PSYCHLOPS
Purposemeasure mental health outcome

PSYCHLOPS (psychological outcome profiles) is a type of psychological testing, a tool used in primary care to measure mental health outcomes and as a quality of life measure.

It is also one intervention that has been adapted for use in children and adopted by the World Health Organization (WHO) in response to a demand for guidance on psychological interventions for people exposed to adversity, including humanitarian disasters.

Use in mental health care

PSYCHLOPS is a mental health outcome-measure tool used in primary care or community care settings and is self-completed. It measures mental health problems, quality of life, social functioning and wellbeing.[1][2] Others include the Beck Depression Inventory, the CORE-OM, Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 (GAD-7) and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), amongst others.[3]

By comparing scores before, during and after completion of talking therapy, the measure enables calculation of a change score. The change score indicates the change (improvement or deterioration) in perceived severity of problems during and following a course of talking therapy.[4] PSYCHLOPS is a patient-generated outcome measure which means that measurement is based on items (issues) selected by patients rather than pre-specified items. By gathering information on patient-generated items, PSYCHLOPS contains a free text record (qualitative data) of the patient's own perception of their problems which can be used for qualitative research.[4][5]

WHO

It is also one intervention that has been adopted by the WHO in response to a demand for guidance on psychological interventions for people exposed to adversity. This includes people caught up in humanitarian crises and incorporates common mental health problems in a variety of countries, cultures and settings.[6][7] WHO has included it in two of their mental health programmes, Programme Management Plus (PM+)[6] and Self Help Plus (SH+),[8] both of which use locally trained mental health workers to administer mental health support in countries affected by conflict and war.[7]

Children

PSYCHLOPS has been adapted for use in children. Unlike a checklist, "PSYCHLOPS Kids" allows children to identify their worries themselves.[9][10] For children taking part in drama therapy, they have the potential to recognise the impact of their therapy. The reliance on the support of school staff has been reported as one limitation.[11]

Procedure

PSYCHLOPS is completed by the individual person.[1][5] A specific sequence of questions is included in the questionnaire which address the respondent's greatest and least worries. These concerns are then scored.[9] Subsequently, the answers and scores can be used to evaluate their perception of the change in their problems as a result of counselling or other talking therapy.[4] It uses a six-point scale rather than the seven used in its sister questionnaire, MYMOP.[12]

The procedure encompasses answering four questions on one sheet, with the first question being “Choose the problem that troubles you most?” This is followed by scoring it on a six-point scoring range and recording the duration of the problem. An outcome score is calculated using the scores of each of the before, during and after questionnaires.[13]

History

PSYCHLOPS was designed by a group led by Dr Mark Ashworth, an academic British general practitioner[3] and designed by Jeremy Christey.

This work was inspired by the self-report inventory, MYMOP (Measure Yourself Medical Outcome Profile), another outcome measure first published in 1996 and mainly used for people who present with physical, emotional, or social symptoms.[14]

This measure brings important understanding from psychotherapy research to measure what is important to individuals themselves, to help them track and manage their self-defined difficulties.

The PSYCHLOPS measure looks at a trans-therapeutic approach to measurement, that includes the ideas that we manage our difficulties through three different phases

These three stages are;

Re-moralisation (wellbeing, where mood lifts). Remediation (where problems get better) and rehabilitation (where functioning, the causes of problems are improved).

The PSYCHLOPS measure is designed to focus on these stages and phases in measuring mental health from a client-centred perspective.

Research

There has been debate as to whether to identify and measure individualized outcomes that are unique for each patient (idiographic approach) or to use standardized measures (nomothetic approach). Both measures have their advantages and disadvantages.[4]

As a patient-generated measure, PSYCHLOPS appears a more sensitive (responsive) measure of change following a mental health intervention than some other standardised measures.[15][16]

References

  1. 1 2 National Institute for Mental Health in England (2008). Outcomes Compendium; helping you select the right tools for best mental health care practice in your field (PDF). Barts and The London Schoolof Medicine and Dentistry. p. 33. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-01-24.
  2. ↑ Issues in Clinical Psychology, Psychiatry, and Counseling: 2011 Edition (11th ed.). Atlanta, Georgia: ScholarlyEditions. 2011. p. 420. ISBN 978-1-4649-6366-7.
  3. 1 2 McQuaid, Cathy (2014). What You Really Need to Know about Counselling and Psychotherapy Training: An essential guide. Routledge. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-415-81333-4.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Brinquete, Cláudia Sofia Velez (2015). Patient-generated outcome measures and development the therapeutic alliance (PDF). Department Psychology, University of Évora: University of Évora, Social Science School.
  5. 1 2 Evans, Chris. "The danger of trading measures but not meeting distressed minds: "outcome" measurement in MH and psychological therapies" (PDF). www.psychtc.org. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
  6. 1 2 "Problem Management Plus (PM+)". apps.who.int. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
  7. 1 2 "Scaling up capacity for Problem Management Plus (PM+)". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on April 23, 2018. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
  8. ↑ Brown, Felicity; Carswell, K; Augustinavicius, Jura; Adaku, A; R. Leku, M; White, Ross; Ventevogel, Peter; Kogan, Cary; García-Moreno, C (2018-08-13). "Self Help Plus: study protocol for a cluster-randomised controlled trial of guided self-help with South Sudanese refugee women in Uganda". Global Mental Health. 5: e27. doi:10.1017/gmh.2018.17. PMC 6094406. PMID 30128163.
  9. 1 2 "New tool gets children's perspective on own mental health". www.kcl.ac.uk. 29 May 2018. Retrieved 11 October 2018.
  10. ↑ "Assessing children's mental health concerns | The Psychologist". thepsychologist.bps.org.uk. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
  11. ↑ Haythorne, Deborah; Crockford, Susan; Godfrey, Emma (2012). "19. Roundabout and the development of PSYCHLOPS Kids evaluation". In Leigh, Lauraine; Gersch, Irvine; Dix, Ann; Haythorne, Deborah (eds.). Dramatherapy with Children, Young People, and Schools: Enabling Creativity, Sociability, Communication and Learning. Routledge. p. 192. ISBN 9780415670760.
  12. ↑ Bristol, University of. "Psychlops | Centre for Academic Primary Care | University of Bristol". www.bristol.ac.uk. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
  13. ↑ Ashworth, Mark; I. Robinson, Susan; Godfrey, Emma; Shepherd, Melanie; Evans, Chris; Seed, Paul; Parmentier, Henk; Tylee, Andre (1 January 2005). "Measuring mental health outcomes in primary care: The psychometric properties of a new patient-generated outcome measure, 'PSYCHLOPS' ('psychological outcome profiles')". Primary Care Mental Health. 3: 261–270.
  14. ↑ "National Council for Osteopathic Research; Measure Your Medical Outcome Profile (MYMOP)" (PDF). www.ncor.org.uk. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
  15. ↑ Kendrick, Tony; Stuart, Beth; Leydon, Geraldine M.; Geraghty, Adam W. A.; Yao, Lily; Ryves, Rachel; Williams, Samantha; Zhu, Shihua; Dowrick, Christopher (1 March 2017). "Patient-reported outcome measures for monitoring primary care patients with depression: PROMDEP feasibility randomised trial". BMJ Open. 7 (3): e015266. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015266. ISSN 2044-6055. PMC 5387943. PMID 28363932.
  16. ↑ Bryant, Richard A.; Schafer, Alison; Dawson, Katie S.; Anjuri, Dorothy; Mulili, Caroline; Ndogoni, Lincoln; Koyiet, Phiona; Sijbrandij, Marit; Ulate, Jeannette (2017-08-15). "Effectiveness of a brief behavioural intervention on psychological distress among women with a history of gender-based violence in urban Kenya: A randomised clinical trial". PLOS Medicine. 14 (8): e1002371. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002371. ISSN 1549-1676. PMC 5557357. PMID 28809935. S2CID 4857371.

Further reading

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