Pelorus Jack
Pelorus Jack in 1909
SpeciesRisso's dolphin
Years active1888–1912
Known forEscorting ships near French Pass
AppearanceWhite colour with grey lines or shadings; round, white head
Cook Strait is located in New Zealand
Cook Strait
Cook Strait
Location of Cook Strait

Pelorus Jack (fl. 1888 – April 1912; pronounced /pəˈlɔːrəs/)[1] was a Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus) that was famous for meeting and escorting ships through a stretch of water in Cook Strait, New Zealand. The animal was reported over a 24 year period, from 1888 until his disappearance after 1912. Pelorus Jack was usually spotted in Admiralty Bay between Cape Francis and Collinet Point, near French Pass, a notoriously dangerous channel used by ships travelling between Wellington and Nelson.[2][3]

While it is claimed in the British book Breverton's nautical curiosities : a book of the sea that he was named after the pelorus, a marine navigational instrument,[4] Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand explains that, based on local knowledge, the name came from Pelorus Sound / Te Hoiere because it was at the entrance to that stretch of water where he would regularly meet ships to accompany them.[5]

Pelorus Jack was shot at from a passing ship, and was later protected by a 1904 New Zealand law.[6]

Appearance

Pelorus Jack was approximately 4 metres (13 ft) long and was of a white color with grey lines or shadings, and a round, white head.[7] Although its sex was never determined, it was identified from photographs as a Risso's dolphin, Grampus griseus. This is an uncommon species in New Zealand waters, and only 12 Risso's dolphins have been reported in that area.[8][9]

Pelorus Jack. Photographed by A. Pitt.

History

Pelorus Jack guided the ships by swimming alongside a water craft for 20 minutes at a time. If the crew could not see Jack at first, they often waited for him to appear.

Despite his name, he did not live in nearby Pelorus Sound / Te Hoiere; instead, he would often guide ships through dangerous passages of French Pass. However, some local residents familiar with his habits claim that he never went through French Pass itself but stayed near the Chetwode Islands.[10][11]

Pelorus Jack was first seen around 1888 when he appeared in front of the schooner Brindle when the ship approached French Pass, a channel located between D'Urville Island and the South Island. When the members of the crew saw the dolphin bobbing up and down in front of the ship, they wanted to kill him, but the captain's wife talked them out of it. To their amazement, the dolphin then proceeded to guide the ship through the narrow channel. And for years thereafter, he safely guided almost every ship that came by. With rocks and strong currents, the area is dangerous to ships, but no shipwrecks occurred when Jack was present.[12]

Many sailors and travellers saw Pelorus Jack, and he was mentioned in local newspapers and depicted in postcards.

Jack was last seen in April 1912. There were various rumours connected to his disappearance, including fears that foreign whalers might have harpooned him. However, research suggests that Pelorus Jack was an old animal; his head was white and his body pale, both indications of age, so it is likely that he died of natural causes.[8]

Since 1989, Pelorus Jack has been used as a symbol for the Interislander, a ferry service across the Cook Strait, and is incorporated into the livery of the ships in the fleet.[13]

Shooting incident

In 1904, someone aboard the SS Penguin tried to shoot Pelorus Jack with a rifle. Despite the attempt on his life, Pelorus Jack continued to help ships. According to folklore, however, he no longer helped the Penguin, which shipwrecked in Cook Strait in 1909.[6][14][15]

Protection

Following the shooting incident, a law was proposed to protect Pelorus Jack. He became protected by Order in Council under the Sea Fisheries Act on 26 September 1904. Pelorus Jack remained protected by that law until his disappearance in 1912.[6][9][16] It is believed that he was the first individual sea creature protected by law in any country.[10][11]

Cultural references

In 1945, when Bob Lowry founded his new press, Pelorus Press, in Auckland, his printer's device was a dolphin, referencing 16th century Venetian printer Aldus Manutius, and he named the press after Pelorus Jack. "It was a happy thought to maintain the old dolphin tradition. What more inevitable then ... than Pelorus Jack of the Sounds?"[17]

Kipa Hemi Whiro, a kaumātua of Ngāti Kuia is reported in 1913 as being "very positive in his belief" that Pelorus Jack was "the self-same fish of ancient days", Kaikai-a-waro, a sea-god or taniwha who had guided his ancestor Matua-hautere across Cook Strait from the North Island to settle in the South Island many generations earlier.[9]

"Pelorus Jack" is a Scottish country dance,[18] named in honour of the dolphin. This dance features a set of alternating tandem half-reels (or heys) where two people act as one but swap who leads at the reel ends. It is also known as a Dolphin Reel.[19]

Arthur Ransome mentions Pelorus Jack as accompanying ships and receiving protection in his 1932 novel Peter Duck. However, the character of Peter Duck incorrectly locates the dolphin as living in Sydney Harbour.[20] Singer/songwriter Andrea Prodan tells the tale of the dolphin in the song "Pelorus Jack" on his 1996 all-vocal record Viva Voce.

Two bulldogs, named Pelorus Jack I (1913–1916) and Pelorus Jack II (1916–1919), served as mascots of HMS New Zealand, the battlecruiser that the New Zealand government paid to have built for the Royal Navy.[21]

The Cornish poet, broadcaster and teacher Charles Causley (1917–2003) retells the story of Pelorus Jack in a 44-line, traditionally crafted poem titled "Pelorus Jack" in his Collected Poems 1951–2000.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Wells, John C. (2000). "pelorus". Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (2nd ed.). Longman. ISBN 0-582-36467-1.
  2. ↑ Casey, Susan (9 September 2015). "Why do dolphins seek out encounters with humans?". The Independent. Archived from the original on 17 June 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  3. ↑ Lawson, Will (September 1924). "Pelorus Jack: A Complete History of the Wonderful Pilot Fish of New Zealand". Pacific Marine Review: The National Magazine of Shipping. San Francisco: J. S. Hines: 459, 466. Archived from the original on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 3 December 2021.
  4. ↑ Breverton, Terry (20 September 2012). Breverton's nautical curiosities : a book of the sea. London: Quercus. ISBN 978-1-84916-626-3. OCLC 909290007. Archived from the original on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
  5. ↑ Hutching, Gerard (1 September 2015). "The story of Pelorus Jack". Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 14 June 2020. Retrieved 14 June 2020. ... Pelorus Jack ....was so named because he would meet boats near the entrance to Pelorus Sound, in the Marlborough Sounds. ...'
  6. 1 2 3 Monaco, Annalisa Lo (18 August 2020). "Pelorus Jack: lo straordinario Delfino "pilota" della Nuova Zelanda". Vanilla Magazine (in Italian). Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  7. ↑ "The Legend of Pelorus Jack". pelorus-jack.com. Archived from the original on 21 January 2008. Retrieved 17 August 2011.
  8. 1 2 Parkinson, Brian. "Unique Wildlife of New Zealand – Pelorus". Ecotours New Zealand. Archived from the original on 9 October 2006. Retrieved 29 December 2006.
  9. 1 2 3 Maori, A. G. (June 1913). "Pelorus Jack". The Mid-Pacific Magazine. Honolulu: A. H. Ford. 5 (6): 565–569.
  10. 1 2 Alpers, A.F.G. (1966). "Pelorus Jack". An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 24 July 2008. Retrieved 29 December 2006.
  11. 1 2 Sadler, F. W. (1952). "Pelorus Jack". The Nautical Magazine. Vol. 167–168. University of Michigan: Brown, Son and Ferguson. Archived from the original on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 3 December 2021.
  12. ↑ Robbins, John (2011) Diet for a New America Archived 11 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine H J Kramer, ISBN 9781932073416.
  13. ↑ New Zealand's Cook Strait Rail Ferries Archived 27 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine, New Zealand Maritime Record
  14. ↑ Pelorus Jack fact sheet Archived 21 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine at the Museum of Wellington
  15. ↑ "Wild Dolphins page 3". www.southwest.com.au. Archived from the original on 28 April 2006. Retrieved 28 April 2006.
  16. ↑ Atkinson, Tania (22 December 1994). Pelorus Jack: The Story of New Zealand's Famous Dolphin. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-1-86950-165-5. Archived from the original on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  17. ↑ Hughes, Peter (2000). "Eleven: Bob Lowry and the Pelorus Press (1945–53)". A Book in the Hand: Essays on the History of the Book in New Zealand. Auckland University Press. p. 170. ISBN 1-86940-231-6. Archived from the original on 10 November 2020. Retrieved 12 December 2020. Referencing an advertisement for Pelorus Press on the broadside (1949-57) "Here & Now".
  18. ↑ "Pelorus Jack". Scottish Country Dancing Dictionary. Archived from the original on 14 June 2018. Retrieved 14 June 2018. (dance instructions)
  19. ↑ Thompson, David Millstone and Allison. "The Dolphin Hey: The Evolution and Transmission of a Dance Figure". Country Dance & Song Society. Archived from the original on 30 May 2019. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
  20. ↑ Ransome, Arthur (1987). Peter Duck : a treasure hunt in the Caribbees (2006 ed.). Godine. p. 200. ISBN 0-87923-660-4.
  21. ↑ "Pelorus Jack, the mascot | NZHistory, New Zealand history online". nzhistory.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 11 June 2020.

Further references

  • Ross E Hutchins and Jerome P Connolly – The saga of Pelorus Jack (1971)
  • Edmund Lindop and Jane Carlson – Pelorus Jack (1964)
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