Map of the Isthmus of Panama representing the line of the Panama Rail Road (before 1857)
Panama Canal Zone

The Panama Canal fence was a separation barrier built by the United States in the Panama Canal Zone that divided the Republic of Panama into two separate sections.[1][2] The Canal Zone, primarily consisting of the Panama Canal, was a strip of land running from the Pacific Ocean to the Caribbean. The fence, also called “Fence of Shame”[2] and "another Berlin Wall”[2] portrayed the centre of geopolitical and diplomatic turmoil between the United States and the Republic of Panama.[3] Some evidences suggest construction,[4][5] breaking and repairs[6] of the fence while others including many aerial photographs and Life magazine (January 24, 1964) confirm that there was no such physical barrier between the Canal Zone and Panama.

Background

Panama gained independence[7] from Colombia with the assistance of the United States and was recognized as a separate state in 1903.[8] Diplomatic relations were established on November 13, 1903 between the United States and Panama. Both countries signed the Hay-Bunau-Varilla treaty.[8][9] The treaty provided the United States with sovereignty over the Canal Zone.[4] In exchange, the Republic of Panama[9] received a $10 million payment and additional annual payments which began with the opening of the canal. In addition to this purchase from Panama, the United States bought the title to all lands in the Canal Zone,[10][11] including a payment of $40 million to the French Canal Company for their properties.[12][13][14]

Amid much resentment among Panamanians, the treaty[9] granted the Canal Zone, a strip 5 miles (8.0 km) wide on each side of the Panama Canal, in perpetuity to the United States to build, manage, strengthen and defend an inter-oceanic canal. The Canal Zone became a U.S. territory and had its own police,[2] post offices, courts, television and radio stations.

The Panama Canal fence, dubbed as “Fence of Shame”[15][16] and "The other Berlin Wall”.[17] was the demarcation line between the Canal Zone and Republic of Panama.

Construction

Due to lack of evidence in the knowledge base, the dimensions of the fence or the construction details are not available. According to McPherson (2002) the "construction started at the end of the 1950s when Panamanian students threatened with a "patriotic invasion" "[18]

Beginning of the end

A scuffle between Zonian and Panamanian high school students over hosting Panamanian and US flags in the Canal Zone erupted into a protest on January 9, 1964.[6] This was a result of an ongoing flag hosting dispute between US and Panama, over the period between 1959 and 1964.[19] It led to series of incidents of civil unrest.[6] The flag desecration incident, despite conflicting claims, sparked antiracial sentiments[6] and angry crowds formed along the fenced border between Panama City and the Canal Zone. According to Jackson (1999)[2] at several points demonstrators stormed into the zone, planting Panamanian flags and began to tear down the fence creating gaps in front of the US District Court and several other spots along the fence. Canal Zone police responded firing shots and tear-gassing protesters pulling or climbing on the fence.[20]

The riots left four Americans and twenty-two Panamanians dead. The day, January 9, is marked in Panama as Martyrs’ Day and is a national holiday. These events compelled President Roberto Chiari to take the historic decision to break diplomatic relations with the United States. Although the diplomatic relations between Panama and the United States were re-established on April 3, 1964, through the joint declaration Moreno-Bunker, events led to the resentment of Panamanians. U.S. President Jimmy Carter, stipulated joint administration of the Canal starting in 1979. Pushed by internal political turmoil, supported by external international organizations such as the United Nations and the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries over the years and after a number of treaties the Republic of Panama was assumed the total jurisdiction and operational control over the Canal on December 31, 1999.

Gatun (June 1924)

Controversy

The existence of a fence remains a controversy.

Monuments to the Martyrs Jan. 9, 1964
USS Alabama (BB-60) transiting Pedro Miguel Locks, Panama Canal Zone --- August 26, 1964

Photographic evidence such as[21] the cover of Life magazine on January 24, 1964 and others[22] suggest that there was no physical barrier between the Canal Zone and Panama,[23] and one could simply walk, drive, or otherwise move between the two at will with no impediments, checkpoints, gates or similar encumbrances. Several search engines produce no photograph of a border gate between Panama and the Canal Zone, nor a fence along the 45-mile border, despite some articles claiming the existence of such structures including that of, according to Jackson (1999),[2] on January 17, a Panama Canal Company work crew rebuilt the fence after at several points, demonstrators planted Panamanian flags on and began to tear down what they called the "fence of shame",[15][16] creating gaps downhill from the United States district court, Gorgas Hospital, and many residences and government offices, as well as in several other spots along the fence near the post office and the elementary school.

References

  1. ↑ McPherson, Conor; Strindberg, August (2013-04-18). "The Dance of Death (McPherson)". Conor McPherson Plays: Three. doi:10.5040/9781784600297.10000003. ISBN 9781784600297.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Eric Jackson, The beginning of the end of the Panama Canal Zone". www.hartford-hwp.com. Retrieved 2020-12-25.
  3. ↑ "Why Today Is an Anti-American Holiday in Panama | AMERICAN HERITAGE". www.americanheritage.com. Retrieved 2020-12-25.
  4. 1 2 "Panama Canal review". ufdc.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2020-12-26.
  5. ↑ McPherson, Alan (2002). "From "Punks" to Geopoliticians: U. S. and Panamanian Teenagers and the 1964 Canal Zone Riots". The Americas. 58 (3): 395–418. doi:10.1353/tam.2002.0012. ISSN 0003-1615. JSTOR 1007860. S2CID 143947625.
  6. 1 2 3 4 "Eric Jackson, The beginning of the end of the Panama Canal Zone". www.hartford-hwp.com. Retrieved 2020-12-26.
  7. ↑ "Panama - Countries - Office of the Historian". history.state.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-26.
  8. 1 2 "History of Relationship". EOP. Retrieved 2020-12-25.
  9. 1 2 3 "Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty | United States-Panama [1903]". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-12-26.
  10. ↑ "Translations of certain documents of title and other related papers pertaining to conveyances of real property, or interest therein, made to or by the Universal Interoceanic Canal Company, on the Isthmus of Panama, between the years 1881 and 1889, both inclusive". ufdc.ufl.edu.
  11. ↑ Commerce, United States Congress House Committee on Interstate and Foreign (October 26, 1909). "Hearings Before the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce of the House of Representatives, on Panama Canal. Hotel Tivoli, Ancon, Canal Zone, January 6 and 7, 1909". U.S. Government Printing Office – via Google Books.
  12. ↑ "Translations of certain documents of title and other related papers about conveyances of real property, or interest therein, made to or by the Universal Interoceanic Canal Company, on the Isthmus of Panama, between the years 1881 and 1889, both inclusive". ufdc.ufl.edu.
  13. ↑ "Panama Canal Treaty (disposition of United States territory): hearing before the Subcommittee on Separation of Powers of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Ninety-fifth Congress, first session ..." Washington: U.S. Govt. Print. Off. October 26, 1977 – via Internet Archive.
  14. ↑ "Serial set (no.4501-5000)". October 26, 1905 – via Google Books.
  15. 1 2 McPherson, Alan L. "From "Punks" To Geopoliticians: U.S. and Panamanian Teenagers and the 1964 Canal Zone Riots". The Americas - Volume 58, Number 3, January 2002, pp. 395-418
  16. 1 2 The beginning of the end of the Panama Canal Zone, by Eric Jackson, 28 December 1999
  17. ↑ La República, (Bogota, Colombia), January 20, 1964.
  18. ↑ McPherson, Alan (2002). "From "Punks" to Geopoliticians: U. S. and Panamanian Teenagers and the 1964 Canal Zone Riots". The Americas. 58 (3): 395–418. doi:10.1353/tam.2002.0012. ISSN 0003-1615. JSTOR 1007860. S2CID 143947625.
  19. ↑ "History of Relationship". EOP. Retrieved 2020-12-26.
  20. ↑ McPherson, Alan (2002). "From "Punks" to Geopoliticians: U. S. and Panamanian Teenagers and the 1964 Canal Zone Riots". The Americas. 58 (3): 395–418. doi:10.1353/tam.2002.0012. ISSN 0003-1615. JSTOR 1007860. S2CID 143947625.
  21. ↑ "HD Stock Video Footage - University of Panama building in Panama Canal Zone". www.criticalpast.com.
  22. ↑ "HD Stock Video Footage - the border between the Republic of Panama and Panama Canal Zone". www.criticalpast.com.
  23. ↑ http://diamondimages.com/hindi/gringa/images/Gringa%20060805_img_24.jpg Archived 2016-01-28 at the Wayback Machine
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