Ozone micro/nano-bubble technology overcomes the limitation of ozone oxidation and mass transfer of ozone and its utilization. It improves the oxidation efficiency of ozone.[1] Ozone micro/nano-bubble technology improves the disinfectant capacity of ozone.[2]

Ozone is a strong oxidizing agent widely used in the treatment of printing and dyeing wastewater,[3] and coal chemical wastewater.[4] Its solubility in water is less and stability is also poor, which will reduce the degradation capacity of ozone towards organic molecules.[5] For improving its ability mass-transfer efficiency ozone micro/nano-bubble(MNB) is an important technology. For improving, gas-liquid contact and mass-transfer effectiveness air microbubbles were used. While in the case of ozone, MNB improves the properties of ozonation or oxidation.[6][7]

Methods

MNB can be generated and formed by two pathways which are as follows: -

1.     The nucleation of the new gas phase emerging from the liquid phase.

2.     Collapse of microbubbles

The growth and the collapse of microbubbles in the solution can be distinct as cavitation, and there are four types based on the mode of generation:[8][9]

Hydrodynamic cavitation

It defines as the change in the geometry of the fluid, which leads to the occurrence of vaporization and generation of MNB. Enhancing the formation of MNB hydrodynamic cavitation by mechanical agitation, axial flow shearing, and depressurized flow constriction [10]

Acoustic cavitation

It can be created by ultrasonic waves , which leads to the establishment of local pressure variations in liquid and then the formation of bubbles.

Optical cavitation

In this method, MNBs were produced by short-pulsed lasers, which were focused into a low absorption coefficient solution.

Particle cavitation

Nano-bubbles were produced by water passing through high-intensity light photons in liquids. Other methods were also used for the formation of MNB.

electrolysis, nanopore membranes, sonochemistry using ultrasound, and water-solvent mixing.[11][12][13][14]

Characteristics

MNBs are the gaseous body. Microbubble has a size between 10-50μm, while nano-bubble has a size of less than 200 nm.[15][16] There are a few characteristics of MNBs, which are as follows: -

Surface area

MNBs have small diameters, so their specific surface area is large. It gives a large contact area to liquid which is correlated to a higher reaction rate.[17]

Swirl flow

MNBs have swirl flow in water. They float slowly in the gas-liquid mass transfer process, and microbubbles have a long residence time in the liquid. Because of their long hysteresis contact area of gas/liquid has been increased, which improves its oxidation ability [18]

Zeta potential

High negative Zeta Potential is directly related to the stability of MNBs, and most studies verify that this is due to the negatively charged solution reason for this negative charge is the adsorption of hydroxyl ions at the gas-liquid interface. It also avoids aggregation and amalgamation of MNB.[19]

Hydroxyl radicals

Microbubbles can erupt without external stimulus; this rupture process produces a mass of hydroxyl radicals. Hydroxyl radical has a high oxidation potential and can oxidize organic pollutants in water.[20]

Disinfection mechanism

Ozone MNB can react in two different ways, direct and indirect. Direct involves the degradation of pollutants with ozone itself, while the case indirect involves oxidation with the formation of hydroxyl radicals(•OH).[21]

Hydroxyl radicals will form by the shrinking of microbubbles; it is due to an increase in the value of electromotive force on the liquid interface. Hydroxyl radical(•OH) and H+ accumulate rapidly at the bubble interface. Ozone reacts with hydroxyl ions and hydroxyl radicals will form. The formation of hydroxyl radicals is pH-dependent.

Applications

Antimicrobial and disinfection process

Ozone MNB can deactivate both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. This activity of Ozone MNB does not show any cytotoxicity against human health.[22]

Drinking water disinfection

Ozone MNB gives the same inactivation rate same like conventional ozonation for the target pathogen E.coli, but here in the case of microbubble technology, the ozone dose was lower.[23] As higher mass transfer leads to lower ozone dosage so, this ozone MNB technique is promising and beneficial for the existing water treatment plants.[24]

Plant effluents treatment

Elimination of industrial pollutants is a major concern as they are discharged into water bodies. Even at low concentrations, they can induce an adverse effect on living organisms and the environment.[25][26] Ozone MNBs provides better degradation behavior of targeted pollutant as compared to conventional ozonation and also minimizes the discharge of impurities into water bodies.

Effect on fish health

Ozone has greatest used as a disinfectant in aquaculture systems to reduce pathogenic bacteria to prevent fish disease.[27] In many experiments, it is observed that multiple treatments have not exhibited any deviations either in behavioral patterns or viability of the fish.[28] This technology provides protection to cultivated species from pathogenic infections.[29]

Agriculture

This technology for washing fresh vegetables was tested, and when acidic electrolyzed water containing ozone ultra-fine bubbles and strong mechanical action combined, it showed the lowest viable bacterial count was recorded among other treatments like using sodium hypochlorite.[30]

References

  1. ↑ Seridou, Petroula; Kalogerakis, Nicolas (2021). "Disinfection applications of ozone micro- and nanobubbles". Environmental Science: Nano. 8 (12): 3493–3510. doi:10.1039/D1EN00700A. ISSN 2051-8153. S2CID 243894415.
  2. ↑ Xiao, Wei; Zhang, He; Wang, Xiaohuan; Wang, Biao; Long, Tao; Deng, Sha; Yang, Wei (2022-06-07). "Interaction Mechanisms and Application of Ozone Micro/Nanobubbles and Nanoparticles: A Review and Perspective". Nanomaterials. 12 (12): 1958. doi:10.3390/nano12121958. ISSN 2079-4991. PMC 9228162. PMID 35745296.
  3. ↑ Chen, Xiaoya; Wang, Chunrong; Jiang, Longxin; Li, Haiyan; Wang, Jianbing; He, Xuwen (April 2021). "Pilot-scale catalytic ozonation pretreatment for improving the biodegradability of fixed-bed coal gasification wastewater". Process Safety and Environmental Protection. 148: 13–19. doi:10.1016/j.psep.2020.09.056. ISSN 0957-5820. S2CID 225023393.
  4. ↑ Zhang, Yuxiu; Zang, Tingting; Yan, Bo; Wei, Chaohai (2020-01-15). "Distribution Characteristics of Volatile Organic Compounds and Contribution to Ozone Formation in a Coking Wastewater Treatment Plant". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 17 (2): 553. doi:10.3390/ijerph17020553. ISSN 1660-4601. PMC 7013769. PMID 31952237.
  5. ↑ Khataee, Alireza; Rad, Tannaz Sadeghi; Fathinia, Mehrangiz; Joo, Sang Woo (2016). "Production of clinoptilolite nanorods by glow discharge plasma technique for heterogeneous catalytic ozonation of nalidixic acid". RSC Advances. 6 (25): 20858–20866. doi:10.1039/c5ra25711e. ISSN 2046-2069.
  6. ↑ Hu, Liming; Xia, Zhiran (January 2018). "Application of ozone micro-nano-bubbles to groundwater remediation". Journal of Hazardous Materials. 342: 446–453. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.08.030. PMID 28863369.
  7. ↑ Xiao, Zhengguo; Aftab, Tallal Bin; Li, Dengxin (June 2019). "Applications of micro–nano bubble technology in environmental pollution control". Micro & Nano Letters. 14 (7): 782–787. doi:10.1049/mnl.2018.5710. ISSN 1750-0443. S2CID 107878768.
  8. ↑ Thi Phan, Khanh Kim; Truong, Tuyen; Wang, Yong; Bhandari, Bhesh (January 2020). "Nanobubbles: Fundamental characteristics and applications in food processing". Trends in Food Science & Technology. 95: 118–130. doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2019.11.019. S2CID 213997875.
  9. ↑ Padilla-Martinez, J. P.; Berrospe-Rodriguez, C.; Aguilar, G.; Ramirez-San-Juan, J. C.; Ramos-Garcia, R. (December 2014). "Optic cavitation with CW lasers: A review". Physics of Fluids. 26 (12): 122007. doi:10.1063/1.4904718. ISSN 1070-6631. S2CID 120255716.
  10. ↑ Etchepare, Ramiro; Oliveira, Henrique; Nicknig, Marcio; Azevedo, André; Rubio, Jorge (October 2017). "Nanobubbles: Generation using a multiphase pump, properties and features in flotation". Minerals Engineering. 112: 19–26. doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2017.06.020.
  11. ↑ Kikuchi, Kenji; Ioka, Aoi; Oku, Takeo; Tanaka, Yoshinori; Saihara, Yasuhiro; Ogumi, Zempachi (January 2009). "Concentration determination of oxygen nanobubbles in electrolyzed water". Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 329 (2): 306–309. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2008.10.009. PMID 18977493.
  12. ↑ Ahmed, Ahmed Khaled Abdella; Sun, Cuizhen; Hua, Likun; Zhang, Zhibin; Zhang, Yanhao; Zhang, Wen; Marhaba, Taha (July 2018). "Generation of nanobubbles by ceramic membrane filters: The dependence of bubble size and zeta potential on surface coating, pore size and injected gas pressure". Chemosphere. 203: 327–335. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.157. ISSN 0045-6535. PMID 29626810. S2CID 5047102.
  13. ↑ Bu, Xiangning; Alheshibri, Muidh (August 2021). "The effect of ultrasound on bulk and surface nanobubbles: A review of the current status". Ultrasonics Sonochemistry. 76: 105629. doi:10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105629. PMC 8220399. PMID 34147917.
  14. ↑ Jadhav, Ananda J.; Barigou, Mostafa (2020). "Proving and interpreting the spontaneous formation of bulk nanobubbles in aqueous organic solvent solutions: effects of solvent type and content". Soft Matter. 16 (18): 4502–4511. doi:10.1039/d0sm00111b. ISSN 1744-683X. PMID 32342965. S2CID 216596130.
  15. ↑ Wright, Alexander; Marsh, Adam; Ricciotti, Federica; Shaw, Alex; Iza, Felipe; Holdich, Richard; Bandulasena, Hemaka (November 2018). "Microbubble-enhanced dielectric barrier discharge pretreatment of microcrystalline cellulose". Biomass and Bioenergy. 118: 46–54. doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2018.08.005. ISSN 0961-9534. PMC 6473562. PMID 31007419.
  16. ↑ Duan, Lei; Yang, Li; Jin, Juan; Yang, Fang; Liu, Dong; Hu, Ke; Wang, Qinxin; Yue, Yuanbin; Gu, Ning (2020). "Micro/nano-bubble-assisted ultrasound to enhance the EPR effect and potential theranostic applications". Theranostics. 10 (2): 462–483. doi:10.7150/thno.37593. ISSN 1838-7640. PMC 6929974. PMID 31903132.
  17. ↑ Li, Hengzhen; Hu, Liming; Xia, Zhiran (2013-08-23). "Impact of Groundwater Salinity on Bioremediation Enhanced by Micro-Nano Bubbles". Materials. 6 (9): 3676–3687. doi:10.3390/ma6093676. ISSN 1996-1944. PMC 5452646. PMID 28788299.
  18. ↑ Takahashi, Masayoshi; Kawamura, Taro; Yamamoto, Yoshitaka; Ohnari, Hirofumi; Himuro, Shouzou; Shakutsui, Hideaki (2003-02-12). "Effect of Shrinking Microbubble on Gas Hydrate Formation". The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 107 (10): 2171–2173. doi:10.1021/jp022210z. ISSN 1520-6106.
  19. ↑ Zhang, Hongguang; Guo, Zhenjiang; Zhang, Xianren (2020). "Surface enrichment of ions leads to the stability of bulk nanobubbles". Soft Matter. 16 (23): 5470–5477. doi:10.1039/D0SM00116C. ISSN 1744-683X. PMID 32484196. S2CID 218946728.
  20. ↑ Calgaroto, S.; Wilberg, K.Q.; Rubio, J. (June 2014). "On the nanobubbles interfacial properties and future applications in flotation". Minerals Engineering. 60: 33–40. doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2014.02.002.
  21. ↑ Tomiyasu, Hiroshi; Fukutomi, Hiroshi; Gordon, Gilbert (September 1985). "Kinetics and mechanism of ozone decomposition in basic aqueous solution". Inorganic Chemistry. 24 (19): 2962–2966. doi:10.1021/ic00213a018. ISSN 0020-1669.
  22. ↑ Hauser-Gerspach, Irmgard; Vadaszan, Jasminka; Deronjic, Irma; Gass, Catiana; Meyer, Jürg; Dard, Michel; Waltimo, Tuomas; Stübinger, Stefan; Mauth, Corinna (2011-08-13). "Influence of gaseous ozone in peri-implantitis: bactericidal efficacy and cellular response. An in vitro study using titanium and zirconia". Clinical Oral Investigations. 16 (4): 1049–1059. doi:10.1007/s00784-011-0603-2. ISSN 1432-6981. PMID 21842144. S2CID 10747305.
  23. ↑ Sumikura, M.; Hidaka, M.; Murakami, H.; Nobutomo, Y.; Murakami, T. (2007-09-01). "Ozone micro-bubble disinfection method for wastewater reuse system". Water Science and Technology. 56 (5): 53–61. doi:10.2166/wst.2007.556. ISSN 0273-1223. PMID 17881837.
  24. ↑ Batagoda, Janitha Hewa; Hewage, Shaini Dailsha Aluthgun; Meegoda, Jay N (2019-06-01). "Nano-ozone bubbles for drinking water treatment". Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science. 14 (2): 57–66. doi:10.1680/jenes.18.00015. ISSN 1496-2551. S2CID 91381617.
  25. ↑ Huber, Marc M.; GÖbel, Anke; Joss, Adriano; Hermann, Nadine; LÖffler, Dirk; McArdell, Christa S.; Ried, Achim; Siegrist, Hansruedi; Ternes, Thomas A.; von Gunten, Urs (2005-06-01). "Oxidation of Pharmaceuticals during Ozonation of Municipal Wastewater Effluents: A Pilot Study". Environmental Science & Technology. 39 (11): 4290–4299. doi:10.1021/es048396s. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 15984812.
  26. ↑ Ternes, Thomas A; Stüber, Jeannette; Herrmann, Nadine; McDowell, Derek; Ried, Achim; Kampmann, Martin; Teiser, Bernhard (April 2003). "Ozonation: a tool for removal of pharmaceuticals, contrast media and musk fragrances from wastewater?". Water Research. 37 (8): 1976–1982. doi:10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00570-5. PMID 12697241.
  27. ↑ Kurita, Yoshihisa; Chiba, Ikuo; Kijima, Akihiro (December 2017). "Physical eradication of small planktonic crustaceans from aquaculture tanks with cavitation treatment". Aquaculture International. 25 (6): 2127–2133. doi:10.1007/s10499-017-0179-1. ISSN 0967-6120. S2CID 207089148.
  28. ↑ Thanh Dien, Le; Linh, Nguyen Vu; Sangpo, Pattiya; Senapin, Saengchan; St‐Hilaire, Sophie; Rodkhum, Channarong; Dong, Ha Thanh (September 2021). "Ozone nanobubble treatments improve survivability of Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) challenged with a pathogenic multi‐drug‐resistant Aeromonas hydrophila". Journal of Fish Diseases. 44 (9): 1435–1447. doi:10.1111/jfd.13451. ISSN 0140-7775. PMID 34114245. S2CID 235403446.
  29. ↑ Linh, Nguyen Vu; Dien, Le Thanh; Panphut, Wattana; Thapinta, Anat; Senapin, Saengchan; St-Hilaire, Sophie; Rodkhum, Channarong; Dong, Ha Thanh (May 2021). "Ozone nanobubble modulates the innate defense system of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) against Streptococcus agalactiae". Fish & Shellfish Immunology. 112: 64–73. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2021.02.015. PMID 33667674. S2CID 232130120.
  30. ↑ Ushida, Akiomi; Koyama, Takahiro; Nakamoto, Yoshinori; Narumi, Takatsune; Sato, Taisuke; Hasegawa, Tomiichi (August 2017). "Antimicrobial effectiveness of ultra-fine ozone-rich bubble mixtures for fresh vegetables using an alternating flow". Journal of Food Engineering. 206: 48–56. doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2017.03.003.
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