The Pancha Bhuta Sthalam (Tamil: பஞ்சபூதத் தலங்கள், Sanskrit: पञ्चभूत स्थलम्, romanized: Pañcabhūta Sthalam) refers to five temples dedicated to Shiva,[1] each representing a manifestation of the five prime elements of nature: earth, water, fire, air, and ether.[2] Pancha indicates "five," Bhuta means "elements," and Sthala means "place." The temples are located in South India, four in Tamil Nadu and one in Andhra Pradesh. The five elements are believed to be enshrined in the five lingams[1] of the temples, with each lingam named on the element represented. All five temples are located around the 78°E and 79°E longitudes and between 10°N and 14°N latitudes.[3]

The presiding deities are revered in the 7th century Tamil Saiva canonical work, the Tevaram, written by Tamil saint poets known as the Nayanars and classified as Paadal Petra Sthalam. Three temples in Tamil Nadu except the Chidambaram nataraja temple are maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department of the Government of Tamil Nadu. In the particular case of the Chidambaram nataraja temple the Sumpreme court of India has upheld the Dikshitars' entitletlement of a religious denomination ensuring administrative control over the temple, while quashing the appointment of an executive officer by the HRCE.

Pancha Bhutam

According to the Vedas, the material world is a combination of the five fundamental elements of nature namely earth, water, fire, air, and ether. Bhuta (Sanskrit:भूत) in Sanskrit means element and maha bhoota indicates a fundamental element.[4] According to Ayurveda, an ancient Indian medical system, the equilibrium of the body with the pancha bhuta is governed by the principles of tridoshas - kaph (phlegm), pitta (bile), vayu (gas), dhātu and malas (waste products).[5] Rabindranath Tagore, in his book Pancha bhoota, has explained the emotional faculty of the human mind is keenly sensitive to all objects of light, colour, sound, effect of speed, sun, moon and stars.[6]

The five temples

Locations of the Pancha Bhuta Sthalam
Bhumi Lingam
Bhumi Lingam
Jambu Lingam
Jambu Lingam
Agni Lingam
Agni Lingam
Akasha Lingam
Akasha Lingam
Temple locations

In Tiruvannamalai temple, Shiva is said to have manifested himself in the form of a massive column of fire. A celebration of this manifestation is seen even today in the age old traditions observed during the festivals of Maha Shivaratri and Karthika Deepam. The Agni Lingam explains the mythics of life - duty, virtue, self-sacrifice and finally liberation by and through ascetic life at the end of Agni kalpa.[7] The presiding deities are revered in the 7th century Tamil Saiva canonical work, the Tevaram, written by Tamil saint poets known as the Nayanars and classified as Paadal Petra Sthalam. Three of the four temples in Tamil Nadu are maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department of the Government of Tamil Nadu. Maintenance and administration of the Chidambaram nataraja temple is ensured by a religious denominational community called the Dikshitars.

Category Lingam Temple Photo Location Details
Earth Bhumi Lingam[8] Ekambareswarar Temple Kanchipuram 12°50′51″N 79°42′00″E / 12.84750°N 79.70000°E / 12.84750; 79.70000 Shiva is worshiped as Ekambareswarar or Ekambaranathar, and is represented by the lingam, with his idol referred to as Prithvi lingam. The temple complex covers 25 acres, and is one of the largest in India. It houses four gateway towers known as gopurams. The tallest is the southern tower, with 11 stories and a height of 58.5216 metres (192 ft), making it one of the tallest temple towers in India. The temple complex houses many halls; the most notable is the thousand-pillared hall built during the Vijayanagara period. Legend has it that once Parvati, the consort of Shiva, wanted to expiate herself from sin by doing penance under the temple's ancient Mango tree near the Vegavati river.[9]
Water Varuna Lingam (Jambu Lingam)[1] Jambukeshwarar Temple, Thiruvanaikaval Thiruvanaikaval, near Trichy 10°51′12″N 78°42′20″E / 10.85333°N 78.70556°E / 10.85333; 78.70556 The sanctum of Jambukeswara has an underground water stream and in spite of pumping water out, it is always filled with water. Once Parvati mocked Shiva's penance for betterment of the world. Shiva wanted to condemn her act and directed her to go to the earth from Kailasam (Shiva's abode) to do penance. Parvathi in the form of Akilandeswari as per Shiva's wish found Jambu forest (Thiruvanaikoil) to conduct her penance. She made a lingam out of water of river Cauvery (also called as river Ponni) under the Venn Naaval tree (the Venn Naaval tree on top of the saint Jambu) and commenced her worship. The lingam is known as Appu Lingam (Water Lingam). As per Fergusson, the temple surpasses the Srirangam Ranganathaswamy temple in architectural terms, which were both constructed at the same time.[10][11] There are five enclosures inside the temple. The massive outer wall covering the fifth precinct, known as the Vibudi Prakara, stretches over a mile and is two feet thick and over 25 feet high. Legend maintains that the wall was built by Shiva working with the laborers.[12] The fourth precinct contains a hall with 796 pillars and measures 2436 feet by 1493.[11]
Fire Agni Lingam (Jyothi Lingam)[7] Arunachaleswara Temple Thiruvannamalai 12°13′31.02″N 79°4′28.91″E / 12.2252833°N 79.0746972°E / 12.2252833; 79.0746972 Shiva is worshiped as Arunachalesvara or Annamalaiyar, and is represented by the lingam, with his idol referred to as Agni lingam. The 9th century Saiva saint poet Manikkavacakar composed the Tiruvempaavai here. The temple complex covers 10 hectares, and is one of the largest in India. It houses four gateway towers known as gopurams. The tallest is the eastern tower, with 11 stories and a height of 66 metres (217 ft), making it one of the tallest temple towers in India built by sevappa nayakkar (Nayakar dynasty). The temple complex houses many halls; the most notable is the thousand-pillared hall built during the Vijayanagar period. The Karthika Deepam festival is celebrated during the day of the full moon between November and December, and a huge beacon is lit atop the hill. It can be seen from miles around, and symbolizes the Shiva lingam of fire joining the sky. The event is witnessed by three million pilgrims. On the day preceding each full moon, pilgrims circumnavigate the temple base and the Arunachala hills in a worship called Girivalam, a practice carried out by one million pilgrims yearly.[13]
Air Vayu Lingam SriKalahasti temple[14] Kalahasthi, Andhra Pradesh 13°44′58″N 79°41′54″E / 13.74944°N 79.69833°E / 13.74944; 79.69833 Kalahasthi is one of the most famous Shiva temples in South India, and is said to be the site where Kannappa was ready to offer both his eyes to cover blood flowing from the Siva linga before the Siva stopped him and granted him moksha. The temple is also regarded as Rahu-Ketu kshetra and Dakshina Kailasam. The inner temple was constructed around 5th century and the outer temple was constructed in the 11th century by the Rajendra Chola I, later Chola kings and the Vijayanagara kings. Shiva in his aspect as Vayu is worshiped as Kalahasteeswara.[15]
Ether Indra Lingam (Akasha Lingam)[16] Thillai Natarajar Temple Chidambaram 11°23′58″N 79°41′36″E / 11.39944°N 79.69333°E / 11.39944; 79.69333 Chidambaram, the name of the city and the temple literally means "atmosphere of wisdom" or "clothed in thought", the temple architecture symbolizes the connection between the arts and spirituality, creative activity and the divine.[17] The temple wall carvings display all the 108 karanas from the Natya Shastra by Bharata Muni, and these postures form a foundation of Bharatanatyam, a classical Indian dance.[18] The present temple was built in the 10th century when Chidambaram was the capital of the Chola dynasty, making it one of the oldest surviving active temple complexes in South India. After its 10th-century consecration by the Cholas who considered Nataraja as their family deity,[19] Shiva himself is presented as the Nataraja performing the Ananda Tandava ("Dance of Delight") in the golden hall of the shrine Pon Ambalam.[20] The temple is one of the five elemental lingas in the Shaivism pilgrimage tradition, and considered the subtlest of all Shiva temples (Kovil) in Hinduism.[21] It is also a site for performance arts, including the annual Natyanjali dance festival on Maha Shivaratri.[22]

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 Ramaswamy 2007, pp. 301-302
  2. ↑ A dictionary, Canarese and EnglishWilliam Reeve, Daniel Sanderson
  3. ↑ "Nataraja Temple , Chidambaram. | Cuddalore District, Government of Tamilnadu | Sugar bowl of Tamil Nadu | India". Retrieved 2022-04-18.
  4. ↑ Daivajña 1996, p. 12
  5. ↑ J. 2008, p. 215
  6. ↑ Tymieniecka 2002, p. 40
  7. 1 2 Blabatsky 1981, p. 176
  8. ↑ Tirtha: holy pilgrim centres of the Hindus : saptapuri & chaar dhaam, Subhadra Sen Gupta, p. 66
  9. ↑ V., Meena (1974). Temples in South India (1st ed.). Kanniyakumari: Harikumar Arts. p. 44.
  10. ↑ Hastings 1916, p. 475
  11. 1 2 Hunter 1881, pp. 109-110
  12. ↑ Ayyar 1991, p. 248
  13. ↑ V., Shanmuganathan (2014). A Remarkable Political Journey. Prabhat Prakashan. p. 121. ISBN 9788184302578.
  14. ↑ Bajwa 2007, p. 271
  15. ↑ "History begin". The Hindu. Retrieved 1 March 2017.
  16. ↑ M.K.V 2007, p. 37
  17. ↑ Donald Frederick Lakh; Edwin J. Van Kley (1993). South Asia. University of Chicago Press. pp. 1002–1003. ISBN 978-0-226-46754-2.
  18. ↑ Constance Jones; James D. Ryan (2006). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Infobase Publishing. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-8160-7564-5.
  19. ↑ Harle 1994, pp. 292–304, 311–313
  20. ↑ Ca Ve 1985
  21. ↑ James G. Lochtefeld (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-8239-3179-8.
  22. ↑ Tracy Pintchman (2007). Women's Lives, Women's Rituals in the Hindu Tradition. Oxford University Press. pp. 194–195. ISBN 978-0-19-803934-1.

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