Paulina

Paulina
Paulina
	Paulina Major from Guillaume Rouillé's Promptuarii Iconum Insigniorum
Issue	Hadrian
Father	Asceplus I
Religion	Roman Religion

Paulina or Paullina (English: /pɔːˈlaɪnə/, Latin pronunciation: [pau̯ˈliːna]) is a common female given name Latin. In Greek it means: Paulina was a name shared by three relatives of the Roman Emperor Hadrian: his mother, his elder sister and his niece.

Mother of Hadrian

Domitia Paulina or Paullina, Domitia Paulina Major or Paulina Major, (Major Latin for the elder), also known as Paulina the Elder (?-85/86). Paulina was a Roman woman born in Spain who lived in the 1st century. She was a daughter of a distinguished senatorial family. Paulina originally came from Gades (modern Cádiz, Spain). Gades was one of the wealthiest Roman cities. Little is known of the life of Paulina. She may have been related to Domitia Lucilla the grandmother of Marcus Aurelius. G. Di Vita-Evard speculated that they might have been half-sisters.^[1]

Paulina married Publius Aelius Hadrianus Afer, a Roman praetor, also born in Hispania (in the town of Italica), and paternal cousin of Roman Emperor Trajan. Paulina and Afer had two children, a daughter Aelia Domitia Paulina (75-130) and a son emperor Publius Aelius Hadrianus (76-138). Around 85/86 Paulina died of unknown causes, before her husband. After the death of her husband, her children were raised by Trajan and the Roman officer Publius Acilius Attianus.

Sister of Hadrian

Aelia Domitia Paulina or Paullina or Domitia Paulina Minor (Minor Latin for the younger) also known as Paulina the Younger (early 75–130). The younger Paulina was the eldest child and only daughter to Domitia Paulina and praetor Publius Aelius Hadrianus Afer. She was Hadrian's eldest sister and only sibling. She was born in Spain, probably born and raised in Italica (a city near modern Seville, Spain) in the Roman province of Hispania Baetica.

When her parents died around 86, she and her brother were raised by her father's paternal cousin, the Roman Emperor Trajan, and Roman officer Publius Acilius Attianus. Before the accession of Trajan to the throne in 98, Trajan had arranged for her to marry the Spanish Roman politician Lucius Julius Ursus Servianus. During Trajan's reign 98–117, Paulina and Servianus had a daughter called Julia Serviana Paulina.

Before Trajan's death in 117, Paulina and Servianus had arranged for their daughter Julia to marry the Spanish Roman Gnaeus Pedanius Fuscus Salinator, who was a man of consular rank. Julia and Salinator, in 118, had a son, a younger Gnaeus Pedanius Fuscus Salinator. When Paulina died, Servianus and Hadrian had a private ceremony for her. Hadrian was ridiculed for not granting her a full state funeral and apotheosis until pressured to do so by the senate, but granting his companion Antinous a sumptuous funeral with full divine honours.

Niece of Hadrian

Julia Serviana Paulina or Paullina also known as Julia Paulina was the daughter and only child to Spanish Roman politician Lucius Julius Ursus Servianus and Aelia Domitia Paulina. Her maternal uncle was Roman Emperor Hadrian and maternal aunt-in-marriage was Roman Empress Vibia Sabina. She was born at an unknown date during the reign of her third cousin emperor Trajan, who reigned 98–117. Her birthplace is unknown. Before Trajan's death in 117, her parents arranged for her to marry the Roman senator Gnaeus Pedanius Fuscus Salinator, ordinary consul in 118. Roman senator Pliny the Younger sent a letter of congratulations to her parents regarding her wedding (Epistulae, VI.26).

Her husband was originally from Barcelona, Spain (this was the Roman province of Hispania Tarraconensis). Salinator had the same name as his father and his father was a former consul. In 118, during Salinator's consulship, Julia and Salinator had a son, the younger Lucius Pedanius Fuscus Salinator. The elder Salinator and Julia seem to have died before 136.

Julia's father had always cherished the idea that her youthful son would one day succeed Hadrian. The aging Emperor considered Julia's son as his heir. Hadrian promoted the young Salinator, gave him special status in his court and also groomed him for his succession.

However, in 136, Hadrian changed his mind and decided to adopt Lucius Aelius Caesar as his heir. Julia's father and son were angry with Hadrian and wanted to challenge him about the adoption. To avoid any conflict, Hadrian ordered the deaths of Julia's father and son.

Nerva–Antonine family tree

Q. Marcius Barea Soranus

Q. Marcius Barea Sura

Antonia Furnilla

M. Cocceius Nerva

Sergia Plautilla

P. Aelius Hadrianus

Titus
(r. 79–81)

Marcia Furnilla

Marcia

Trajanus Pater

Nerva
(r. 96–98)

Ulpia^{[lower-roman 1]}

Aelius Hadrianus Marullinus

Flavia^{[lower-roman 2]}

Marciana^{[lower-roman 3]}

C. Salonius Matidius^{[lower-roman 4]}

Trajan
(r. 98–117)

Plotina

P. Acilius Attianus

P. Aelius Afer^{[lower-roman 5]}

Paulina Major^{[lower-roman 6]}

Lucius Mindius (2)

Libo Rupilius Frugi (3)

Salonia Matidia^{[lower-roman 7]}

L. Vibius Sabinus (1)^{[lower-roman 8]}

Paulina Minor^{[lower-roman 6]}

L. Julius Ursus Servianus^{[lower-roman 9]}

Matidia Minor^{[lower-roman 7]}

Suetonius?^{[lower-roman 10]}

Sabina^{[lower-roman 3]}

Hadrian^{[lower-roman 5]}^{[lower-roman 11]}^{[lower-roman 6]} (r. 117–138)

Antinous^{[lower-roman 12]}

Julia Balbilla?^{[lower-roman 13]}

C. Fuscus Salinator I

Julia Serviana Paulina

M. Annius Verus^{[lower-roman 14]}

Rupilia Faustina^{[lower-roman 15]}^{[lower-roman 16]}

Boionia Procilla

Cn. Arrius Antoninus

L. Ceionius Commodus

Appia Severa

C. Fuscus Salinator II

L. Caesennius Paetus

Arria Antonina

Arria Fadilla^{[lower-roman 17]}

T. Aurelius Fulvus

L. Caesennius Antoninus

L. Commodus

Plautia

unknown^{[lower-roman 18]}

C. Avidius Nigrinus

M. Annius Verus^{[lower-roman 15]}

Calvisia Domitia Lucilla^{[lower-roman 19]}

Fundania^{[lower-roman 20]}

M. Annius Libo^{[lower-roman 15]}

Faustina^{[lower-roman 17]}

Antoninus Pius
(r. 138–161)^{[lower-roman 17]}

L. Aelius Caesar^{[lower-roman 18]}

Avidia^{[lower-roman 18]}

Cornificia^{[lower-roman 15]}

Marcus Aurelius
(r. 161–180)^{[lower-roman 21]}

Faustina Minor^{[lower-roman 21]}

C. Avidius Cassius^{[lower-roman 22]}

Aurelia Fadilla^{[lower-roman 17]}

Lucius Verus
(r. 161–169)^{[lower-roman 18]} (1)

Ceionia Fabia^{[lower-roman 18]}

Plautius Quintillus^{[lower-roman 23]}

Q. Servilius Pudens

Ceionia Plautia^{[lower-roman 18]}

Cornificia Minor^{[lower-roman 24]}

M. Petronius Sura

Commodus
(r. 177–192)^{[lower-roman 21]}

Fadilla^{[lower-roman 24]}

M. Annius Verus Caesar^{[lower-roman 21]}

Ti. Claudius Pompeianus (2)

Lucilla^{[lower-roman 21]}

M. Plautius Quintillus^{[lower-roman 18]}

Junius Licinius Balbus

Servilia Ceionia

Petronius Antoninus

L. Aurelius Agaclytus (2)

Aurelia Sabina^{[lower-roman 24]}

L. Antistius Burrus (1)

Plautius Quintillus

Plautia Servilla

C. Furius Sabinus Timesitheus

Antonia Gordiana

Junius Licinius Balbus?

Furia Sabina Tranquillina

Gordian III
(r. 238–244)

(1) = 1st spouse
(2) = 2nd spouse
(3) = 3rd spouse
  Reddish-purple indicates emperor of the Nerva–Antonine dynasty
  lighter purple indicates designated imperial heir of said dynasty who never reigned
  grey indicates unsuccessful imperial aspirants
  bluish-purple indicates emperors of other dynasties
dashed lines indicate adoption; dotted lines indicate love affairs/unmarried relationships
Small Caps = posthumously deified (Augusti, Augustae, or other)

Notes:

Except where otherwise noted, the notes below indicate that an individual's parentage is as shown in the above family tree.

↑ Sister of Trajan's father: Giacosa (1977), p. 7.
↑ Giacosa (1977), p. 8.
1 2 Levick (2014), p. 161.
↑ Husband of Ulpia Marciana: Levick (2014), p. 161.
1 2 Giacosa (1977), p. 7.
1 2 3 DIR contributor (Herbert W. Benario, 2000), "Hadrian".
1 2 Giacosa (1977), p. 9.
↑ Husband of Salonia Matidia: Levick (2014), p. 161.
↑ Smith (1870), "Julius Servianus".
↑ Suetonius a possible lover of Sabina: One interpretation of HA Hadrianus 11:3
↑ Smith (1870), "Hadrian", pp. 319–322.
↑ Lover of Hadrian: Lambert (1984), p. 99 and passim; deification: Lamber (1984), pp. 2–5, etc.
↑ Julia Balbilla a possible lover of Sabina: A. R. Birley (1997), Hadrian, the Restless Emperor, p. 251, cited in Levick (2014), p. 30, who is sceptical of this suggestion.
↑ Husband of Rupilia Faustina: Levick (2014), p. 163.
1 2 3 4 Levick (2014), p. 163.
↑ It is uncertain whether Rupilia Faustina was Frugi's daughter by Salonia Matidia or another woman.
1 2 3 4 Levick (2014), p. 162.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Levick (2014), p. 164.
↑ Wife of M. Annius Verus: Giacosa (1977), p. 10.
↑ Wife of M. Annius Libo: Levick (2014), p. 163.
1 2 3 4 5 Giacosa (1977), p. 10.
↑ The epitomator of Cassius Dio (72.22) gives the story that Faustina the Elder promised to marry Avidius Cassius. This is also echoed in HA "Marcus Aurelius" 24.
↑ Husband of Ceionia Fabia: Levick (2014), p. 164.
1 2 3 Levick (2014), p. 117.

References:

DIR contributors (2000). "De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and Their Families". Retrieved 2015-04-14.
Giacosa, Giorgio (1977). Women of the Caesars: Their Lives and Portraits on Coins. Translated by R. Ross Holloway. Milan: Edizioni Arte e Moneta. ISBN 0-8390-0193-2.
Lambert, Royston (1984). Beloved and God: The Story of Hadrian and Antinous. New York: Viking. ISBN 0-670-15708-2.
Levick, Barbara (2014). Faustina I and II: Imperial Women of the Golden Age. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-537941-9.
Smith, William, ed. (1870). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology.

References

↑ van Ackeren, Marcel (2012). A Companion to Marcus Aurelius. Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World. John Wiley & Sons. p. 152. ISBN 9781118219843.

Sources

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[2] Sister of Trajan's father: Giacosa (1977), p. 7.

[giac8-3] Giacosa (1977), p. 8.

[lev161-4] 1 2 Levick (2014), p. 161.

[5] Husband of Ulpia Marciana: Levick (2014), p. 161.

[giac7-6] 1 2 Giacosa (1977), p. 7.

[DIR_hadrian-7] 1 2 3 DIR contributor (Herbert W. Benario, 2000), "Hadrian".

[giac9-8] 1 2 Giacosa (1977), p. 9.

[9] Husband of Salonia Matidia: Levick (2014), p. 161.

[Smith_Servianus-10] Smith (1870), "Julius Servianus".

[11] Suetonius a possible lover of Sabina: One interpretation of HA Hadrianus 11:3

[Smith_1870a_p._319-12] Smith (1870), "Hadrian", pp. 319–322.

[13] Lover of Hadrian: Lambert (1984), p. 99 and passim; deification: Lamber (1984), pp. 2–5, etc.

[14] Julia Balbilla a possible lover of Sabina: A. R. Birley (1997), Hadrian, the Restless Emperor, p. 251, cited in Levick (2014), p. 30, who is sceptical of this suggestion.

[15] Husband of Rupilia Faustina: Levick (2014), p. 163.

[lev163-16] 1 2 3 4 Levick (2014), p. 163.

[17] It is uncertain whether Rupilia Faustina was Frugi's daughter by Salonia Matidia or another woman.

[lev162-18] 1 2 3 4 Levick (2014), p. 162.

[lev164-19] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Levick (2014), p. 164.

[20] Wife of M. Annius Verus: Giacosa (1977), p. 10.

[21] Wife of M. Annius Libo: Levick (2014), p. 163.

[giac10-22] 1 2 3 4 5 Giacosa (1977), p. 10.

[23] The epitomator of Cassius Dio (72.22) gives the story that Faustina the Elder promised to marry Avidius Cassius. This is also echoed in HA "Marcus Aurelius" 24.

[24] Husband of Ceionia Fabia: Levick (2014), p. 164.

[lev117-25] 1 2 3 Levick (2014), p. 117.

[1] van Ackeren, Marcel (2012). A Companion to Marcus Aurelius. Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World. John Wiley & Sons. p. 152. ISBN 9781118219843.

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