Countries or territories by GDP (PPP) per capita in 2023
  >$60,000
  $50,000 – $60,000
  $40,000 – $50,000
  $30,000 – $40,000
  $20,000 – $30,000
  $10,000 – $20,000
  $5,000 – $10,000
  $2,500 – $5,000
  $1,000 – $2,500
  <$1,000
  No data

A country's gross domestic product (GDP) at purchasing power parity (PPP) per capita is the PPP value of all final goods and services produced within an economy in a given year, divided by the average (or mid-year) population for the same year. This is similar to nominal GDP per capita, but adjusted for the cost of living in each country.

In 2019, the estimated average GDP per capita (PPP) of all of the countries of the world was Int$ 18,381.[lower-alpha 1] For rankings regarding wealth, see list of countries by wealth per adult.

Method

The gross domestic product (GDP) per capita figures on this page are derived from PPP calculations. Such calculations are prepared by various organizations, including the IMF and the World Bank. As estimates and assumptions have to be made, the results produced by different organizations for the same country are not hard facts and tend to differ, sometimes substantially, so they should be used with caution.

Comparisons of national wealth are frequently made on the basis of nominal GDP and savings (not just income), which do not reflect differences in the cost of living in different countries (see List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita); hence, using a PPP basis is arguably more useful when comparing generalized differences in living standards between economies because PPP takes into account the relative cost of living and the inflation rates of the countries, rather than using only exchange rates, which may distort the real differences in income.

This is why GDP (PPP) per capita is often considered one of the indicators of a country's standard of living,[3][4] although this can be problematic because GDP per capita is not a measure of personal income. (See Standard of living and GDP.)

GDP (PPP) and GDP (PPP) per capita are usually measured by international dollar, which is a hypothetical currency that has the same purchasing power in every economy as the U.S. dollar in the United States.

Table

All figures are in current international dollars, and rounded to the nearest whole number.

The table initially ranks each country or territory with their latest available year's estimates, and can be reranked by any of the sources.

* Nearly all country links in the table connect to articles titled "Income in (country or territory)" or to "Economy of (country or territory)".

GDP per capita (current international dollar) by country or  territory, sovereignty, non IMF members and countries with limited recognition 
Country/Territory UN Region IMF[5][6] World Bank[7] CIA[8][9][10]
Estimate Year Estimate Year Estimate Year
 Luxembourg *Europe143,3042023142,2142022115,7002021
 Ireland *Europe137,6382023126,9052022102,5002021
 Singapore *Asia133,1082023127,5652022106,0002021
 Liechtenstein *Europe——139,1002009
 Qatar *Asia114,2102023114,648202292,2002021
 Monaco *Europe——115,7002015
 Macau *Asia98,157202355,344202264,8002021
 Switzerland *Europe89,537202383,598202271,0002021
 United Arab Emirates *Asia88,962202387,729202269,7002021
 Bermuda *Americas—95,837202280,3002021
 Isle of Man *Europe——84,6002014
 San Marino *Europe84,135202359,451202056,4002020
 Norway *Europe82,2362023114,899202265,7002021
 United States *Americas80,412202376,399202263,7002021
 Denmark *Europe74,958202374,005202258,0002021
 Netherlands *Europe73,317202369,577202256,6002021
 Hong Kong *Asia72,861202369,049202260,0002021
 Brunei *Asia72,610202369,275202260,1002021
 Cayman Islands *Americas—74,155202167,5002021
 Taiwan *Asia72,4852023—50,5002017
 Falkland Islands *Americas——70,8002015
 Iceland *Europe69,833202369,081202253,6002020
 Austria *Europe69,069202367,936202254,1002021
 Saudi Arabia *Asia68,453202359,065202244,3002021
 Andorra *Europe68,2322023—49,9002015
 Sweden *Europe66,209202364,578202253,6002021
 Germany *Europe66,038202363,150202253,1002021
 Belgium *Europe65,813202365,027202251,7002021
 Australia *Oceania64,675202362,625202249,8002021
 Malta *Europe63,481202355,928202244,7002021
 Gibraltar *Europe——61,7002014
 Guyana *Americas61,099202340,642202221,9002021
 Bahrain *Asia60,715202361,228202249,4002021
 Finland *Europe59,869202359,027202248,8002021
 Canada *Americas59,813202358,400202247,9002021
 France *Europe58,765202355,493202245,0002021
 European Union *[n 1]Europe56,970202354,249202244,4362019
 United Kingdom *Europe56,836202354,603202245,0002021
 South Korea *Asia56,709202350,070202244,2002021
 Jersey *Europe——56,6002016
 Israel *Asia54,771202349,509202242,1002021
 Italy *Europe54,259202351,865202241,9002021
 Cyprus *Asia53,931[n 2]202349,931[n 2]202241,700[n 2]2021
 New Zealand *Oceania53,809202351,967202242,9002021
 Japan *Asia52,120202345,573202240,8002021
 Kuwait *Asia51,765202358,056202243,9002020
 Slovenia *Europe51,407202350,032202240,0002021
 Aruba *Americas51,352202342,698202138,9002021
 Guernsey *Europe——52,5002014
 Spain *Europe50,472202345,825202237,9002021
 Lithuania *Europe49,245202348,397202239,3002021
 Czech Republic *Europe49,025202349,946202240,7002020
 Poland *Europe45,538202343,269202234,9002021
 Estonia *Europe45,236202346,697202238,7002021
 Saint Pierre and Miquelon *Americas——46,2002006
 Portugal *Europe45,227202341,452202233,7002021
 Bahamas *Americas44,950202340,379202230,2002021
 Hungary *Europe43,601202341,907202233,6002021
 Croatia *Europe42,873202340,380202231,6002021
 Panama *Americas42,738202339,280202229,0002021
 Slovakia *Europe42,228202337,459202231,9002021
 Turkey *Asia41,888202337,274202231,5002021
 Seychelles *Africa41,829202335,228202228,8002021
 Puerto Rico *Americas41,682202340,498202232,6002021
 Romania *Europe41,029202341,888202230,8002021
 Latvia *Europe40,892202339,956202232,1002021
 Greece *Europe39,864202336,835202229,5002021
 Oman *Asia39,336202341,724202234,3002021
 Greenland *Americas——41,8002015
 Faroe Islands *Europe——40,0002014
 U.S. Virgin Islands *Americas——37,0002016
 Maldives *Asia37,094202324,772202218,8002021
 Malaysia *Asia37,083202333,434202226,3002021
 Sint Maarten (Dutch part) *Americas—41,812202235,3002018
 Guam *Oceania——35,6002016
 Russia *Europe35,310202336,485202228,0002021
 British Virgin Islands *Americas——34,2002017
 Montserrat *Americas——34,0002011
 Bulgaria *Europe33,780202333,582202224,4002020
 Kazakhstan *Asia32,712202330,810202226,1002021
 Trinidad and Tobago *Americas30,719202327,778202223,0002021
 New Caledonia *Oceania——31,1002015
 Chile *Americas29,935202330,209202225,4002021
 Saint Kitts and Nevis *Americas29,893202334,052202226,5002021
 Mauritius *Africa29,349202326,906202221,0002021
 Uruguay *Americas28,984202328,842202222,8002021
 Montenegro *Europe28,002202326,984202220,6002021
 Costa Rica *Americas26,809202324,923202221,2002021
 Argentina *Americas26,506202326,505202221,5002021
 Serbia *Europe26,074202323,911202219,8002021
 Dominican Republic *Americas25,523202322,834202218,6002021
 Antigua and Barbuda *Americas25,449202325,337202219,1002021
 Mexico *Americas24,976202321,512202219,1002021
 Libya *Africa24,382202323,375202222,0002021
 Northern Mariana Islands *Oceania——24,5002016
 Belarus *Europe24,017202322,591202219,8002021
 China *Asia23,309[n 3]202321,476[n 4]202217,600[n 3]2021
 Curaçao *Americas—22,832202120,8002021
 Thailand *Asia22,491202320,672202217,1002021
 World22,226[lower-roman 1]202320,645202217,5002017
 Georgia *Asia22,357[n 5]202320,113[n 5]202215,500[n 5]2021
 North Macedonia *Europe21,391202320,162202216,5002021
 Turks and Caicos Islands *Americas—22,915202218,5002021
 Grenada *Americas20,195202316,987202213,7002021
 Brazil *Americas20,079202317,822202214,1002020
 Iran *Asia19,942202318,075202212,4002020
 Turkmenistan *Asia19,939202315,625201915,0002019
 Armenia *Asia19,745202318,942202214,2002021
 Bosnia and Herzegovina *Europe19,634202320,377202215,7002021
 Albania *Europe19,566202318,552202214,5002021
 Colombia *Americas19,482202320,287202214,6002021
 Botswana *Africa19,394202318,323202214,8002021
 Saint Martin (French part) *Americas——19,3002005
 Gabon *Africa19,165202316,471202213,8002021
 Saint Lucia *Americas18,973202317,756202213,0002021
 Barbados *Americas18,738202317,837202213,8002021
 Azerbaijan *Asia18,694202317,764202214,4002021
 Equatorial Guinea *Africa18,362202317,396202214,6002021
 Suriname *Americas18,311202317,620202214,8002021
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines *Americas17,840202317,207202213,7002021
 French Polynesia *Oceania——17,0002015
 Egypt *Africa17,123202315,091202211,6002021
 Moldova *Europe16,916[n 6]202315,238[n 6]202214,000[n 6]2021
 Cook Islands *Oceania——16,7002016
 Fiji *Oceania16,564202314,125202210,4002021
 South Africa *Africa16,211202315,905202213,3002021
 Peru *Americas15,894202315,048202212,5002021
 Indonesia *Asia15,834202314,653202211,9002021
 Kosovo *Europe15,767202314,723202211,9002021
 Paraguay *Americas15,533202315,977202213,7002021
 Palau *Oceania15,169202315,145202113,8002021
 Mongolia *Asia15,088202314,230202211,7002021
 Dominica *Americas14,348202313,573202210,9002021
 Ukraine *Europe14,304[n 7]202312,671[n 7]202212,900[n 7]2021
 Bhutan *Asia14,297202311,983202110,9002021
 Vietnam *Asia14,285202313,457202210,6002021
 Sri Lanka *Asia14,267202214,405202213,4002021
 Algeria *Africa13,682202313,210202211,0002021
 Ecuador *Americas13,285202312,822202210,7002021
 Tunisia *Africa13,249202312,490202210,4002021
 Jamaica *Americas12,995202311,82220229,6002021
 Jordan *Asia12,809202311,00320229,2002021
 Eswatini *Africa11,859202310,78220228,9002021
 Lebanon *Asia11,794202214,257202113,0002021
 Iraq *Asia11,742202310,86220229,0002021
 Cuba *Americas——12,3002016
 Anguilla *Americas——12,2002008
 El Salvador *Americas11,717202311,09620229,1002021
 Namibia *Africa11,603202311,20620229,1002021
 Philippines *Asia11,326202310,13320228,1002021
 Nauru *Oceania11,169202313,118202211,9002021
 American Samoa *Oceania——11,2002016
 Belize *Americas11,166202311,45120228,8002021
 Guatemala *Americas10,595202310,81820228,9002021
 Morocco *Africa10,40820239,51920228,100[n 8]2021
 Bolivia *Americas10,34020239,68420228,1002021
 Uzbekistan *Asia10,31620239,53320227,7002021
 Cape Verde *Africa9,909[n 9]20239,083[n 9]20226,100[n 9]2021
 Laos *Asia9,78720239,38420227,8002021
 India *Asia9,18320238,37920226,6002021
 Bangladesh *Asia8,67320237,39520225,9002021
 Venezuela *Americas7,985202317,40220117,7042018
 Saint Helena, Ascension and
Tristan da Cunha		Africa——7,8002010
 Nicaragua *Americas7,64220236,87520225,6002021
 Mauritania *Africa7,54220236,42420225,3002021
 Honduras *Americas7,16320236,74120225,6002021
 Tonga *Oceania7,12720236,74920216,1002021
 Angola *Africa7,07720236,97420225,9002021
 Djibouti *Africa6,98520235,89320224,9002021
 Ivory Coast *Africa6,96020236,53820225,3002021
 Ghana *Africa6,90520236,49820225,4002021
 Pakistan *Asia6,77320236,43720225,2002021
 Palestine *Asia6,642[n 10]20236,200[n 10]20215,600[n 11]2021
 Kenya *Africa6,57720235,76420224,7002021
 Samoa *Oceania6,54420236,04120225,5002021
 Kyrgyzstan *Asia6,43820236,13320224,8002021
 Nigeria *Africa6,14820235,86020224,9002021
 Marshall Islands *Oceania5,82320237,22820226,0002021
 Cambodia *Asia6,08720235,34920224,4002021
 Tokelau *Oceania——6,0042017
 Niue *Oceania——5,8002003
 Tuvalu *Oceania5,76620235,42120224,9002021
 Congo *Africa5,55220233,79120223,2002021
 Tajikistan *Asia5,36120234,88520223,9002021
 Myanmar *Asia5,12420234,87020224,400[n 12]2021
 Nepal *Asia4,93420234,72520223,8002021
 Cameroon *Africa4,66120234,40820223,7002021
 Senegal *Africa4,32520234,20920223,5002021
 Benin *Africa4,30520234,05620223,3002021
 São Tomé and Príncipe *Africa4,14720234,73820224,1002020
 Zambia *Africa4,06820233,89420223,2002021
 Micronesia *Oceania3,92220233,85520223,3002021
 East Timor *Asia3,74720234,82820225,0002021
 Ethiopia *Africa3,71920232,81220222,3002021
 Sudan *Africa3,60520234,21620223,7002021
 Tanzania *Africa3,59520233,09720222,6002021
 Comoros *Africa3,46420233,83220223,2002021
 Papua New Guinea *Oceania3,40320234,44720223,7002022
 Wallis and Futuna *Oceania——3,8002004
 Guinea *Africa3,24120233,18720222,6002021
 Lesotho *Africa3,23520232,69520222,3002021
 Uganda *Africa3,22220232,69420222,2002021
 Haiti *Americas3,18620233,30520222,9002021
 Rwanda *Africa3,13720232,79220222,2002021
 Guinea-Bissau *Africa3,08820232,19020221,8002021
 Vanuatu *Oceania2,94020233,28920222,8002021
 Syria *Asia6,374[11] 2010—2,9002015
 GambiaAfrica2,83720232,51020222,1002021
 Togo *Africa2,76820232,60820222,1002021
 Burkina Faso *Africa2,68320232,54620222,2002021
 Mali *Africa2,63920232,51720222,1002021
 Zimbabwe *Africa2,75020232,53120222,1002021
 Solomon Islands *Oceania2,41120232,65420222,4002021
 Kiribati *Oceania2,38120232,36520221,9002021
 Eritrea *Africa—1,62920111,6002017
 Sierra Leone *Africa2,09720231,93120221,6002021
 Yemen *Asia2,05320233,43720132,5002017
 Somalia *Africa1,99820231,36420221,1002021
 Afghanistan *Asia1,99120211,67420211,5002021
 Madagascar *Africa1,90720231,77420221,5002021
 Chad *Africa1,80720231,66820221,4002021
 Liberia *Africa1,78920231,72520221,4002021
 North Korea *Asia——1,7002015
 Malawi *Africa1,66820231,73220221,5002021
 Niger *Africa1,57920231,50520221,2002021
 Mozambique *Africa1,58420231,46820221,2002021
 DR Congo *Africa1,51020231,33720221,1002021
 Central African Republic *Africa1,109202396720228002021
 Burundi *Africa890202383620227002021
 South Sudan *Africa47620231,18220151,6002017

Footnotes

  1. ↑ There is no explicit "GDP (PPP) per capita" World estimate provided by the IMF. For this figure, the GDP (PPP) world value[lower-roman 2] has been divided by the global population according to the IMF.[lower-roman 3]
  3. "IMF DataMapper / Datasets / World Economic Outlook (October 2023) / Population". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. 10 October 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
  1. ↑ The EU is included because it is much more than a free-trade association like ASEAN, NAFTA, or Mercosur. -- See: "The World Factbook". CIA. 2014. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2022. Although the EU is not a federation in the strict sense, it is far more than a free-trade association such as ASEAN, NAFTA, or Mercosur, and it has certain attributes associated with independent nations: its own flag, currency (for some members), and law-making abilities, as well as diplomatic representation and a common foreign and security policy in its dealings with external partners. Thus, inclusion of basic intelligence on the EU has been deemed appropriate as a new, separate entity in The World Factbook. -- However, because the EU is an organization and not a sovereign state, it does not receive a ranking in this list.
  2. 1 2 3 Data is for the area controlled by the Government of the Republic of Cyprus.
  3. 1 2 IMF and CIA figures exclude Taiwan and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau.
  4. ↑ World Bank figures exclude the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau.
  5. 1 2 3 Excludes data for Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
  6. 1 2 3 Excludes data for Transnistria.
  7. 1 2 3 Figures exclude the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol.
  8. ↑ Includes Western Sahara.
  9. 1 2 3 Referred to as "Cabo Verde".
  10. 1 2 Referred to as "West Bank and Gaza" in the IMF and World Bank reports.
  11. ↑ CIA registers 2 separate entries for Palestine: "West Bank" and "Gaza Strip". Figures for West Bank include the Gaza Strip -- see "The World Factbook - West Bank". CIA.gov. 15 November 2022.
  12. ↑ Referred to as "Burma".

Expanding the coverage of illegal economic activities in euro area national accounts

The share of the shadow economy is significant in many European countries, ranging from less than 10 to over 40 percent of GDP.[12] Since 2014, EU member states have been encouraged by Eurostat, the official statistics body, to include some illegal activities.[13][14][15]

Distorted GDP-per-capita for tax havens

There are many natural economic reasons for GDP-per-capita to vary between jurisdictions (e.g. places rich in oil and gas tend to have high GDP-per-capita figures). However, it is increasingly being recognized that tax havens, or corporate tax havens, have distorted economic data which produces artificially high, or inflated, GDP-per-capita figures.[16] It is estimated that over 15% of global jurisdictions are tax havens (see tax haven lists).[17] An IMF investigation estimates that circa 40% of global foreign direct investment flows, which heavily influence the GDP of various jurisdictions, are described as "phantom" transactions.[18]

A stunning $12 trillion—almost 40 percent of all foreign direct investment positions globally—is completely artificial: it consists of financial investment passing through empty corporate shells with no real activity. These investments in empty corporate shells almost always pass through well-known tax havens. The eight major pass-through economies—the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Hong Kong SAR, the British Virgin Islands, Bermuda, the Cayman Islands, Ireland, and Singapore—host more than 85 percent of the world's investment in special purpose entities, which are often set up for tax reasons.

— "Piercing the Veil", International Monetary Fund, June 2018[18]

In 2017, Ireland's economic data became so distorted by U.S. multinational tax avoidance strategies (see leprechaun economics), also known as BEPS actions, that Ireland effectively abandoned GDP (and GNP) statistics as credible measures of its economy, and created a replacement statistic called modified gross national income (or GNI*). Ireland is one of the world's largest corporate tax havens.

Ireland has, more or less, stopped using GDP to measure its own economy. And on current trends [because Irish GDP is distorting EU-28 aggregate data], the eurozone taken as a whole may need to consider something similar.

— Brad Setser, Council on Foreign Relations, "Ireland exports its Leprechaun", 25 April 2018[19]

The statistical distortions created by the impact on the Irish National Accounts of the global assets and activities of a handful of large multinational corporations have now become so large as to make a mockery of conventional uses of Irish GDP.

— Patrick Honohan, ex-Governor of the Central Bank of Ireland, 13 July 2016[20]

A list of the top 15 GDP-per-capita countries from 2016 to 2017, contains most of the major global tax havens (see GDP-per-capita tax haven proxy for more detail):

International Monetary Fund (2017) World Bank (2016)[21][22]
Rank Country/Territory Type
1 QatarOil & Gas
— MacauTax haven (Sink OFC)
2 LuxembourgTop 10 Tax haven (Sink OFC)
3 SingaporeTop 10 Tax haven (Conduit OFC)
4 BruneiOil & Gas
5 IrelandTop 10 Tax haven (Conduit OFC)
6 NorwayOil & Gas
7 KuwaitOil & Gas
8 United Arab EmiratesOil & Gas
9  SwitzerlandTop 10 Tax Haven (Conduit OFC)
— Hong KongTop 10 Tax Haven (Sink OFC)
10 San MarinoTax haven (Sink OFC)
11 United States59,495
12 Saudi ArabiaOil & Gas
13 NetherlandsTop 10 Tax Haven (Conduit OFC)
14 Iceland52,150
15 BahrainOil & Gas
Rank Country/Territory Type
1 QatarOil & Gas
2 LuxembourgTop 10 Tax haven (Sink OFC)
— MacauTax haven (Sink OFC)
3 SingaporeTop 10 Tax haven (Conduit OFC)
4 BruneiOil & Gas
5 United Arab EmiratesOil & Gas
6 IrelandTop 10 Tax haven (Conduit OFC)
7  SwitzerlandTop 10 Tax haven (Conduit OFC)
8 NorwayOil & Gas
— Hong KongTop 10 Tax haven (Sink OFC)
9 United States57,467
10 Saudi ArabiaOil & Gas
11 Iceland51,399
12 NetherlandsTop 10 Tax haven (Conduit OFC)
13 Austria50,078
14 Denmark49,496
15 Sweden49,175

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ There have been no exclusive estimates for world average by the IMF. For calculating 2019 data, the total GDP estimate by IMF[1] has been divided by the total population estimate by United Nations Population Prospects.[2]

References

  1. ↑ "World Economic Outlook Database, 2019". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
  2. ↑ ""Overall total population" – World Population Prospects: The 2019 Revision" (xslx). population.un.org (custom data acquired via website). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
  3. ↑ "Sarkozy attacks focus on economic growth (French president urges more emphasis on quality of life)", The Guardian, 14 September 2009.
  4. ↑ "Alternative progress indicators to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as a means towards sustainable development"
  5. ↑ "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. 10 October 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
  6. ↑ "WEO Database, October 2023. Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: World, EU". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. 10 October 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
  7. ↑ "GDP per capita, PPP (current international $)". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
  8. ↑ Real GDP per capita, The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency. Accessed on 19 October 2022.
  9. ↑ "The World Factbook - European Union". CIA.gov. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
  10. ↑ "The World Factbook - World". CIA.gov. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
  11. ↑ "WEO Database, October 2023. Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: Syria". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. 10 October 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
  12. ↑ "Explaining the Shadow Economy in Europe: Size, Causes and Policy Options". International Monetary Fund. November 2019.
  13. ↑ "Sizing Up Black Markets and Red-Light Districts for G.D.P." The New York Times. 9 July 2014.
  14. ↑ "GDP to include illegal activity". Financier Worldwide Magazine. August 2014.
  15. ↑ "Handbook on the compilation of statistics on illegal economic activities in national accounts and balance of payments". Eurostat. 6 March 2018.
  16. ↑ "How tax havens turn economic statistics into nonsense". Quartz. 11 June 2018.
  17. ↑ Dharmapala, Dhammika; Hines, James R. Jr. (2009). "Which Countries Become Tax Havens?" (PDF). Journal of Public Economics. 93 (9–10): 1058–1068. doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2009.07.005. S2CID 16653726. The paper implicitly adopts the "smaller" tax haven approach, i.e., disregarding larger countries which have either low taxes rates (for example, Russia), or systems of taxation which permit them to be used to structure tax avoidance schemes (for example, the United Kingdom). It also excludes non-sovereign tax havens (for example, Delaware or Labuan).
  18. 1 2 "Piercing the Veil, Finance & Development, June 2018, Vol. 55, No. 2". IMF Finance & Development. June 2018.
  19. ↑ "Ireland Exports its Leprechaun". Council on Foreign Relations. 11 May 2018.
  20. ↑ "The Irish National Accounts: Towards some do's and don'ts". irisheconomy.ie. 13 July 2016.
  21. ↑ "PPP (current international $)". data.worldbank.org. World Bank. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
  22. ↑ "World Bank, International Comparison Program database". Retrieved 10 April 2018.
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