino, Gagnon's roommate and a Hells Angels prospect, was discovered by children playing in a dump near where DeQuina's car was found. He had been shot in the head, back and shoulder, and his severed head and hands were later found buried in the yard of his Lynn residence. Police suspect Garbino was killed by the Hells Angels over a drug rip-off, and began searching for Gagnon in relation to the murder.[199] He was found shot to death in an apartment in Bridgeport, Connecticut on November 25, 1979. His death was ruled a suicide, although some authorities believe he did not take his own life.[200]
Hells Angels members Alan J. Cutler and Edward R. Simard, and another man – John L. Burke – were arrested on February 4, 1986, in connection with the murder of Vincent DeNino, a drug dealer who was found shot dead in the trunk of his car in a supermarket parking lot in Revere on February 29, 1984. According to police, DeNino refused to pay Simard approximately $10,000 owed over a cocaine deal and, after learning that the Hells Angels had put a contract out on his life, sought protection from the rival Trampers MC. With approval from both clubs, he was allegedly lured to Cutler's home and shot in the shoulder with a shotgun before being taken to his car and shot four times in the head.[201] A fourth suspect, Trampers associate and future Patriarca crime family soldier Darin F. "Nino" Bufalino, fled to Kingscourt, Ireland before being apprehended in Fuengirola, Spain, on June 11, 1987.[202][203] Charges of first-degree murder against Bufalino, Burke and Simard were dismissed on December 10, 1990, when a judge ruled Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) wiretap evidence in the case to be inadmissible because there had been an eight-day delay in sealing the tapes.[204]
Berkshire County Hells Angels chapter sergeant-at-arms Adam Lee Hall, along with Caius Veiovis (born Roy Gutfinski Jr.)[205] and Aryan Brotherhood member David Chalue, kidnapped Robert Chadwell, Edward Frampton and David Glasser – Chalue's roommate – from Frampton's home in Pittsfield during the early hours of August 28, 2011 before fatally shooting them. Their bodies, dismembered with an electric circular saw, were discovered in Becket ten days later. Glasser was killed to prevent him testifying against Hall in an unrelated assault case, and Chadwell and Frampton were killed to eliminate witnesses.[12] Chalue, Hall and Veiovis were each convicted of three counts of murder, three of kidnapping, and three of intimidation of a witness during separate trials in 2014. They were each sentenced to three consecutive terms of life in prison.[206]
Drug trafficking
Alan Hogan and Robert Montgomery, both members of the Hells Angels' Lynn chapter, and Thomas Apostolos, a member of the New Hampshire chapter, were imprisoned after police discovered a trailer home converted into a methamphetamine lab in Middleton on January 11, 1980. Two non-club members turned state's evidence and entered the Federal Witness Protection Program following the trial. Three murders in Canada – of a Hells Angel, his wife and his mother – were directly linked to the case.[147]
Five Hells Angels members, including the vice-president of the club's East Coast faction, were arrested in the Greater Boston area on charges of conspiracy to distribute cocaine on May 2, 1985, in connection to the FBI's Operation Roughrider. Three of those taken into custody surrendered peacefully in a raid on a home in Lynn, where federal agents also confiscated a home computer system used to handle the Hells Angels' administrative and financial matters.[153] The three-year investigation, which involved undercover FBI agent Kevin P. Bonner infiltrating the club and making drug deals with numerous chapters across the country, culminated with a total of 133 Hells Angels members and associates being indicted on drug trafficking and racketeering charges after approximately fifty coordinated raids carried out in eleven states.[155] Authorities seized $2 million in cocaine, marijuana, methamphetamine, hashish, PCP and LSD, as well as weapons including Uzi submachine guns and rocket launchers during the operation.[156] Lynn chapter members Glenn "Hoppy" Main and Steve "Fee" Sullivan were sentenced to three years in prison after being convicted, and another – Linwood "Lee" Barrett III – was acquitted. Frank Briggs and Julio "Jules" Lucido of the Berkshire County chapter were sentenced to one year and four years in prison, respectively.[147]
Thirteen members and former members of the Lowell Hells Angels were indicted in September 1991 on charges of conspiracy to distribute methamphetamine as part of a drug ring that operated in Massachusetts and New Hampshire between 1987 and 1991.[207] A further five Hells Angels were arrested on drug charges in connection with the case on June 1, 1992.[208] On January 12, 1993, chapter president Charles T. "Doc" Pasciuti and fourteen others were sentenced after earlier pleading guilty to possession with intent to distribute methamphetamine, and conspiracy. Sentences ranged from fifteen years' imprisonment for Pasciuti to three years' probation.[209] Several government witnesses in the case – including Crazy Eights MC president Gaylen Blake, Crazy Eights associates David and Larry Machado, Die Hards MC president Gordon Tardiff and HAMC associate Robin Golden – entered the Federal Witness Protection Program.[123]
The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) began an investigation of the Salem Hells Angels chapter in February 1995. As part of an undercover operation, DEA agent Phil Muollo infiltrated the club for eighteen months and purchased kilograms of drugs from Gregory "Greg" Domey, the chapter president as well as the Hells Angels' leader on the East Coast, and other members. The investigation was also aided by the use of an informant. On July 1, 1995, John R. "Johnny Bart" Bartolomeo and another Hells Angel chased Girard Giorgio – a member of the Devil's Disciples – down Route 3 as he rode his motorcycle and badly beat him and stripped him of his colors after catching up with him, leaving him in critical condition. Bartolomeo then killed another Devil's Disciples member, William "Cat" Michaels, on July 29, 1995. Michaels was riding his motorcycle on Route 18 in Weymouth when Bartolomeo accelerated an automobile into him.[210] The operation culminated with the arrests of sixteen Hells Angels members and associates during raids on ten locations, including the Salem chapter clubhouse, on September 5, 1996.[211] Quantities of cocaine and methamphetamine were also seized.[212] All sixteen people indicted were convicted.[213] Domey was sentenced to twenty years' imprisonment in 1997 after pleading guilty to running a criminal enterprise that sold cocaine and methamphetamine.[177] Bartolomeo pleaded guilty to possession with intent to distribute, and conspiracy to distribute, cocaine and methamphetamine on May 21, 1998. State and federal authorities agreed not to charge him with the attacks on two Devil's Disciples members in conjunction with a plea agreement. He was sentenced to thirty-five years'.[214]
Arms trafficking
Two Hells Angels members, a prospect and an associate were arrested on firearms charges in March 1986 as part of Operation One Percenter, a Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) investigation. Full-patch members George Harvey of Revere and Peter Lazarus Jr. of Lynn were convicted; Harvey was sentenced to serve a year in prison at FCI Danbury, while Lazarus was sentenced to probation.[147]
Racketeering
The Hells Angels took over ancillary activities of the Patriarca crime family's Boston faction, such as loansharking and drug dealing, from the East Boston-based Trampers, who had previously overseen operations under contract with the Mafia, circa 1986.[169][170] Hells Angels member Mark "Rebel" McKenna was one of eleven men indicted on charges of loansharking and racketeering on June 9, 1987, for operating the largest loansharking ring in United States history, which collected $3.5 million from approximately three-hundred-and-fifty victims. The indictments followed a two-year state and federal investigation of organized crime in Boston.[215]
A joint investigation of the Hells Angels' Boston and Salem chapters by the ATF, DEA, MSP and Internal Revenue Service (IRS) that began in January 2007 resulted in the arrests of six club members on various charges during a series of raids on September 20, 2007.[216] Christopher Sweeney pleaded guilty to possessing a firearm and a silencer, and was sentenced to two years and four months' imprisonment on December 4, 2008.[217] Christopher Ranieri was sentenced to one year in prison and restitution to the U.S. Treasury in the amount of $33,438 on February 3, 2009, after pleading guilty to two counts of failure to file federal income tax returns.[218]
Missouri
On April 27, 2022, in Springfield, Missouri, two men in a white Chevrolet Camaro came to the clubhouse and opened fire on Hells Angels members standing outside. One man was shot. Local police executed a search warrant of the clubhouse, recovering video recordings related to the shooting. The shooting victim told police, "You need to catch who did this before the Angels do, because they're going to kill them."[219]
Nebraska
The first Hells Angels chapter in the United States outside of California was established in Omaha in 1966.[220] The Hells Angels are involved in retail-level methamphetamine distribution in Nebraska.[221]
Violent incidents
Eleven people were arrested when police visited a party involving Hells Angels members in Omaha on September 14, 1967, after a complaint by Adolph A. Carl, the owner of the house where the party was being held. Nine of the eleven were convicted of disorderly conduct and fined $25 each.[222]
A group of ten Hells Angels were involved in a brawl with police who attempted to eject them from a bar in Omaha on August 12, 1969.[223] Hells Angels member Francis "Frank" Bayless was convicted of assault with intent to inflict great bodily injury after he attacked a police officer with a can opener. He was sentenced to a term of one-to-three years in prison.[224]
Hells Angels member Louis Lundholm was charged with beating a man with a baseball bat and pushing a man in a wheelchair down a flight of stairs after an incident at a party in Omaha in November 1971.[225]
The North Omaha home of Nebraska State Liquor Commission inspector John Duprey was bombed on April 7, 1972. The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) discovered that the bomber used dynamite with a four-inch fuse. In August 1972, federal agents raided the home of Hells Angels member Roger Levell in East Omaha on suspicion of his connection to the explosion. While weapons and drugs were found, no related explosives were reported.[226]
Two bodies discovered west of the Elkhorn River in southwestern Douglas County in April 1973 were suspected to be those of Omaha Hells Angels members Louis Lundholm and John Peterson. One had been shot in the head and the other's skull had been fractured with a blunt instrument.[225]
Hells Angel Leslie Fitzgerald was shot and killed during a fight involving two couples outside a Hells Angels party in North Omaha on July 12, 1980.[227] Fitzgerald's killer was acquitted of second-degree murder by reason of self-defense.[228]
Jay Witt was sentenced to thirty-to-forty years in prison after pleading guilty to charges of manslaughter, use of a weapon and possession of a weapon by a prohibited person in connection with the death of Hells Angels member William "Willy" John Furlong, who died after being shot three times at the Omaha chapter's clubhouse on July 14, 2013.[229] Witt died at the Nebraska State Penitentiary on September 25, 2019, aged fifty-three.[230]
Murders
Hells Angels member Orval Hinz, along with Ronald Eugene Kirby and Robert Walker, was charged with first-degree murder after Gilbert Arthur Batten, Jr. was shot in the head and killed at a house in Omaha on September 20, 1968. Kirby – who was in a dispute with Batten's acquaintance James Lynch over a woman named Judy Dunbar – testified that Hinz and Walker accompanied him as he went to Lynch's home armed with a .22 caliber survival rifle, and that Batten was killed when the rifle accidentally fired as the trio assaulted Batten and Lynch.[231] Kirby was convicted of Batten's murder and sentenced to life imprisonment.[232]
Hells Angels member Thomas Edward "Red" Nesbitt killed Mary Kay Harmer at a drug party at his Omaha home during the early morning hours of November 30, 1975. With the help of Nesbitt's friend and neighbor Wayne Bieber, Harmer's body was dumped in a manhole in Carter Lake, Iowa after being stored in Bieber's garage for approximately thirty-six hours.[233] Authorities theorize that Harmer was lured to Nesbitt's home by two women seeking a sexual partner for two Hells Angels, and that she was murdered when she resisted their advances. Her remains were discovered by an engineering crew in April 1984. Forensic experts were unable to determine the cause of death. Nesbitt was arrested for Harmer's murder as well as for conspiracy to manufacture methamphetamine by Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) agents while living under an alias in New Carlisle, Indiana on October 26, 1984. His Brazilian girlfriend Anna DaSilva was also arrested on drug charges.[234] Nesbitt was convicted of murder in the first degree on March 7, 1986, and sentenced to a term of life imprisonment.[235][236]
Drug trafficking
The Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs (BNDD) set up a front operation dealing in narcotics, gambling and pornography in Omaha after infiltrating the Minneapolis, Minnesota chapter of the Hells Angels via identical means beginning in December 1969.[237] On April 21, 1970, Minneapolis Hells Angels member Steven Paul Liley obtained heroin from Roger Curtis Levell and Dale Ray "Corky" Haley – vice-president and secretary-treasurer of the Omaha Hells Angels chapter, respectively – in Omaha. The drugs had been furnished by Minneapolis chapter vice-president Roger Lee Sheehan, who purchased them from the Oakland, California chapter. One ounce of the heroin was sold by Liley in an Omaha motel to special agent Jack Walsh, who was posing as a bookie. Haley and Levell sold two ounces of heroin, and Omaha chapter president Gerald Franklin Smith sold methamphetamine, to special agent James McDowell on September 15, 1970. McDowell and Thomas Liley – a government informant and the brother of Steven Liley – made another drug deal with Haley, Levell and Smith on October 14, 1970, purchasing three ounces of heroin along with methamphetamine.[238] Haley, Levell and Smith were arrested on October 15, 1970, as part of a federal operation which also resulted in arrests of other Hells Angels in Minneapolis and San Francisco, California.[239] Haley was convicted of conspiring to sell narcotics, while Smith was convicted on four counts of unlawfully possessing and selling narcotics, and one count of conspiracy.[240] Levell failed to appear for trial in February 1971.[225]
Ten members and associates of the Omaha Hells Angels, including chapter president Walter "Larry" Phillips and treasurer Lamont D. Kress, were indicted on February 18, 1981, for their role in a conspiracy that used intimidation, assault, torture and murder to establish a monopoly of the methamphetamine trade in the Omaha area.[227] The drug, manufactured in clandestine labs throughout the United States and obtained from other Hells Angels chapters in multipound quantities, was delivered to Omaha in motorcycles and motorcycle parts, cars and vans. The conspiracy began in December 1972 and is suspected in the unsolved murder of Joseph Sackett, who was found dead in a field after being shot execution-style in August 1979.[228] An eighteen-month investigation culminated in a series of raids on ten locations in Omaha, one in Council Bluffs, Iowa and another in Santa Rosa, California on February 28 in which around eighty officers from federal, state, county and municipal law enforcement agencies made six arrests and recovered a cache of rifles, shotguns and automatic weapons, as well as narcotics ranging from marijuana to cocaine.[241] Four Hells Angels – Gary D. Apker, James "Jim Bob" Cronin, Calvin Davenport and Raymond "Buzzard" Gearhart – and Janice Fitzgerald, the widow of slain Hells Angels member Leslie Fitzgerald, were convicted of felony firearms violations and drug possession on November 30, 1981.[242]
The Omaha Police Department (OPD) initiated a three-year undercover investigation targeting a cocaine distribution network in the Omaha metropolitan area. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) became involved in the investigation, called Operation Zookeeper, in July 1982.[243] A federal grand jury indicted forty-three individuals, many of them Hells Angels, in 1983. By the end of the year, fifteen members of the drug ring had pled guilty, and many of the others were later convicted.[244]
Arrests were made during a series of coordinated raids carried out in Omaha on May 2, 1985, as part of Operation Roughrider, an FBI investigation of the Hells Angels that commenced three years prior. An undercover FBI agent, Kevin P. Bonner, infiltrated the club for twenty-six months and made drug transactions with numerous chapters as part of the investigation, which resulted in the indictments of a total of 133 Hells Angels members and associates in eleven states on narcotics trafficking and racketeering charges.[155] The raids, involving approximately a thousand law enforcement personnel, also led to the seizure of cocaine, marijuana, methamphetamine, hashish, PCP and LSD valued at $2 million, as well as weapons including submachine guns and anti-tank weaponry.[156]
Fifteen Hells Angels members and associates were arrested in the Omaha area on October 17, 1990, after being indicted on charges including interstate and foreign travel in support of racketeering enterprises, money laundering, manufacturing and distribution of a controlled substance, and felony possession of a firearm. The arrests, which came during a series of simultaneous raids on fourteen locations including the club's Omaha headquarters, were the culmination of a two-year investigation. The raids also resulted in confiscation of rifles, a .22 caliber automatic pistol, $800,000 worth of drugs, $200,000 in cash as well as Hells Angels paraphernalia.[245] Hells Angels members Dale Ray Haley and Lamont Kress, the club's former East Coast regional treasurer, along with associates Timothy S. Egan, Mary Lee and Rodney Rumsey were convicted on May 15, 1992, of drug trafficking, money laundering and illegal weapons possession. Haley was sentenced to twenty years' imprisonment, Kress, Egan and Rumsey were sentenced to fifteen years and eight months', and Lee was sentenced to twelve years and three months'. Five others negotiated plea bargains, and another was acquitted.[246]
Nevada
The River Run Riot occurred on April 27, 2002, at the Harrah's Casino & Hotel in Laughlin, Nevada. Members of the Hells Angels and the Mongols motorcycle clubs fought each other on the casino floor. As a result, Mongol Anthony Barrera, 43, was stabbed to death, and two Hells Angels, Jeramie Bell, 27, and Robert Tumelty, 50, were shot to death. On February 23, 2007, Hells Angels members James Hannigan and Rodney Cox were sentenced to two years in prison. Cox and Hannigan were captured on videotape confronting Mongols members inside the casino. A Hells Angel member can be clearly seen on the casino security videotape performing a front kick on a Mongol biker member, causing the ensuing melee.
However, prior to this altercation, several incidents of harassment and provocation were noted in the Clark County, Nevada Grand Jury hearings as having been perpetrated upon The Hells Angels. Members of the Mongols accosted a vendor's table selling Hells Angels trademarked items, had surrounded a Hells Angel and demanded he remove club clothing. In addition, nine witnesses claimed the fight began when a Mongol kicked a member of the Hells Angels. Regardless of which minor physical incident can be said to have "caused the melee", it is clear that The Hells Angels had come to confront the Mongols concerning their actions.
Attorneys for the Hells Angels claimed that the Hells Angels were defending themselves from an attack initiated by the Mongols.
Charges were dismissed against 36 other Hells Angels originally named in the indictment.[247]
New Hampshire
Eleven members of the Hells Angels' Lowell, Massachusetts chapter were arrested on narcotics-related charges during a raid by twenty-six federal, state and local law enforcement officers on a dwelling in Nashua on September 9, 1969. A cache of heroin was also seized.[248] Chapter president Donald James "Skeets" Picard was convicted on two counts of heroin trafficking and sentenced to two concurrent twenty-year prison sentences.[249]
On June 12, 1972, Hells Angels members Robert Gardner and Kevin Gilroy were shot while riding their motorcycles on Interstate 93 in Londonderry by Dean Dayutis, a member of the Devil's Disciples Motorcycle Club who fired at the pair from a moving vehicle. Gardner was wounded and Gilroy was killed. Dayutis was arrested in Key West, Florida on November 2, 1982, and was repatriated to New Hampshire to face trial for Gilroy's killing in May 1983 after a five-month extradition process.[250] He was convicted of second-degree murder later that year and sentenced to eighteen-to-forty years of imprisonment.[251]
The Hells Angels formed their first chapter in New Hampshire when members from Massachusetts and Maine established a branch in Manchester in March 2000.[252]
An innocent bystander was wounded with a shotgun during a fight involving the Hells Angels, Outlaws, and Milford and Company Motorcycle Club outside a restaurant in Manchester on April 16, 2010.[253]
Hells Angels member James Cunningham was among four men arrested in June 2017 on federal drug trafficking charges following an investigation that spanned several years. Cunningham sold methamphetamine to an individual who was cooperating with the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) on four separate occasions in Manchester and Merrimack between May 23 and November 20, 2013.[254] He pleaded guilty to methamphetamine trafficking, and was sentenced to three years and three months in prison on May 10, 2018.[255]
New Jersey
During their war against the Breed in the 1970s, the Hells Angels carried out a grenade attack on the home of the Breed's national president in Plainfield.[256]
In 1983, two members of the Binghamton, New York Hells Angels chapter were charged with assault and attempted murder after a shootout with the New Jersey State Police (NJSP) in Hope Township.[257]
The Hells Angels established a presence in New Jersey in 2002 with the founding of a prospect chapter in Newark, which was sponsored by the HAMC chapters in New Rochelle, New York and New York City.[258] The Newark chapter was formed following a treaty between the Hells Angels and the Pagans in February 2002.[47] The New Jersey faction is small, but is backed by the New York City chapter – one of the club's largest.[259]
Three Hells Angels were beaten by a group of Pagans members and associates outside a bar in Woodland Township on January 1, 2005.[260] One Hells Angel, Vincent "Honcho" Heinrich, was airlifted to Cooper University Hospital with head injuries after being struck with a wooden board. No arrests were made.[261] The incident, which occurred during a time when the Hells Angels were actively recruiting from the Pagans stronghold of South Jersey, allegedly prompted the Hells Angels' East Coast leader John "The Baptist" LoFranco to declare war on the Pagans.[262]
Four Hells Angels members – Rocco P. Gullatta, Kerry K. Kester, Justin D. Morris and Joshua R. Woods – were indicted on charges of unlawful possession of weapons, possession of a prohibited weapon, certain persons not to possess a weapon, and unlawful possession of a controlled dangerous substance after law enforcement officials observed them loading large knives, machetes and other weapons into the trunk of a Chevrolet Malibu in a restaurant parking lot in Clinton Township on August 22, 2015.[263]
New York
Mafia connections
The United States Department of Justice has stated that the Hells Angels have links with New York's Gambino and Genovese crime families; the mafia is afforded security and transportation in narcotics deals in exchange for drugs and contract killings.[264]
Rape and sexual assault
Eight Hells Angels members, who were in New York City to attend the funeral of murdered club member Jeffrey "Groover" Coffey, were arrested on suspicion of the March 10, 1971 gang rape of a seventeen-year-old girl in a leather goods store in East Village, Manhattan. The bikers allegedly returned to the store, owned by Eugene Pritzert, to pick up goods they had ordered the day before. When Pritzert told them the goods were not ready, they began abusing him, waking Pritzert's girlfriend who was asleep in the rear of the store. While some members guarded the store owner, others took turns beating and raping the girl. After approximately six hours, Pritzert managed to escape and alerted police. The girl identified her alleged attackers in a police lineup.[265] The eight men – Robert Cardner, Robert Marshall and Car Paretta from Massachusetts, Thomas Fusco, Edward Robinson and Kevin Seymour from New York state, Kurt Groudle from Ohio, and James Ordfield from New York City – were charged with rape, sodomy, unlawful imprisonment and criminal trespassing.[266]
Assault, murder, and conflict with rival clubs
College student Bruce Meyer was shot five times in the head at point-blank range with a .22 caliber handgun fitted with a silencer in the parking lot of his apartment building in Brewster on December 14, 1975.[130] Law enforcement sources stated that Meyer was murdered by the former president of the Connecticut Hells Angels chapter in retaliation for him killing a Hells Angels member in a car crash on July 3, 1975.[120]
In September 1994, near Buffalo at the Lancaster Speedway drag races, there was a clash between the Hells Angels and a rival biker gang resulting in two deaths, and multiple injuries.
On January 28, 2007, a woman named Roberta Shalaby was found badly beaten on the sidewalk outside the Hells Angels' clubhouse at 77 East Third Street in the East Village, Manhattan. The resulting investigation by the NYPD has been criticized by the group for its intensity. The police were refused access to the Hells Angels clubhouse and responded by closing off the area, setting up sniper positions, and sending in an armored personnel carrier.[267] After obtaining a warrant, the police searched the clubhouse and arrested one Hells Angel who was later released. The group claims to have no connection with the beating of Shalaby. Five security cameras cover the entrance to the New York chapter's East 3rd Street club house, but the NY HAMC maintains nobody knows how Shalaby was beaten nearly to death at their front door. A club lawyer said they intended to sue the city of New York for false arrest and possible civil rights violations.[268]
Drug trafficking
A methamphetamine trafficking network run by members and associates of the Hells Angels' Rochester chapter operating in Western New York from 2002 through July 9, 2010 was dismantled after an investigation by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), the Genesee County Sheriff's Office, the New York State Police, the City of Batavia Police Department, and the Village of LeRoy Police Department. James Henry McAuley, Jr., the vice-president of the Rochester chapter and the leader of the drug ring, was sentenced to twenty-five years in prison in July 2016. Richard W. Mar, the former president of the club's Monterey (California) chapter, supplied the Rochester Hells Angels with methamphetamine and trafficked the drug to New York from California; he was sentenced to ten years in federal prison in August 2016.[269] Rochester Hells Angels members Richard E. Riedman and Jeffrey A. Tyler, and three associates – Donna Boon (McAuley's wife), Gordon Montgomery and Paul Griffin – pleaded guilty to drug trafficking offenses based on their roles in the conspiracy; Riedman was sentenced to thirty-seven months in prison, Tyler to eighteen months in prison, Boon to three years probation and twelve months of home incarceration, Montgomery to sixty months in prison, and Griffin to probation. Additionally, Rochester Hells Angels member Robert W. "Bugsy" Moran, Jr. was sentenced to eighteen months in prison and Gina Tata was sentenced to three years probation, while Timothy M. Stone was sentenced to twelve months in prison on charges related to the case.[270]
North Carolina
North Carolina's first Hells Angels chapter was founded in Durham on July 24, 1973. This was then followed by the Charlotte chapter, which was chartered on October 19, 1978, and was formed by Michael Franklin "Thunder" Finazzo – a member of the Hells Angels' elite "Filthy Few" from Omaha, Nebraska – and others. Charlotte was home to numerous motorcycle gangs at the time, including the Outlaws, but under Finazzo's leadership, the Hells Angels were able to take control of much of the city's criminal rackets and operated drug, prostitution and motorcycle theft rings throughout the state.[271] During the Hells Angels' international rally held at a private campground on Kerr Lake on July 4, 1981, journalists covering the event for The Charlotte Observer were assaulted by Hells Angels members. Staff reporters Robin Clark and Tex O'Neill were punched and photographer Mark Sluder was forced to turn over his film at knifepoint.[272] The attack was stopped when O'Neill alerted FBI agents who were also observing the rally.[273] Michael Finazzo and his lieutenant Tyler Duris "Yank" Frndak were found shot dead and stuffed in the trunk of an Oldsmobile 88 in Randolph County on September 26, 1981. At the time, Finazzo was considered by police to be among the ten most powerful members of the club. Although the murders remain unsolved,[274] police believe that the killings were related to a feud with the Outlaws[275] or a power struggle within the Hells Angels.[276] Club members from across the United States, as well as Canada, Denmark, England and the Netherlands, attended the burials of both men, which took place in Marshville on October 1, 1981. Finazzo's successor as chapter president, Fred Martin Scarnechia, and another Hells Angel, Thomas Lee Campbell, pistol-whipped undercover DEA agent John Landrum amidst a scuffle during a drug deal sting operation, in which Scarnechia was also stabbed, at Scarnechia's home in Fort Mill, South Carolina on July 27, 1982.[277] Authorities then obtained warrants to search a storage unit in nearby Rock Hill, South Carolina, where they uncovered a booby-trapped stockpile of weapons consisting of C-4 explosive, grenades, ammunition and two fully-automatic submachine guns equipped with silencers. The ATF was called in to investigate the seizure, and an explosive ordnance disposal unit from the Fort Jackson Army base was required to disarm the trap.[278] Scarnechia and Campbell were sentenced to five years in prison for assaulting the federal agent on January 6, 1983.[279] The Charlotte chapter was at one point the Hells Angels' largest on the east coast, with approximately a dozen members and numerous associates, but was disbanded after its position became precarious following the murders of Finazzo and Frndak, and the imprisonment of Scarnechia. The chapter clubhouse, known as "the Bunker", was burned down in a suspected arson attack on August 12, 1985. Investigators believe that the Hells Angels themselves destroyed the property before their departure.[280]
Ohio
The United States Department of Justice has stated that the Hells Angels have been involved in contract killings and drug trafficking with the Cleveland crime family.[264]
The New York chapter of the Hells Angels was involved in a large-scale brawl with the Breed, in which knives, chains and clubs were brandished, at a motorcycle trade show in Cleveland on March 6, 1971.[281] The violence led to the deaths of five bikers; Breed members Bruce Emerick, Andrew Demeter, Amelio Gardull and Thomas A. Terry, and Hells Angels member Jeffrey "Groover" Coffey.[16] Twenty-three people were also injured, including three police officers. Eighty-four people were arrested at the scene. On March 9, forty-seven Breed members and ten Hells Angels were each charged with five counts of first-degree murder.[282] The feud between the two clubs reportedly began two years earlier after a fight in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,[16] and continued during the following two decades.[256]
On February 27, 1988, David Hartlaub was murdered in his van at a bank parking lot near the Musicland record store that he managed as he was dropping off the nightly deposit. The deposit bag contained about $4000 in cash and was not taken. Three members of the Hells Angels motorcycle gang; Steven Wayne Yee, Mark Verdi, and John Ray Bonds were carrying out a hit. The Cleveland Hells Angels were planning to retaliate against a Sandusky Outlaw gang member for the Joliet, IL shooting of a Hells Angels member the previous year, at which Bonds had been present. The Outlaw member drove a van almost identical to Hartlaub's. The trio mistook Hartlaub's van for their and shot and killed him by mistake. Both the gun and the van's carpet were spattered with blood, allowing police to use DNA evidence, and discovered that John Ray Bonds was the shooter who had hid inside Hartlaub's van and was waiting to kill him. He shot him with a MAC-11 9-mm semi-automatic pistol fitted with a homemade silencer. Bonds's DNA profile analyzed by the FBI matched the bloodstains found in Yee's car and based on this they were able to use it as key evidence. This was one of the first cases of DNA being used for criminal conviction. The trial and legal wrangling lasted nearly two years and ended in long prison terms for all three Hells Angels members, who remain in prison on sentences up to life. Mark Verdi was released in 2019.[283]
Oregon
Police have stated that the Hells Angels have avoided Oregon since 1967, when the state was ceded to the Gypsy Jokers to quell a San Francisco, California-area drug war between the clubs.[284]
Hells Angels prospect Robert "Bugeye Bob" McClure was convicted of quadruple murder and sentenced to four consecutive life terms in July 1994 for the shootings of Margo Compton, her six-year-old twin daughters, Sylvia and Sandra, and Gary Seslar, the son of her boyfriend, in Gaston on August 7, 1977.[285] McClure's alleged accomplice in the killings, Hells Angels hangaround Benjamin "Psycho" Silva, was never charged in the case; prosecutors felt it wasn't worth the expense and effort as he was already on death row for the 1981 kidnapping, rape, torture and murder of two college students in Lassen County, California. Odis "Buck" Garrett, the Hells Angels Vallejo, California chapter president, ordered the killings of Compton and her daughters in retaliation for her testimony against several Hells Angels in a 1976 San Francisco prostitution trial. Garrett, a one-time millionaire methamphetamine dealer already serving a life term in California on a narcotics conviction, was found guilty on four counts of murder and sentenced to four consecutive life sentences in prison in July 1995.[286] Garrett died in prison aged seventy-four on February 12, 2017.[287]
Pennsylvania
An alliance between the Pagans and the Philadelphia crime family has historically prevented the Hells Angels from establishing a presence in the Philadelphia area.[288] In March 2002, a South Philadelphia tattoo parlor owned by a Pagans member who had been involved in a brawl with the Hells Angels on Long Island, New York the previous month was firebombed in what authorities suspect was a retaliatory attack by the Angels. A HAMC member was stabbed numerous times during a fight between the rival clubs in Northeast Philadelphia in November 2002.[258] The unattended clubhouse of the Sons of Satan, a Pagans support club, was destroyed by a pipe bomb explosion in Rapho Township on December 13, 2002. The case has yet to be officially solved, although authorities believe it to be the work of the Hells Angels.[18]
A HAMC chapter was formed in West Philadelphia in 2004 after four high-ranking Pagans members – Mark "Slow Poke" Mangano, Anthony "Mint-Condition" Mengine, Thomas "Thinker" Wood and James "Slim Jim" Wysong – patched over the year before.[262] On January 1, 2005, Hells Angels member Vincent "Honcho" Heinrich was airlifted to Cooper University Hospital after being assaulted by a group of Pagans outside a bar in Woodland Township, New Jersey,[261] allegedly prompting the Angels' New York-based East Coast leader John "The Baptist" Lo Franco to declare war on the Philadelphia Pagans chapter.[262] Wood, the Philadelphia Hells Angels vice-president, was shot dead while driving his GMC pickup truck on the Schuylkill Expressway after he and fellow HAMC member Byron "B&E" Evans departed a go-go bar in the early hours of January 15, 2005. Two men in a Chevrolet Suburban began firing at Evans, who was riding his Harley-Davidson motorcycle, and Wood swerved in an attempt to shield Evans when he was fatally shot in the head.[261] Pagans members Robert "Go Fast" Gray and Steven "Gorilla" Mondevergine were questioned by police in relation to the murder, which has gone unsolved.[262] On October 31, 2005, Pagans members allegedly stole a sign standing in front of the Hells Angels' clubhouse, resulting in an exchange of gunfire. The Philadelphia Hells Angels chapter, consisting of twelve members and approximately five prospects, was disbanded during a meeting in New York on November 18, 2005. Law enforcement believe the demise of the chapter was a result of poor leadership by LoFranco, who ordered the outmatched Hells Angels to carry out a war against the better-established Pagans.[289]
Rhode Island
The Hells Angels' Rhode Island chapter was formed in Providence on September 5, 1992.[290] The Hells Angels have established a working relationship with the Providence faction of the Patriarca crime family, acting as enforcers for the Mafia.[11]
Christian A. Rufino, a member of the New Rochelle, New York ("New Roc City") chapter of the Hells Angels, was sentenced to fifteen years in prison after being convicted on a federal firearms charge in April 2012. He was found to be in possession of cocaine, a loaded handgun and additional ammunition after a traffic stop in Cranston in December 2009.[291]
Hells Angels member Douglas Leedham was sentenced to seven years in prison in July 2019 after pleading guilty to trafficking methamphetamine and cocaine, and being a felon in possession of a firearm. He was arrested in February that year when a court-authorized search of his North Providence home uncovered thirty-nine grams of methamphetamine, nineteen grams of cocaine, two handguns, a 12-gauge shotgun, body armor, dozens of knives and hatchets, brass knuckles, more than $6,000 in cash and material used in the packaging and distribution of drugs.[292]
South Carolina
The Hells Angels' first chapter in the Southern States was established in Charleston on February 7, 1976.[271]
Artie Ray Cherry, a founding member of the Charleston chapter and a Special Forces veteran of the Vietnam War, died from a gunshot wound to the head after being shot during a bar brawl in Rock Hill in the early hours of January 7, 1982.[293] Three other men were also injured during the melee, and Mack McClendon Teal – a man believed by police to have had a long association with gangs and nightclubs in the area – was charged with Cherry's murder. Cherry was killed in an apparent attempt to take over a bar from Teal.[294] At the time of his death, Cherry was wanted by police for the murder of Carl Billingham, who died five days after being stabbed in the groin during a fight with four men at a nightclub in Charleston County in October 1979.[295]
Fred Martin Scarnechia, the president of the Hells Angels' Charlotte, North Carolina chapter, and another club member, Thomas Lee Campbell, pistol-whipped and broke the nose of undercover DEA agent John Landrum when a sting operation drug deal went awry at Scarnechia's home in Fort Mill on July 27, 1982. Scarnechia was also stabbed during the skirmish.[277] Authorities then obtained warrants to search a storage unit in nearby Rock Hill, where they uncovered a booby-trapped stockpile of weapons consisting of C-4 explosive, grenades, ammunition and two fully-automatic submachine guns equipped with silencers. The ATF was called in to investigate the seizure, and an Army explosive ordnance disposal unit from Fort Jackson was required to disarm the trap.[278] On January 6, 1983, Scarnechia and Campbell were sentenced to five years in prison for assaulting Landrum.[279]
Sixteen members and associates of the Hells Angels' South Carolina Nomads chapter, which operated from clubhouses in Lexington and Rock Hill, were convicted of crimes related to the RICO Act following a two-year cooperative investigation by the FBI, ATF, South Carolina Law Enforcement Division (SLED) and four local police departments. The investigation revealed that the group engaged in drug dealing, money laundering, firearms trafficking, violent crimes, attempted armed robbery, arson, and other offenses. In excess of one hundred guns (including fully automatic machine guns, silencers, assault rifles with high-capacity magazines, pistols, and sawed-off shotguns) were trafficked by the group and recovered during the execution of search warrants, and members of the organization also supplied methamphetamine, cocaine, bath salts and prescription pain pills. The Hells Angels' leadership coordinated the criminal activity and received kickbacks from proceeds generated by members and associates of the chapter.[296][297] During the investigation, the chapter's leadership transitioned from long-time Hells Angels member "Diamond" Dan Bifield to recent inductee Mark "Lightning" Baker after Bifield was voted out as president. Law enforcement began the operation when Bifield made a drug deal with an informant in 2011 and arrested twenty people — sixteen men and four women — in a series of raids in June 2012. The last of the sixteen convicted were sentenced in June 2013; the group was sentenced to more than 100 years imprisonment collectively.[298][299]
Virginia
Four New York metropolitan area Hells Angels members and one prospect were convicted of ambushing and wounding two southern Virginia-based Pagans members at a motel near Greenville on September 10, 2018. The attack happened as the rival gangs happened to be staying at the same motel while passing through the area, and led to one Pagan being shot and the other beaten with a hammer. Dominick J. Eadicicco and club prospect Anthony Milan pleaded guilty to malicious wounding by a mob and use of a firearm in the commission of a felony and were sentenced to eight years in prison, while Nathaniel A. Villaman, Joseph Anthony Paturzo and Richard E. West all pleaded guilty to malicious wounding by a mob and were given four year sentences during the trials held in Staunton in January and February 2019.[300][301]
Washington
The Hells Angels established their presence in the Pacific Northwest when the club's San Fernando Valley charter sponsored a "prospect chapter" in Spokane in the summer of 1993.[302] The Hells Angels Washington state Nomads chapter was officially founded on July 16, 1994.[290]
In 2001, Hells Angels Rodney Lee Rollness, a former Hells Angel, and Joshua Binder murdered Michael "Santa" Walsh, who had allegedly falsely claimed to be a member of the Hells Angels.[303] Paul Foster, hoping to join the Hells Angels, aided in the murder by luring Walsh to a party at his house and helping cover up the crime.[304] West Coast leader Richard "Smilin' Rick" Fabel, along with Rollness and Binder, were also convicted of various racketeering offenses.[305]
See also
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Outlaw motorcycle gangs – USA overview Archived 2022-01-23 at the Wayback Machine National Institute of Justice (1991)
- 1 2 U.S. Dept. of Justice, Motorcycle Gangs, archived from the original on 10 February 2010, retrieved 27 October 2009
- ↑ Hells Angels sue U.S. over visas, criminal designation Archived 2022-09-15 at the Wayback Machine Bill Mears, CNN (August 20, 2012)
- 1 2 3 2005 National Gang Threat Assessment National Alliance of Gang Investigators Association (2005)
- ↑ Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs Deputy John Williams, Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department (2008) Archived November 28, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
- 1 2 3 Organized Crime in America U.S. House Committee on the Judiciary (1983) Archived September 21, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ Springfield police keep watch on biker turf war — Tension alleged between two local groups Jess Rollins, Springfield News-Leader (July 16, 2012) Archived February 16, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ Angels in Disguise? Brendan McGarvey, My City Paper (August 7, 2003) Archived July 20, 2020, at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ A peek into the inner-workings of the Hells Angels Archived 2022-03-09 at the Wayback Machine Jason Old, WIS (June 7, 2012)
- ↑ 3 Arrested in Md. in Probe of Biker Clubs Michael Amon, The Washington Post (July 25, 2003) Archived March 28, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
- 1 2 The State of the Mob Archived 2020-08-08 at the Wayback Machine W. Zachary Malinowski, The Providence Journal (January 28, 2007)
- 1 2 Reputed Aryan Brotherhood Gang Member Convicted of Murders of Three Men in Massachusetts Archived January 4, 2022, at the Wayback Machine Bill Marlin, Southern Poverty Law Center (May 16, 2014)
- ↑ Christie 2016, p. 130.
- ↑ White Power Gangs: The NLR (Nazi Low Riders) Story Archived 2022-01-31 at the Wayback Machine B. Belt and G. Doyle, National Criminal Justice Reference Service (March 1998) "White Power Gangs: The NLR (Nazi Low Riders) Story | Office of Justice Programs". Archived from the original on January 31, 2022. Retrieved September 27, 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ↑ How the Bandidos became one of the world's most feared biker gangs Michael E. Miller, The Washington Post (May 18, 2015) Archived April 14, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
- 1 2 3 Five die in clash of cycle gangs The New York Times (March 8, 1971) Archived April 14, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ Biker in Mongols gang is arrested in fatal shooting of rival Hell Angels member Veronica Rocha, Los Angeles Times (June 23, 2017) Archived April 16, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
- 1 2 Lovelace, Brett (Dec 19, 2002). "Clubhouse bombing may be tied to gang war". Lancaster Intelligencer Journal. Archived from the original on February 16, 2013. Retrieved January 24, 2013.
- ↑ Worst California biker feud in decade erupted at Starbucks Archived 2021-03-08 at the Wayback Machine Jason Kandel, Reuters (October 26, 2011)
- ↑ Shoot out at the Healy Hotel Archived August 12, 2021, at the Wayback Machine alaskarails.org
- ↑ Jack Cottrill obituary Archived January 5, 2022, at the Wayback Machine Anchorage Daily News (June 16, 2019)
- ↑ Angels Pop Tops For 'Blown' Harry Las Vegas Sun (January 16, 1977) Archived May 4, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ Organized Crime in America U.S. House Committee on the Judiciary (1983) "Organized Crime in America: Hearings Before the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Ninety-eighth Congress, First Session, on Organized Crime in America". 1983. Archived from the original on March 28, 2022. Retrieved September 27, 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - 1 2 FBI task force arrests 'well-known member' of Hells Angels with 12 pounds of meth Archived January 5, 2022, at the Wayback Machine Zaz Hollander, Anchorage Daily News (August 14, 2018)
- ↑ The Hells Angel of the Future Archived January 5, 2022, at the Wayback Machine Derek Lundy, booksincanada.com
- ↑ United States of America v. Ralph Hubert Barger Archived January 5, 2022, at the Wayback Machine Justia (October 5, 1990)
- ↑ 38 Hells Angels Arrested In 'Operation Roughrider' Archived October 10, 2020, at the Wayback Machine Kathleen MacLay, Associated Press (November 11, 1987)
- ↑ 38 Arrested in Inquiry Of Hells Angels Gang The New York Times (November 11, 1987) Archived May 4, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ Five-state sweep produces arrests of 32 Hells Angels Ray Means, United Press International (November 11, 1987) Archived May 4, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ Louisville trial gives bikers an easy ride Archived 2022-07-06 at the Wayback Machine Michael York, The Washington Post (October 23, 1988)
- ↑ 2 Hells Angels leaders guilty of conspiracy Archived 2020-10-15 at the Wayback Machine Deborah Yetter, The Courier-Journal (October 29, 1988)
- ↑ Names Of Hells Angels Jurors To Be Kept Secret Archived 2021-12-10 at the Wayback Machine Bill Morlin, The Spokesman-Review (April 30, 1996)
- ↑ Area arrests part of Hells Angels sweep Archived 2020-10-16 at the Wayback Machine Kitsap Sun (December 4, 2003)
- 1 2 Federal Racketeering Charges Brought Against 42 Members of the Hells Angels Motorcycle Club Archived 2021-12-10 at the Wayback Machine justice.gov (December 4, 2003)
- 1 2 Raids nab 55 Hells Angels, guns, drugs Archived 2021-02-14 at the Wayback Machine CNN (December 4, 2003)
- 1 2 Hells Angels members sentenced to prison for brawl Archived 2021-12-10 at the Wayback Machine The Press Democrat (February 13, 2007)
- 1 2 Fugitive biker surrenders Archived 2021-12-10 at the Wayback Machine Las Vegas Review-Journal (July 19, 2008)
- ↑ James William Leffel v. State of Alaska Archived 2022-09-27 at the Wayback Machine FindLaw (August 25, 2017)
- ↑ Alaska white supremacist gang members face federal charges Archived 2020-12-30 at the Wayback Machine Mark Thiesse, The Seattle Times (March 27, 2019)
- ↑ Neo-Nazi gang members charged with murder, racketeering in Alaska Archived 2020-10-18 at the Wayback Machine Yereth Rosen, Reuters (March 28, 2019)
- ↑ White Supremacist Gang Leader and Members and Associates Convicted on Racketeering and Murder Charges Justice.gov (May 2, 2022) Archived May 4, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ Five Members and Associates of White Supremacist Gang Sentenced to Life in Prison for Racketeering, Kidnapping, and Murder justice.gov (January 26, 2023)
- ↑ Anchorage Hells Angel and Wife Sentenced to Federal Prison for Drug Trafficking Archived 2022-01-02 at the Wayback Machine justice.gov (October 30, 2019)
- 1 2 Hells Angels Shootout Phoenix (October 1, 2011) Archived June 30, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ Arizona Drug Threat Assessment Archived 2020-10-31 at the Wayback Machine National Drug Intelligence Center, justice.gov (December 2003)
- 1 2 3 Chico Mora Led the Dirty Dozen Into the Hells Angels' Camp, Claiming Arizona for the Red and White Stephen Lemons, Phoenix New Times (June 24, 2015) Archived March 19, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
- 1 2 3 Hells Angels Motorcycle Gang Archived 2021-08-23 at the Wayback Machine Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department (2004)
- ↑ US cops hunt SA Hell's Angel Archived 2022-05-01 at the Wayback Machine News24 (21 June 2004) "US cops hunt SA Hell's Angel | News24". Archived from the original on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ↑ Devilish Angels seek to look innocent Dennis Wagner and Senta Scarborough, The Arizona Republic (July 9, 2003) Archived July 14, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
- 1 2 3 Hell's Angels Criminal Enterprise Archived 2021-01-19 at the Wayback Machine Albert De Amicis, University of Phoenix (August 14, 2009) "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original on July 5, 2022. Retrieved September 27, 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - 1 2 3 Hells Angels: The federal infiltration Archived 2022-09-27 at the Wayback Machine Dennis Wagner, The Arizona Republic (December 4, 2003)
- ↑ No Angel - My Harrowing Undercover Journey to the Inner Circle of the Hells Angels" (Random House ISBN 978-0-307-40585-2 (0-307-40585-0))
- ↑ "Vindication" for Jay Dobyns, Ex-ATF Agent Who Infiltrated Hells Angels, After Court Ruling Archived 2021-09-28 at the Wayback Machine Ray Stern, Phoenix New Times (September 17, 2014)
- ↑ A Very Hellish Journey Archived 2021-11-29 at the Wayback Machine Eve Conant, Newsweek (March 6, 2009)
- ↑ 30 People Arrested in Arizona Gang Raids Archived 2022-09-27 at the Wayback Machine Anabelle Garay, Associated Press (July 9, 2003)
- ↑ Judge: Police raid of Hells Angels was 'attack' Archived 2022-09-27 at the Wayback Machine Brent Whiting, The Arizona Republic (December 2, 2004)
- ↑ Fugitive sought in Arizona slaying caught in Argentina Archived 2022-08-03 at the Wayback Machine CNN (February 4, 2011)
- ↑ Stockbroker by day, alleged violent Hells Angel by night: 15 years after his arrest, fugitive biker back for murder case Archived 2020-10-28 at the Wayback Machine Kyle Swenson, The Washington Post (July 25, 2018)
- ↑ Hells Angel Kevin Augustiniak Gets 23 Years Up the River for 2001 Slaying of Cynthia Garcia Archived 2021-09-18 at the Wayback Machine Matthew Hendley, Phoenix New Times (March 30, 2012)
- ↑ Local Biker Slain in Arizona Archived 2021-02-23 at the Wayback Machine Holly J. Wolcott, Los Angeles Times (June 12, 2002)
- ↑ Cold cases: unsolved murders in Phoenix Archived 2021-08-05 at the Wayback Machine KNXV-TV
- ↑ New River Run rules in place as bikers roll into Laughlin Archived 2016-10-27 at the Wayback Machine Jen Lawson, Las Vegas Sun (April 23, 2003)
- ↑ Feds Raid Hells Angels' Clubhouses Archived 2022-09-27 at the Wayback Machine CBS News (December 4, 2003)
- ↑ 2 Hells Angels receive prison time over melee Archived 2021-12-10 at the Wayback Machine Deseret News (February 24, 2007)
- ↑ Video: Massive Funeral Procession for Hells Angels Member Shot And Killed In Phoenix Archived 2021-12-04 at the Wayback Machine Matthew Hendley, Phoenix New Times (February 26, 2015)
- ↑ Death in the Brotherhood Archived 2020-10-20 at the Wayback Machine Jimmy Magahern, Phoenix (July 1, 2015)
- ↑ Police: Deadly Tempe shooting was clash of Mongols, Hells Angels Archived 2022-09-27 at the Wayback Machine Yihyun Jeong and Adrian Hedden, The Arizona Republic (August 18, 2016)
- ↑ Open Road? Craig Outhier, Phoenix (February 21, 2018) Archived July 13, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ Public records detail motorcycle club turf war in Kingman Archived 2020-10-26 at the Wayback Machine Dave Hawkins, Las Vegas Review-Journal (January 31, 2013)
- ↑ Four Hells Angels found not guilty of "rioting" charges from 2009 DPS operation Archived 2022-03-31 at the Wayback Machine Matthew Hendley, Phoenix New Times (April 13, 2012)
- ↑ Hells Angels and Vagos Motorcycle Gangs in Arizona Shootout, Say Cops Archived 2020-10-26 at the Wayback Machine Carlin Miller, CBS News (August 25, 2010)
- ↑ Hells Angels' charges dismissed in 2010 shootout With Vagos bikers Archived 2022-01-23 at the Wayback Machine Matthew Hendley, Phoenix New Times (June 20, 2012)
- ↑ Hells Angels are officially a 'street gang,' as if they weren't scary enough already Archived 2021-05-08 at the Wayback Machine James King, Phoenix New Times (September 23, 2009)
- ↑ Hells Angels deemed gang in Arizona case Archived 2020-10-26 at the Wayback Machine United Press International (September 24, 2009)
- ↑ Former Hells Angel accused of murder got boot from club for meth use and for acting as government informant, Angels' former lawyer claims Archived 2021-05-09 at the Wayback Machine James King, Phoenix New Times (July 19, 2010)
- ↑ Ex-Tucson Hells Angels leader - known among the "brotherhood" as "Tramp" - arrested after cops find dead body buried in his yard Archived 2021-05-18 at the Wayback Machine James King, Phoenix New Times (July 13, 2010)
- ↑ Tucson man pleads guilty in 2010 slaying Archived 2020-10-30 at the Wayback Machine Kim Smith, Arizona Daily Star (April 13, 2012)
- ↑ Hells Angels member in Arizona gets prison term Archived 2020-10-26 at the Wayback Machine The Washington Times (August 12, 2014)
- ↑ California Northern and Eastern Districts Drug Threat Assessment Archived 2021-12-10 at the Wayback Machine National Drug Intelligence Center, justice.gov (January 2001)
- ↑ Organized Crime In California Archived 2017-02-11 at the Wayback Machine John K. Van De Kamp, California Department of Justice (1986)
- ↑ ATF raids homes across Front Range, some tied to Hells Angels and other 'motorcycle gangs' Archived March 3, 2021, at the Wayback Machine Michael Konopasek and Matt Mauro, Fox 31 Denver (November 7, 2019)
- ↑ Donald "Poppa" Bentley obituary Archived June 11, 2021, at the Wayback Machine horancares.com
- ↑ Colorado Drug Threat Assessment Archived December 18, 2021, at the Wayback Machine National Drug Intelligence Center, justice.gov (May 2003)
- ↑ Biker club on Denver doorstep: Hells Angels form city chapter Archived 2021-12-22 at the Wayback Machine Lou Kilzer, The Denver Post (June 30, 2001)
- ↑ Hells Angels awaited in Cody Archived December 17, 2021, at the Wayback Machine The Denver Post (July 21, 2006)
- ↑ 400 bikers terrorize residents, police in Steamboat Springs Archived December 22, 2021, at the Wayback Machine Casper Star-Tribune (August 7, 1996)
- ↑ Police Hope for Best, Prepare for Worst From Bikers Archived December 8, 2021, at the Wayback Machine Scott Hadly, Los Angeles Times (March 5, 1998)
- ↑ Bikers: Urban Professionals Among Motorcycle Crowd Archived December 22, 2021, at the Wayback Machine Los Angeles Times (August 25, 1996)
- ↑ Heard around the West Archived December 22, 2021, at the Wayback Machine Ed Marston, High Country News (September 2, 1996)
- ↑ Top crime stories from the past 25 years of the Steamboat Today newspaper Archived December 8, 2021, at the Wayback Machine Matt Stensland, Steamboat Pilot & Today (August 20, 2014)
- ↑ A fidgety hello to Hells Angels Archived December 22, 2021, at the Wayback Machine Paige Parker, The Seattle Times (June 18, 2000)
- ↑ Locals provoke bar fight with Colorado Hell's Angels Archived December 22, 2021, at the Wayback Machine John Colson, The Aspen Times (November 29, 2005)
- ↑ Man disputes account of fight with Hell's Angels Archived December 22, 2021, at the Wayback Machine John Colson, The Aspen Times (December 4, 2005)
- ↑ Motorcyclist suspected of firing gun at officer's patrol car in Weld County Archived December 22, 2021, at the Wayback Machine Kieran Nicholson, The Denver Post (June 19, 2017)
- ↑ Weld jury returns split verdict in 2017 attempted murder of Milliken police officer Archived December 22, 2021, at the Wayback Machine Joe Moylan, Greeley Tribune (March 22, 2019)
- ↑ Hell's Angels wannabe convicted of attempted murder of Milliken police officer Archived December 13, 2021, at the Wayback Machine Joe Moylan, Greeley Tribune (June 28, 2019)
- ↑ Eaton resident, Hells Angels prospect sentenced to 35 years for firing on Milliken cop Archived December 20, 2020, at the Wayback Machine Joe Moylan, Greeley Tribune (July 31, 2019)
- ↑ One dead, three wounded in gunbattle between suspected motorcycle gangs in Arvada Archived December 18, 2021, at the Wayback Machine Bruce Finley, The Denver Post (July 12, 2020)
- ↑ Aftermath of an unexpected Arvada shooting Archived December 18, 2021, at the Wayback Machine Casey Van Divier, Arvada Press (July 29, 2020)
- ↑ Singer Ryan McPhearson Suffers Brain Injury While Trying To Break Up Fatal Arvada Motorcycle Gang Fight Archived December 18, 2021, at the Wayback Machine CBS Denver (July 13, 2020)
- ↑ Motorcycle Gang Shootout In Arvada Leaves Good Samaritan In Critical Condition Archived June 27, 2021, at the Wayback Machine Michael Abeyta, CBS Denver (July 12, 2020)
- ↑ Rock Singer Hurt in Fatal Arvada Biker Bar Shooting Archived December 18, 2021, at the Wayback Machine Michael Roberts, Westword (July 13, 2020)
- ↑ ATF Executing Search Warrants Around Denver, Including Hells Angels Clubhouse Archived October 19, 2020, at the Wayback Machine Ana Campbell, Westword (November 7, 2019)
- ↑ City settles with Hells Angels for $50,000 Archived March 2, 2005, at the Wayback Machine Kevin Vaughan, Rocky Mountain News (September 9, 2003)
- ↑ Denver to pay $50,000 to members of motorcycle group Archived December 22, 2021, at the Wayback Machine Grand Junction Daily Sentinel (September 10, 2003)
- 1 2 Federal ATF agents arrest 12 in raids involving motorcycle gangs across the Front Range Archived December 12, 2021, at the Wayback Machine Tom McGhee and Sam Tabachnik, The Denver Post (November 7, 2019)
- ↑ Hells Angels sue over police stop Archived December 15, 2021, at the Wayback Machine Felisa Cardona, The Denver Post (September 5, 2007)
- ↑ Denver apologizes to Hells Angels for second time Archived December 13, 2021, at the Wayback Machine Felisa Cardona, The Denver Post (January 24, 2008)
- ↑ DPD to Hell's Angels: "We're Sorry....Again" Archived December 15, 2021, at the Wayback Machine Jeralyn Merritt, 5280 (January 25, 2008)
- ↑ Hells Angels member gets $25,000, apology for mistreatment during 2018 traffic stop Archived December 17, 2021, at the Wayback Machine The Denver Channel (September 13, 2020)
- ↑ Hells Angels biker gets $25,000 settlement after police stop Archived December 17, 2021, at the Wayback Machine The Durango Herald (September 11, 2020)
- ↑ Hells Angels member gets $25,000, apology from Colorado cop who joked about shooting him to get "paid vacation" Archived December 17, 2021, at the Wayback Machine Sam Tabachnik, The Denver Post (September 11, 2020)
- 1 2 Denver Hells Angels member shot with projectile sues over police use of force during 2019 raid Archived December 17, 2021, at the Wayback Machine Shelly Bradbury, The Denver Post (November 8, 2021)
- ↑ 'Hells Angels Just Got Raided': ATF Searches 19 Locations Across Denver Area Archived December 22, 2021, at the Wayback Machine CBS Denver (November 7, 2019)
- ↑ Hells Angels Members Among Accused In Colorado Organized Crime Ring Archived December 22, 2021, at the Wayback Machine Jeff Gurney, CBS Denver (November 22, 2019)
- ↑ 13 charged in connection to Denver motorcycle gang raids, organized crime – including 81-year-old Archived December 14, 2021, at the Wayback Machine Elise Schmelzer, The Denver Post (November 22, 2019)
- ↑ Drugs, guns and blacked-out tattoos: An informant describes life inside Denver's Hells Angels chapter Archived December 14, 2021, at the Wayback Machine Sam Tabachnik, The Denver Post (March 19, 2020)
- ↑ Motorcycle club's move to town worries police Archived 2021-07-14 at the Wayback Machine Jeffrey B. Cohen, Hartford Courant (April 24, 2003)
- ↑ Bikers mobolize for a goodbye Archived 2021-07-13 at the Wayback Machine Elizabeth Hamilton, Hartford Courant (April 9, 2006)
- 1 2 3 The Angels Do Not Forget Archived 2021-12-10 at the Wayback Machine Raymond C. Morgan (1979)
- ↑ Organized Crime in America: Hearings Before the Committee on the Judiciary Archived 2021-04-20 at the Wayback Machine United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary (January 27, 1983)
- ↑ Cyclist arrested on assault charge Archived 2022-09-27 at the Wayback Machine The Bridgeport Post (September 3, 1975)
- 1 2 3 4 United States of America v. Charles T. Pasciuti Archived 2021-12-10 at the Wayback Machine Justia (August 24, 1992)
- ↑ 5 cyclists seized, 3 sought in beating death of city man Archived 2022-09-27 at the Wayback Machine The Bridgeport Post (May 7, 1975)
- ↑ 5 Hell's Angels Accused Of Beating Man to Death Archived 2022-09-27 at the Wayback Machine James Feron, The New York Times (May 8, 1975)
- ↑ 5 Hell's Angels held in killing Archived 2022-09-27 at the Wayback Machine James Feron, The New York Times (May 8, 1975)
- ↑ Two plead not guilty in slaying Archived 2022-09-27 at the Wayback Machine The Bridgeport Post (March 30, 1977)
- ↑ Two Bridgeport men killed in Newtown shooting: third victim is 'critical': Trumbull man held Archived 2022-01-01 at the Wayback Machine The Bridgeport Post (August 1, 1975)
- ↑ Sandy Hook Shoot-out Marks 35th Anniversary Archived 2020-11-11 at the Wayback Machine Daniel Cruson, Patch (May 3, 2010)
- 1 2 Suspect in Slaying Of 2 Hell's Angels Killed With Shotgun Archived 2022-09-27 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times (July 20, 1976)
- ↑ Trumbullite killed in shooting Archived 2022-09-27 at the Wayback Machine The Bridgeport Post (July 19, 1976)
- ↑ 10 Unsolved Murders Linked To The Mob Archived 2022-08-10 at the Wayback Machine NationalCrimeSyndicate.com
- ↑ 25 Years Ago -Shoot-Out Marked The Beginning Of The End Of Sandy Hook's Reputation For Trouble Archived 2022-09-27 at the Wayback Machine Steve Bigham and Jeff White, The Newtown Bee (July 24, 2000)
- ↑ R. McAlister v. Carl Robinson Archived 2017-07-17 at the Wayback Machine Justia (March 30, 1978)
- ↑ United States of America v. Daniel Bifield and Susan Corin Bouton Archived 2017-07-15 at the Wayback Machine Justia (September 9, 1980)
- ↑ Convicted cyclist mocks dangerous label Archived 2022-09-27 at the Wayback Machine Andrew Kreiger, Hartford Courant (November 21, 1980)
- ↑ State of Connecticut v. Joseph Whelan Archived 2022-09-27 at the Wayback Machine Leagle.com (June 10, 1986)
- ↑ Murder sentence is 28 years Archived 2021-07-14 at the Wayback Machine Colin Poitras, Hartford Courant (March 4, 2000)
- ↑ Slain Hells Angels Leader Buried Archived 2016-05-30 at the Wayback Machine CBS News (April 8, 2006)
- ↑ Police say slain motorcyclist was top-ranking Hells Angel Archived 2022-09-27 at the Wayback Machine Cara Rubinsky, SouthCoastToday.com (April 4, 2006)
- ↑ Gang suspects had secret files Archived 2021-07-17 at the Wayback Machine Gary Libow and Monica Polanco, Hartford Courant (April 5, 2006)
- ↑ "HoJo" Ferraiolo's Slaying Remains Unsolved In Conn., Feds Worry Repeat Of Biker Turf War In N.E. Brewing Archived 2020-10-25 at the Wayback Machine Scott Burnstein, GangsterReport.com (July 4, 2020)
- ↑ Cold Case: Joseph Ferriaolo Archived 2020-09-09 at the Wayback Machine Samantha Schoenfeld, Fox61 (May 13, 2016)
- ↑ Connecticut Hells Angels associate sentenced for organizing gang beating Archived 2021-03-01 at the Wayback Machine New Haven Register (June 2, 2017)
- ↑ New Milford Man Involved in Extortion Scheme Sentenced to 30 Months in Federal Prison Archived 2021-04-05 at the Wayback Machine Justice.gov (June 1, 2017)
- ↑ New Milford Loan Shark Sentenced to 2 Years in Federal Prison Archived 2021-04-07 at the Wayback Machine Justice.gov (June 29, 2017)
- 1 2 3 4 Veno 2007a, pp. 397.
- ↑ Annual Report of the Attorney General of the United States Archived 2022-09-27 at the Wayback Machine United States Department of Justice (1982)
- ↑ The search for escaped convict Daniel Bifield has resumed after a federal prosecutor said the FBI incorrectly identified a body in the East River as that of the reputed Hell's Angels member United Press International (October 3, 1981)
- ↑ Organized Crime in America: Hearings Before the Committee on the Judiciary Committee on the Judiciary (1983)
- ↑ Crime force chief sees impact here Archived 2022-09-27 at the Wayback Machine Leonard J. Grimaldi, The New York Times (July 11, 1982)
- ↑ United States of America v. Daniel Bifield Archived 2015-09-20 at the Wayback Machine Justia (December 7, 1982)
- 1 2 FBI "Full Steam" On Hells Angels Crackdown Archived 2021-07-24 at the Wayback Machine Scott Williams, Associated Press (May 3, 1985)
- ↑ The war on Hell's Angels Archived 2022-09-27 at the Wayback Machine Lenny Glynn, Maclean's (3 June 1985)
- 1 2 3 Busting Hell's Angels Archived 2021-12-10 at the Wayback Machine Time (June 24, 2001)
- 1 2 3 133 Hells Angels seized in 14 cities Archived 2022-08-06 at the Wayback Machine Chicago Tribune (May 3, 1985)
- ↑ Nearing retirement, state's first female judge looks back Archived 2016-01-26 at the Wayback Machine Michael P. Mayko, Connecticut Post (April 1, 2015)
- ↑ Hell's Angel Gets 15 Years on Drug Conviction Archived 2022-09-27 at the Wayback Machine Peter S. Hawes, Associated Press (December 5, 1985)
- ↑ "Ex-Hells Angels Leader Gets 9 Years". Fox News. Archived from the original on 2019-10-27. Retrieved 2022-09-27.
- ↑ Lavelly, Amy (May 13, 2019). "Hells Angels' Participation in Charity Event Leads to Police Saturation Patrol". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on April 1, 2022. Retrieved September 27, 2022.
- ↑ "Jury Finds National Hells Angels Leader Guilty of Conspiracy". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2019-10-26. Retrieved 2022-09-27.
- ↑ "2 HELLS ANGELS CONVICTED IN PLOTS AGAINST RIVAL GANG". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2019-10-26. Retrieved 2022-09-27.
- ↑ Biker Gets 90 Days After Most Charges Dropped in Shooting Archived 2020-07-15 at the Wayback Machine Michael Amon, The Washington Post (November 17, 2002)
- ↑ 2 Hells Angels Charged In Calvert Archived 2020-07-15 at the Wayback Machine Michael Amon, The Washington Post (July 27, 2003)
- ↑ Three Southern Maryland Hells Angels indicted Archived 2022-09-27 at the Wayback Machine Jonathan Cribbs, Baltimore Business Journal (July 31, 2003)
- 1 2 Massachusetts Drug Threat Assessment Archived 2021-08-13 at the Wayback Machine National Drug Intelligence Center, justice.gov (April 2001)
- ↑ Legendary Hells Angels-Outlaws Biker War Can Be Traced Back To 1974 Triple Murder In South Florida Archived 2022-09-19 at the Wayback Machine Scott Burnstein, GangsterReport.com (April 23, 2017)
- ↑ Lowell graves tell history of violence Archived 2021-06-21 at the Wayback Machine Lisa Redmond, The Sun (June 7, 2015)
- 1 2 Possible Links Between Mafia, Hell's Angels Investigated Archived 2022-09-27 at the Wayback Machine Associated Press (February 28, 1986)
- 1 2 The FBI is investigating links between the Mafia and the Hell's Angels motorcycle club in the wake of the conviction of reputed mob underboss Gennaro J. Angiulo United Press International (March 1, 1986)
- ↑ "Hell's Angels" held in $50,000 bail Nick Garaganis, The Sun (December 15, 1969)
- ↑ Hell's Angels trial may conclude The Sun (March 13, 1973)
- ↑ [masscases.com/cases/app/7/7massappct236.html Commonwealth of Massachusetts v. Alan Hogan] Masscases.com (December 11, 1978)
- ↑ Commonwealth of Massachusetts v. Alan Hogan Archived 2022-09-27 at the Wayback Machine Justia (September 13, 1979)
- ↑ Veno 2007a, pp. 398.
- ↑ Hells Angels Return to Mass. Town Archived 2022-09-27 at the Wayback Machine Leslie Miller, Associated Press (March 8, 1999)
- 1 2 2 charged in attack on officer at Lynn bar Archived 2022-09-27 at the Wayback Machine Steven Rosenberg, The Boston Globe (December 23, 2004)
- ↑ Hells Angels flexing muscle in Mass. United Press International (November 30, 2004)
- ↑ Hell's Angel sentenced in assault gets 2-4 years, loses state job Archived 2022-09-27 at the Wayback Machine Scott Goldstein, The Boston Globe (May 19, 2005)
- ↑ Hells Angel is expected to change plea Monday Archived 2022-09-27 at the Wayback Machine Robin Kaminski, itemlive.com (December 5, 2008)
- ↑ Hells Angels Member Sentenced For Illegal Firearm Possession Archived 2022-01-02 at the Wayback Machine justice.gov (March 13, 2013)
- ↑ Hell's Angels and Red Devils Massachusetts members facing kidnap, mayhem charges Archived 2020-10-09 at the Wayback Machine Travis Andersen, The Boston Globe (March 13, 2013)
- ↑ Bikers charged in hammer attack on 'disgraced' gang member Maryland Coordination and Analysis Center (March 15, 2013)
- ↑ United States of America v. Robert DeFronzo Archived 2022-02-12 at the Wayback Machine govinfo.gov (December 8, 2017)
- ↑ Leader of Salem Hells Angels Pleads Guilty to Federal Crimes in Connection With Brutal Assault Archived 2016-08-10 at the Wayback Machine Linda Bock, Patch (February 13, 2015)
- ↑ Leader of Salem Hells Angels Pleads Guilty to Federal Crimes in Connection with Brutal Assault Archived 2022-09-19 at the Wayback Machine justice.gov (February 13, 2015)
- ↑ Three Bodies Found Near Fort Lauderdale Archived 2021-08-14 at the Wayback Machine The News Herald (May 3, 1974)
- ↑ Lowell rites planned for 2 slain cyclists Archived 2021-10-09 at the Wayback Machine David S. Richwine, The Boston Globe (May 5, 1974)
- ↑ 3 Executed, Dumped In Pit Archived 2021-08-17 at the Wayback Machine Fort Lauderdale News (May 2, 1974)
- ↑ 3 Dead Men Were Hell's Angels Archived 2021-08-14 at the Wayback Machine Pensacola News Journal (May 4, 1974)
- ↑ New theory emerging in 1974 murder of Hell's Angel Archived 2021-08-17 at the Wayback Machine Robin Kaminski, The Daily Item (July 26, 2011)
- ↑ Commonwealth of Massachusetts v. Andrew J. Millyan Archived 2022-09-27 at the Wayback Machine Justia (November 4, 1986)
- ↑ Charges return parolee to prison Archived 2022-09-27 at the Wayback Machine Priyanka Dayal, Telegram & Gazette (August 7, 2008)
- ↑ Worcester Police arrest 2 men accused of beating rival motorcycle club members outside Suney's Pub Archived 2022-09-27 at the Wayback Machine Scott J. Croteau, Masslive.com (June 21, 2016 )
- ↑ Former Hells Angels member pleads guilty to assault of 2 rivals in Worcester Archived 2019-01-08 at the Wayback Machine Gary V. Murray, Telegram & Gazette (January 7, 2019)
- ↑ Seven bikers injured in brawl between rival motorcycle gangs Archived 2022-05-16 at the Wayback Machine Danette Wilford, Toronto Sun (May 16, 2022)
- ↑ Fall River biker brawl: City shuts down motorcycle club headquarters for code violations Archived 2022-05-19 at the Wayback Machine Jo C. Goode, The Herald News (May 18, 2022)
- ↑ Susan Marie DeQuina Archived 2021-09-18 at the Wayback Machine CharleyProject.org (February 5, 2020)
- ↑ Veno 2007a, pp. 396.
- ↑ New England's Unsolved: The Disappearance of Susan DeQuina Archived 2022-09-27 at the Wayback Machine Bob Ward, WFXT (January 31, 2020)
- ↑ 3 men arrested in Mass., Florida homes in connection with 1984 Revere murder Archived 2022-09-27 at the Wayback Machine Kevin Cullen and Paul Feeney, The Boston Globe (February 5, 1986)
- ↑ Boston fugitive captured in Spain United Press International (June 16, 1987)
- ↑ One of state's most wanted fugitives arrested in Spain The Sun (June 16, 1987)
- ↑ Charges dismissed in Revere murder case The Sun (December 11, 1990)
- ↑ Man with 'horns' and '666' tattoo guilty of first-degree murder. 'I'll see you all in hell,' he tells jurors. Archived 2014-11-19 at the Wayback Machine Lindsey Bever, The Washington Post (September 30, 2014)
- ↑ Caius Veiovis maintains innocence during sentencing to 3 consecutive terms of life in prison Archived 2022-09-27 at the Wayback Machine Buffy Spencer, Masslive.com (September 29, 2014)
- ↑ Officials hope Angels' arrests will stop 'speed' Marcia Cassidy, The Sun (October 4, 1991)
- ↑ Lowell bikers face new N.H. charges Indictments focus on drug distribution The Sun (June 2, 1992)
- ↑ Hell's Angels sentenced Archived 2022-09-27 at the Wayback Machine North Adams Transcript (January 13, 1993)
- ↑ John R. Bartolomeo v. United States of America Archived 2022-02-12 at the Wayback Machine uscourts.gov (May 29, 2020)
- ↑ Drug raids snare 15 Hell's Angels Archived 2022-09-27 at the Wayback Machine The Standard-Times (September 6, 1996)
- ↑ United States v. George Currier, Jr. Archived 2020-08-09 at the Wayback Machine Justia (May 4, 1998)
- ↑ Undercover with the Hells Angels Archived 2009-03-07 at the Wayback Machine Sam Bagnall, BBC (2 January 2004)
- ↑ John Bartolomeo v. United States of America Archived 2022-09-27 at the Wayback Machine leagle.com (June 12, 2018)
- ↑ U.S. cracks huge loan-sharking ring Archived 2022-09-27 at the Wayback Machine Sun-Sentinel (June 10, 1987)
- ↑ Lynn cops, feds roust alleged outlaw bikers Archived 2022-09-27 at the Wayback Machine itemlive.com (September 21, 2007)
- ↑ Local Member of Hells Angels Motorcycle Club Sentenced to 28 Months in Prison for Firearm Possession Archived 2021-03-29 at the Wayback Machine DEA.gov (December 4, 2008)
- ↑ Local Member of Hells Angels Motorcycle Club Sentenced to One Year in Prison on Tax Charges Archived 2021-03-31 at the Wayback Machine DEA.gov (February 3, 2009)
- ↑ Video equipment taken from Springfield Hells Angels clubhouse after shooting, warrant says Archived 2022-05-07 at the Wayback Machine Jordan Meier, Springfield News-Leader (May 6, 2022)
- ↑ Researching Subcultures, Myth and Memory Archived 2022-09-27 at the Wayback Machine Bart van der Steen and Thierry P.F. Verburgh (2020)
- ↑ Nebraska Drug Threat Assessment Archived 2021-02-05 at the Wayback Machine National Drug Intelligence Center, justice.gov (July 2003)
- ↑ 9 involved in Hell's Angels party fined Archived 2022-06-17 at the Wayback Machine The Lincoln Star (September 29, 1967)
- ↑ State of Nebraska v. Francis Bayless Archived 2015-10-22 at the Wayback Machine Justia (March 12, 1971)
- ↑ 'Guilt by association' appeal is filed with high court Archived 2022-09-27 at the Wayback Machine Lincoln Journal Star (December 15, 1970)
- 1 2 3 FBI asked to help identify two bodies Beatrice Daily Sun (April 24, 1973)
- ↑ This is John Duprey's house at 6066 Buckingham Avenue after it was bombed on April 7, 1972. Archived September 27, 2022, at the Wayback Machine Adam F.C. Fletcher, NorthOmahahistory.com (August 26, 2017)
- 1 2 Hells Angels narcotics Northwest Florida Daily News (March 2, 1981)
- 1 2 10 Hells's Angels indicted in Omaha Archived 2022-09-27 at the Wayback Machine The Dispatch (March 1, 1981)
- ↑ Former Scottsbluff man sentenced in Omaha Hells Angels Club shooting Archived 2015-02-04 at the Wayback Machine Dave Strang, KNEB-FM (October 22, 2014)
- ↑ Man serving sentence for Hells Angels Clubhouse murder dies at NE State Penitentiary Archived 2022-09-27 at the Wayback Machine Danielle Meadows, KMTV-TV (September 25, 2019)
- ↑ Kirby Murder Case Goes To Jury Omaha Archived 2022-09-27 at the Wayback Machine The Lincoln Star (January 11, 1969)
- ↑ State of Nebraska v. Ronald Eugene Kirby Archived 2021-04-12 at the Wayback Machine Justia (March 6, 1970)
- ↑ State of Nebraska v. Thomas Edward Nesbitt Archived 2016-03-22 at the Wayback Machine Justia (July 17, 1987)
- ↑ Ex-Hell's Angel is arrested; wanted in death of Omahan Archived 2022-09-27 at the Wayback Machine Lincoln Journal Star (October 30, 1984)
- ↑ Ex-Hell's Angel Guilty in 1975 Murder Steven Wine, Associated Press (March 7, 1986)
- ↑ Former Hells Angel to appeal murder conviction Jon Sweet, United Press International (March 8, 1986)
- ↑ United States of America v. Raymond Brown, Steven Paul Liley Archived 2022-09-27 at the Wayback Machine Court Listener (March 6, 1972)
- ↑ United States of America v. Dale Ray Haley, Steven Paul Liley, Charles Lee Miller, Donald Lee Olenchak, Roger Lee Sheehan Archived 2022-09-27 at the Wayback Machine Court Listener (March 6, 1972)
- ↑ 3 Nebraska Hell's Angels arrested on drug charges Archived 2022-09-27 at the Wayback Machine The Lincoln Star (October 16, 1970)
- ↑ United States of America v. Gerald Franklin Smith Archived September 10, 2015, at the Wayback Machine Justia (November 15, 1971)
- ↑ Local link to Omaha drug ring Archived 2022-09-27 at the Wayback Machine The Press Democrat (March 2, 1981)
- ↑ A federal court jury Monday convicted four members and associates of the Hells Angels motorcycle gang of felony firearms violations Jon Sweet, United Press International (November 30, 1981)
- ↑ United States of America v. Douglas Van Horn Archived 2017-07-17 at the Wayback Machine Justia (January 30, 1984)
- ↑ FBI Omaha History Archived 2022-08-20 at the Wayback Machine FBI.gov
- ↑ 16 arrested in crackdown on Hells Angels bikers Archived 2022-09-27 at the Wayback Machine Deseret News (October 18, 1990)
- ↑ 2 Hell's Angels convicted of drug trafficking Archived 2022-02-12 at the Wayback Machine The Daily Iowan (September 3, 1992)
- ↑ "Las Vegas Review-Journal". Reviewjournal.com. Archived from the original on October 13, 2012. Retrieved January 9, 2017.
- ↑ 11 nabbed in Nashua drug raid Archived 2022-09-27 at the Wayback Machine John Harrigan, The Telegraph (September 10, 1969)
- ↑ United States of America v. Donald J. Picard Archived 2021-05-13 at the Wayback Machine Justia (1972)
- ↑ Dayutis pleads innocent; Christian trial delayed Micky Baca and Ed Nelligan, The Telegraph (April 1, 1983)
- ↑ State of New Hampshire v. Dean Dayutis Archived 2022-09-27 at the Wayback Machine Leagle.com (August 15, 1985)
- ↑ New Hampshire Drug Threat Assessment Archived 2022-01-25 at the Wayback Machine National Drug Intelligence Center, justice.gov (April 2001)
- ↑ Londonderry Man Arrested, Shot Gun Shooting Incident at Luigis Pizza Archived 2021-06-19 at the Wayback Machine Londonderry News (April 19, 2010)
- ↑ Alleged Hells Angel among four arrested on drug charges Archived 2019-10-23 at the Wayback Machine Caitlin Andrew, Concord Monitor (June 9, 2017)
- ↑ Laconia Man Sentenced to 39 Months in Prison for Methamphetamine Trafficking Archived 2022-01-02 at the Wayback Machine justice.gov (May 10, 2018)
- 1 2 LCN Enterprises, Inc. v. City of Asbury Park Archived 2020-10-11 at the Wayback Machine Justia (April 5, 2002)
- ↑ Broome bikers, friends charged Archived 2021-08-01 at the Wayback Machine Nancy Jean Pawlik, Press & Sun-Bulletin (May 3, 1985)
- 1 2 The Changing Face of Organized Crime in New Jersey Archived 2016-04-17 at the Wayback Machine State of New Jersey Commission of Investigation (May 2004)
- ↑ Officials say Pagans throttling up in New Jersey over rivalry with Hells Angels Archived 2021-07-11 at the Wayback Machine Jason Nark, The Philadelphia Inquirer (September 11, 2010)
- ↑ The Hell's Angels and the Pagans Archived 2022-03-28 at the Wayback Machine George Anastasia, JerseyMan (January 9, 2020)
- 1 2 3 First blood in possible biker war Archived 2020-10-14 at the Wayback Machine South Philly Review (January 20, 2005)
- 1 2 3 4 Express Lane To The Joint?: Philly Pagan's MC VP 'Go Fast' Gray Arrested For Kidnapping, Talk Of '05 Murder Abounds Archived 2021-12-17 at the Wayback Machine Scott Burnstein, GangsterReport.com (May 9, 2016)
- ↑ 4 Hells Angels indicted in N.J. on weapons, drug charges, prosecutor says Archived 2020-10-11 at the Wayback Machine Emily Cummins, NJ.com (January 26, 2016)
- 1 2 "NCJRS Outlaw motorcycle gangs USA overview" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on January 23, 2022. Retrieved October 18, 2019.
- ↑ Some praise won by hews angels Archived 2021-07-28 at the Wayback Machine Paul L. Montgomery, The New York Times (March 12, 1971)
- ↑ 8 Hell's Angels Charged in Attack on Girl, 17 Archived 2021-07-28 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times (March 11, 1971)
- ↑ Silverman, Justin Rocket (January 31, 2007). "Hells Angels slam NYPD over clubhouse raid – Crime, Law and Justice, Manhattan, New York City Police Department". AM New York. Archived from the original on June 20, 2008.
- ↑ Lueck, Thomas J. (February 1, 2007). "After Police Search, Hells Angels Brace for Fight". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 29, 2015. Retrieved May 4, 2010.
- ↑ Last Hell's Angel sentenced for local meth operation
- ↑ "Hell's Angels Member Sentenced To 25 Years In Prison For Methamphetamine Trafficking". Archived from the original on 2022-01-02. Retrieved 2022-09-27.
- 1 2 Charlotte True Crime Stories: Notorious Cases from Fraud to Serial Killing Archived 2022-03-05 at the Wayback Machine Cathy Pickens (2019)
- ↑ The Hell's Angels motorcycle gang wrapped up its international rally Sunday with authorities reporting no incidents Archived 2022-03-20 at the Wayback Machine United Press International (July 5, 1981)
- ↑ When bikers rode roughshod in Charlotte Archived 2019-01-11 at the Wayback Machine Mark Washburn, The Charlotte Observer (July 14, 2015)
- ↑ Ramseur biker slayings remain mystery Archived 2021-10-26 at the Wayback Machine The Courier-Tribune (December 26, 2014)
- ↑ Bikers' feud blamed for double slaying Archived 2022-03-20 at the Wayback Machine Dan Lohwasser, United Press International (October 2, 1981)
- ↑ Outlaw motorcycle gangs work like mob families Dan Lohwasser, The Hutchinson News (November 17, 1981)
- 1 2 Undercover drug agents arrested a Hell's Angels motorcycle gang leader after a tussle Wednesday, then called in Army bomb experts to search a warehouse they believed was loaded with arms and ammunition and booby-trapped with explosives Archived 2020-07-11 at the Wayback Machine Candee Wilde, United Press International (July 28, 1982)
- 1 2 Agents find stockpile of weapons Archived 2022-03-20 at the Wayback Machine Candee Wilde, United Press International (July 29, 1982)
- 1 2 Hell's Angels sentenced in assault case Archived 2022-03-20 at the Wayback Machine Spartanburg Herald-Journal (January 7, 1983)
- ↑ Bikers' Clubhouse Vacated, Destroyed Archived 2022-03-05 at the Wayback Machine Wilson Times (August 15, 1985)
- ↑ The Nation: Hell's Angels 4, Breed 1 Archived 2021-06-24 at the Wayback Machine Time (March 22, 1971)
- ↑ Jury Will Consider Indictments for 57 in Fight Fatal to 5 Archived 2021-06-27 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times (March 14, 1971)
- ↑ "United States of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. John Ray Bonds (91–3610); Mark Verdi (91–3609); and Steven Wayne Yee". All Law and Press. February 18, 1994.
- ↑ Renewed Hell's Angels Interest In Oregon Feared -- Bikers Linked To Drug Trafficking Archived 2022-09-27 at the Wayback Machine The Seattle Times (August 8, 1994)
- ↑ Man Convicted of Quadruple Slayings in Hells Angels Trial Archived 2022-04-07 at the Wayback Machine Sally Carpenter Hale, Associated Press (July 30, 1994)
- ↑ When Jailbirds Sing Archived 2022-01-20 at the Wayback Machine Kevin Fagan, San Francisco Chronicle (December 3, 1995)
- ↑ "Federal inmate registry". Archived from the original on 2019-12-08. Retrieved 2022-09-27.
- ↑ Mob-Pagan pact: Joey's bid for Philly crime boss fueled by link with biker gang Archived 2022-04-24 at the Wayback Machine Kitty Caparella, Philadelphia Daily News (March 11, 1999)
- ↑ Did 'Gorilla' cause Angels to take flight? Archived 2019-05-31 at the Wayback Machine Kitty Caparella, The Philadelphia Inquirer (November 30, 2005)
- 1 2 Uli Detrois (15 January 2013). Bad Boy Uli - Ik was een Hells Angel. Meulenhoff Boekerij B.V. ISBN 9780960271801.
- ↑ "Hells Angel Sentenced to 15 Years in Federal Prison on Firearm Charge". Archived from the original on 2020-06-02. Retrieved 2022-09-27.
- ↑ "Hells Angel gets 7 years in prison on drug, gun convictions". The Washington Times. Archived from the original on 2019-10-23. Retrieved 2022-09-27.
- ↑ A man identified by police as a founder of the Charleston chapter of the Hell's Angels motorcycle gang was shot to death and three other men injured in a beer-hall brawl Thursday near Rock Hill Archived 2020-07-11 at the Wayback Machine United Press International (January 7, 1982)
- ↑ S.C. law officers prepare for biker influx Archived 2020-07-11 at the Wayback Machine Brian Duncan, The Gaffney Ledger (November 29, 1982)
- ↑ About 50 footsore Guardian Angels arrived hours behind schedule in Philadelphia today in the first, 26-mile leg of their march to Washington to push for a federal investigation into the shooting death of a member by a Newark policeman Archived 2020-07-13 at the Wayback Machine United Press International (January 8, 1982)
- ↑ "FBI — Hells Angels Members and Associates Convicted and Sentenced After Joint Investigation Uncovers Racketeering Conspiracy Dealing in Guns, Drugs, Armed Robbery, Arson, and Money Laundering". Fbi.gov. June 19, 2013. Archived from the original on January 27, 2016. Retrieved January 9, 2017.
- ↑ "Last of Hells Angels Rock Hill Nomads chapter sentenced to prison". WRHI. June 19, 2013. Archived from the original on April 25, 2017. Retrieved January 9, 2017.
- ↑ Dys, Andrew (May 30, 2013). "SC Hells Angels ringleader sentenced for drug, gun crime ring". The State. Archived from the original on October 30, 2016. Retrieved January 9, 2017.
- ↑ David Zucchino (June 8, 2012). "Hell's Angels: 20 arrested in raids in North, South Carolina". Articles.latimes.com. Archived from the original on December 9, 2016. Retrieved January 9, 2017.
- ↑ "Hells Angel shooter pleads guilty, sentenced to eight years in prison". Archived from the original on 2022-09-27. Retrieved 2022-09-27.
- ↑ Second Hells Angels shooter sentenced to eight years in prison for Augusta County shooting
- ↑ Police Say Hells Angels Establishing Its First NW Clubhouse In Spokane The Seattle Times (May 23, 1994) Archived September 4, 2023, at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ Carter, Mike (December 20, 2007). "Local News "Enforcer" for Hells Angels sent to prison for 15 years | Seattle Times Newspaper". Seattletimes.nwsource.com. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved August 13, 2010.
- ↑ "Local News Arlington man gets 7 years for involvement in Hells Angels murder | Seattle Times Newspaper". Seattletimes.nwsource.com. January 8, 2008. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved August 13, 2010.
- ↑ Sullivan, Jennifer (September 18, 2007). "Local News Hells Angels figure gets 7-1/89 years | Seattle Times Newspaper". Seattletimes.nwsource.com. Archived from the original on October 1, 2009. Retrieved August 13, 2010.
Bibliography
- Langton, Jerrry Fallen Angel: The Unlikely Rise of Walter Stadnick and the Canadian Hells Angels Toronto: John Wiley & Sons, 2006, ISBN 9781443427258.
- Langton, Jerry Showdown: How the Outlaws, Hells Angels and Cops Fought for Control of the Streets, Toronto: John Wiley & Sons, 2010, ISBN 047067878X.
- Sher, Julian & Marsden, William The Road To Hell How the Biker Gangs Are Conquering Canada, Toronto: Alfred Knopf, 2003, ISBN 0-676-97598-4
- Schnedier, Stephen Iced: The Story of Organized Crime in Canada, Toronto: John Wiley & Sons, 2009, ISBN 0470835001
- Veno, Arthur (2007), The Mammoth Book of Bikers, Avalon Publishing Group, ISBN 9780786720460
- Christie, George (2016). Exile on Front Street: My Life as a Hells Angel. New York City: Thomas Dunne Books. ISBN 9780283072666.
External links
- Official Hells Angels website – listing many chartered local chapters, with links
- Hells Angels MC criminal allegations and incidents in the United States at Curlie
- FBI file on Hell's Angels