United Development Party
Partai Persatuan Pembangunan
AbbreviationPPP, P Tiga (3 P's)
Leader of the Sharia AssemblySyukron Makmun
General ChairmanMuhamad Mardiono
Secretary-GeneralArwani Thomafi
Founded5 January 1973 (1973-01-05)
Merger ofNU
Parmusi
PSII
Perti
HeadquartersJakarta
Youth wingKaaba Youth Movement
Membership (2022)444,496[1]
IdeologyIslamism
Pan-Islamism[2]
Religious conservatism[3]
Economic liberalism[4]
Political positionCentre-right[5] to right-wing[6][7]
National affiliationOnward Indonesia Coalition
SloganBergerak Bersama Rakyat
(Moving With the People)
AnthemMars PPP
(PPP March)
Ballot number17
DPR seats
19 / 575
[8]
DPRD I seats
92 / 2,232
DPRD II seats
954 / 17,340
Website
https://ppp.or.id/

The United Development Party (Indonesian: Partai Persatuan Pembangunan, PPP; lit. 'Party of Unity and Development'; sometimes translated as Development Unity Party) is an Islamist[2][9] political party in Indonesia. Due to its distinctive logo, the party is known as the "Kaaba Party".

The PPP was formed in 1973 as a result of the merger between several Islam-based parties, assuming the role of umbrella party for Muslims.[10] After the Suharto regime, it once again became an Islamist party in the early Post-Suharto era.[10] Today it is considered a nationalist Islamist party which conforms with Pancasila doctrine and no longer upholds sharia as a main goal.[2][9]

The party was led by Suryadharma Ali until 2014 when he was prosecuted for corruption. From 2014 to 2016 the party was split in the dispute over its chairmanship. In April 2016, Muhammad Romahurmuziy was declared a new chairman after a reconciliation congress. In the 2014 election, the party won 6.53 of the popular vote, an increase from the 5.33 percent it won in 2009 but lower than 8.15 percent of 2004.[2]

History

Party head office on Jalan Diponegoro, Menteng, Jakarta

Origins

Ten political parties participated in the 1971 legislative elections, a number that President Suharto considered to be too many. Suharto wished that political parties be reduced to just two or three and that the parties should be grouped based on their programs.

The basis for the merger that would result in the birth of the PPP was a coalition of the four Islamic Parties in the People's Representative Council (DPR) called the United Development Faction. This faction consisted of Nahdatul Ulama (NU), the Muslim Party of Indonesia (Parmusi), the Islamic Association Party of Indonesia (PSII) and the Islamic Education Movement (Perti).

With encouragement by the Government, officials from all four parties had meetings with each other and after finding some common ground, merged the four Islamic parties in Indonesia into the United Development Party on 5 January 1973. Despite this formal merging of the parties however, internal PPP politics under the Suharto government were dominated by the differing priorities of the original groups that formed the party.

Opposition to the New Order

The party's logo from 1973 to 1985
The party's logo from 1985 to 1998
The party's logo from 1998 to 2021 and 2023 to present

In the mid-1970s, popular support for Suharto's regime was rapidly waning. When Suharto had seized power with a bloody military coup in 1965 and ousted President Sukarno, the Islamic groups had supported Suharto and aided in persecuting his political opponents. But as the regime had become corrupt and even more authoritarian, this alliance began to crumble. In 1974, Zakaria bin Muhammad Amin was appointed as councillor and served until 1986.[11] As the 1977 legislative elections approached, many began to seek other options to vote for aside from the government-backed Golkar.

Worried that the PPP might win the elections, Suharto played on the fears of the people by having the military arrest a group of people who claimed to be associated with the Jihad Commando (Komando Jihad). With this some people became worried that to vote for the PPP and its Islamic leaning would mean expressing support the Jihad Commando and in a government growing increasingly authoritarian, many simply refused to be associated with the wrong side. Golkar would go on to win the legislative elections with 62% with the PPP coming second with 27% of the votes.

The PPP however, would not sit back and accept defeat. At the 1978 MPR General Session, PPP member Chalid Mawardi launched a scathing criticism of Suharto's regime. Mawardi accused the Government of being anti-Muslim, complained about the government's violent crackdown of dissent, and alleged that the 1977 Legislative Election was won because of electoral fraud.[12] PPP members also conducted a mass walkout when Suharto referred to religions as "streams of beliefs".

The PPP seemed to have cemented itself a status as the strongest opposition party. It would not last long however. In 1984, NU, under its Chairman, Abdurrahman Wahid withdrew from the PPP, severely weakening it. The PPP vote share fell from almost 28% in the 1982 legislative elections to 16% in the 1987 legislative elections, the PPP was also forced by the government to replace its ideology of Islam with the national ideology of Pancasila and to stop using Islamic symbols. As a result, the party replaced its logo showing the Kabah shrine in Mecca with a star.[13]

1988 MPR general session

At the 1988 MPR General Session, Jailani Naro, the PPP Chairman, was nominated as vice-president. Suharto, who had been elected to the presidency for a fifth term at the aforementioned General Session, intervened. He cited a decision that the MPR made in 1973 that one of the criteria for a vice-president was that he should be able to work with the president. Suharto also conducted discussions with Naro and convinced him to withdraw the nomination.

What Naro did was unprecedented as both Suharto and his vice presidents had always been elected unopposed. The problem this time was Suharto's choice for vice-president, Sudharmono. Suharto's choice had caused a rift between him and his most loyal ally ABRI. Many within ABRI did not like Sudharmono because he spent more time behind a desk (Sudharmono was a military attorney) then as a field officer. Seeing a gap to exploit, Naro nominated himself possibly with the private support of ABRI who in public, had shown support for Sudharmono.

The PPP in the Reform era

United Development Party rally in Jakarta, 24 April 1997
Party logo used briefly from 2021 to 2023

The PPP continued as the second biggest party out of the three allowed in the New Order. In May 1998, after Suharto's fall, the PPP returned to its Islamic ideology and prepared itself for the 1999 legislative elections, where it won 11% of the vote.

In the 1999 MPR General Session, the PPP was part of the Central Axis, a political coalition of Muslim parties which was formed by MPR Chairman, Amien Rais to counter the dominance of Megawati Sukarnoputri's Indonesian Democratic Party-Struggle (PDI-P). The PDI-P had won the legislative election and Megawati was expected to win the presidency. However, the MPR was still at this stage responsible for electing the president and vice-president and the Muslim parties in the Central Axis did not want a female president. Instead, they nominated and successfully secured the election of Abdurrahman Wahid as president. In the vice-presidential election, PPP Chairman Hamzah Haz ran against Megawati and was defeated.

The PPP was the first of Wahid's political allies to become disillusioned with him. The PPP's main problem with Wahid was his visit to Israel and the suggestion that he was willing to establish diplomatic relations with that nation. Hamzah who served in Wahid's Cabinet as Coordinating Minister for People's Welfare, immediately resigned from his position just a month after Wahid had appointed him to it. Many other Wahid allies would follow and in July 2001, the PPP would join in removing Wahid from the Presidency and naming Megawati as the president. Hamzah was then elected as vice-president after defeating Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and Akbar Tanjung in the vice presidential election.

2004 legislative elections

The PPP won 8.1% of the vote in the 2004 legislative elections, a decrease from its 10.7% share of the vote in 1999, but enough to retain its place as the third-best represented party in the legislature, behind the PDI-P and Golkar.

2004 presidential elections

The PPP originally did not have a presidential candidate in mind for the 2004 presidential elections. They had expected that Hamzah would be picked as Megawati's running mate and continue the Megawati/Hamzah President/Vice President partnership. Megawati however, chose NU Chairman Hasyim Muzadi as her running mate.

The PPP then continued to wait, still expecting that Hamzah Haz would be picked as a vice-presidential candidate. Finally, a day before the registration of presidential/vice-presidential candidates was closed, Hamzah moved forward and became the PPP's presidential candidate.[14] His running mate was Agum Gumelar, who served as Minister of Transportation in Megawati's Cabinet. Hamzah's presidential run was unsuccessful as he received only 3.1% of the vote and came fifth.

In August 2004, the PPP announced that it was forming a national coalition with the PDI-P, Golkar, the Reform Star Party (PBR) and the Prosperous Peace Party to back Megawati to win the presidential run-off against Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. Yudhoyono however would emerge victorious and the PPP would defect from the national coalition to Yudhoyono's camp. They were rewarded by being given cabinet places.

2007 party congress

The PPP held its 6th National Congress in Jakarta from 30 January to 3 February 2007. On the last day of the Congress, Suryadharma Ali emerged as the new PPP Chairman to replace Hamzah. Suryadharma served as Minister of Cooperatives and State and Medium Enterprises in President Yudhoyono's Cabinet. He announced that he would continue as minister while concurrently holding the position of PPP Chairman.

2009 legislative election

The party came sixth in the 2009 legislative election with 5.3 percent of the vote, winning 37 seats in the People's Representative Council.[15] Throughout the election, the party obtained votes from the elderly Muslim men throughout rural and urban area, inside and outside of Java.[16]

Party platform

The party's vision is to bring about a nation that is just, prosperous, moral and democratic and that upholds the law, respects human rights and that holds in high esteem the dignity of mankind and social justice based on the values of Islam. The party believes that religion (Islam) has an important role to play as a moral guidance and inspiration in the life of the nation. It is committed to improving the quality of democracy in Indonesia and respects freedom of expression, opinion and organization, the realization of good governance and the endeavor to preserve the unitary Republic of Indonesia based on Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. It supports the concept of a people-based economic system, economic justice, the creation of jobs, the eradication of poverty, state control of sectors of the economy that have a controlling influence on the lives of the majority, a major role for state-owned companies, and economic independence.[17]

Chairman

Election results

Legislative election results

Election Ballot number Total seats won Total votes Share of votes Outcome of election Party leader
1971 N/A
94 / 360
 14,833,942[note 1] 27.11%[18] Opposition Muhammad Syafaat Mintaredja
1977 1
99 / 360
 18,743,491 29.29%[19] Increase5 seats, Opposition Muhammad Syafaat Mintaredja
1982 1
94 / 360
 20,871,880 27.78%[19] Decrease5 seats, Opposition Jailani Naro
1987 1
61 / 400
 13,701,428 15.97%[19] Decrease33 seats, Opposition Jailani Naro
1992 1
62 / 400
 16,624,647 17.01%[19] Increase1 seat, Opposition Ismail Hasan Metareum
1997 1
89 / 400
 25,340,028 22.43%[19] Increase27 seats, Opposition Ismail Hasan Metareum
1999 9
58 / 500
 11,329,905 10.71%[19] Decrease31 seats, Governing coalition Hamzah Haz
2004 5
58 / 550
 9,248,764 8.15%[19] Steady, Governing coalition Hamzah Haz
2009 24
38 / 560
 5,544,332 5.32%[19] Decrease20 seats, Governing coalition Suryadharma Ali
2014 9
39 / 560
 8,157,488 6.53%[20] Increase1 seat, Opposition (until 2014)
Governing Coalition (after 2014)		 Suryadharma Ali
2019 10
19 / 575
 6,323,147 4.52%[21] Decrease20 seats, Governing Coalition Suharso Monoarfa
2024 17 Muhamad Mardiono
  1. ↑ Total vote for the NU, Perti, PSII and Parmusi, which were fused into the PPP in 1973

Presidential election results

Election Ballot number Pres. candidate Running mate 1st round
(Total votes)		 Share of votes Outcome 2nd round
(Total votes)		 Share of votes Outcome
2004 5 Hamzah Haz Agum Gumelar 3,569,861 3.01% Eliminated Red X Runoff[22]
2009 2 Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono Boediono 73,874,562 60.80% Elected Green tick
2014 1 Prabowo Subianto[23] Hatta Rajasa 62,576,444 46.85% Lost Red X
2019 01 Joko Widodo Ma'ruf Amin 85,607,362 55.50% Elected Green tick
2024 03 Ganjar Pranowo Mahfud MD

Note: Bold text indicates PPP member

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Info Pemilu - Partai Persatuan Pembangunan". Komisi Pemilihan Umum RI. 22 December 2022. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Al-Hamdi, Ridho. (2017). Moving towards a Normalised Path: Political Islam in Contemporary Indonesia. JURNAL STUDI PEMERINTAHAN (JOURNAL OF GOVERNMENT & POLITICS). Vol. 8 No. 1, February 2017. p.53, pp.56-57, p.62.
  3. ↑ "Indonesia's Political Parties".
  4. ↑ "Ketum PPP Beberkan Cara Agar RI Jadi Negara Maju di 2045, Apa Saja?".
  5. ↑ "Partai Persatuan Pembangunan - Parlemen Indonesia".
  6. ↑ "Mapping the Indonesian political spectrum". Newmandala. 24 April 2018. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
  7. ↑ Jono Hardjowirogo (2018). Noto of Java Iii The End of Day. Xlibris US. p. The descent of chaos. ISBN 9781984521460. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
  8. ↑ "REKAPITULASI HASIL PEMILU LEGISLATIF DPR RI 2019". KPU RI.
  9. 1 2 Al-Hamdi, Ridho. (2013). Partai politik Islam: Teori dan praktik di Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu.
  10. 1 2 Zachary Abuza (2007): Political Islam and Violence in Indonesia, Routledge, p. 21
  11. ↑ Saputra, Amrizal, Wira Sugiarto, Suyendri, Zulfan Ikhram, Khairil Anwar, M. Karya Mukhsin, Risman Hambali, Khoiri, Marzuli Ridwan Al-bantany, Zuriat Abdillah, Dede Satriani, Wan M. Fariq, Suwarto, Adi Sutrisno, Ahmad Fadhli (2020-10-15). PROFIL ULAMA KARISMATIK DI KABUPATEN BENGKALIS: MENELADANI SOSOK DAN PERJUANGAN (in Indonesian). CV. DOTPLUS Publisher. p. 150. ISBN 978-623-94659-3-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ↑ Elson, Robert (2001). Suharto: A Political Biography. UK: The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. p. 225. ISBN 0-521-77326-1.
  13. ↑ Schwarz, Adam (1994). A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s. Allen & Unwin. p. 172. ISBN 0-521-77326-1.
  14. ↑ "Semangat Agum, Keraguan Hamzah (Agum's Enthusiasm, Hamzah's Doubts)". Tempo (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 5 March 2016.
  15. ↑ "KPU Ubah Perolehan Kursi Parpol di DPR (KPU Changes Allocations of Parties' seats in the DPR)". Indonesian General Election Commission (in Indonesian). 14 May 2009. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014.
  16. ↑ Hwang, Julie Chernov. (2014). “Patterns of normalization: Islamist parties in Indonesia”, in Quinn Mecham and Julie Chernov Hwang (Eds.), Islamist parties and political normalization in the Muslim world. Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Press. p.68.
  17. ↑ "Visi dan Misi PPP (Vision & Mission PPP)". PPP official (in Indonesian).
  18. ↑ Liddle, R. William (1978), "The 1977 Indonesian and New Order Legitimacy", Southeast Asian Affairs, ISEAS - Yusof Ishak Institute, 1978: 130
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Bab V - Hasil Pemilu - KPU" (PDF) (in Indonesian). Komisi Pemilihan Umum Republik Indonesia. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
  20. ↑ "KPU sahkan hasil pemilu, PDIP nomor satu" (in Indonesian). BBC. 10 May 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
  21. ↑ Zunita Putri (21 May 2019). "KPU Tetapkan Hasil Pileg 2019: PDIP Juara, Disusul Gerindra-Golkar". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 31 May 2019.
  22. ↑ "Koalisi Parpol Pendukung Mega-Hasyim Dideklarasikan". Liputan6.com (in Indonesian). 19 August 2004. Retrieved 4 August 2018.
  23. ↑ Wardah, Fathiyah (19 May 2014). "6 Parpol Dukung Pasangan Prabowo-Hatta dalam Pilpres". Voice of America Indonesia (in Indonesian). Retrieved 1 August 2018.
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