Penstemon secundiflorus
Penstemon secundiflorus

Apparently Secure  (NatureServe)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Plantaginaceae
Genus: Penstemon
Species:
P. secundiflorus
Binomial name
Penstemon secundiflorus
Varieties[1]
  • Penstemon secundiflorus var. secundiflorus
  • Penstemon secundiflorus var. versicolor (Pennell) C.C.Freeman
Synonyms[1]
  • Penstemon secundiflorus var. caudatus A.Nelson
  • Penstemon secundiflorus subsp. lavendulus Pennell ex Nutt.
  • Penstemon unilateralis Rydb.

Penstemon secundiflorus, commonly known as sidebells penstemon,[2] or orchid beardtoungue[3] is a species of Penstemon that grows in dry forests, high plains, and scrub lands[4] from Wyoming to Mexico.[1] It is a herbaceous perennial plant that typically grows to a height of 20 to 50 cm and has narrow, lance-shaped leaves that are grayish-green in color.[5] The flowers of the sidebells penstemon are tubular in shape and are arranged in a one-sided spike, with the blooms all facing the same direction, and for this reason was named "secundiflorus", which means "one-sided flowers".[6] The flowers are most often delicate shades of orchid or lavender. It is sometimes used in xeriscaping, rock gardens, and wildflower meadows, and is well-suited to dry, sunny locations with well-drained soil.[7]

Description

Penstemon secundiflorus is a long lived[8] mostly herbaceous plant. It usually dies back fully each year, but may retain some leaves over the winter or have a slightly woody above ground stem, called a caudex, that it will re-sprout from in the spring.[5]

The basal leaves vary in shape from lanceolate to spatulate. They are usually 20–80 mm long and 2–25 mm wide, though occasionally they will be as long as 102 mm.[5] The leaves are entirely smooth, free of hairs, and somewhat gray-green in color from the natural waxes that protect the plant from drying out (glaucous).[2] The tips of the leaves are usually rounded point varying from being slightly more or less than a right angle (obtuse to acute), but occasionally will have a sharp point that stands out from the tip (mucronate). The leaf edges are smooth, without any teeth or lobes.[5] The leaves on the flowering stem are arranged in pairs with the lower leaves being very similar to the basal leaves in size, color, and shape, though more lanceolate to egg-shaped.[2] The base of the leaves is tapered and do not have a stalk attaching them to the stem or base of the plant.[5] There will be 4–6 pairs of leaves at the bottom of the flowering stalk with the base of each leaf clasping the stem to having a slight projection of the leaf to each side of the stem (cordate-clasping).

Flowers

Penstemon secundiflorus, Black Canyon of the Gunnison, identified as Penstemon unilateralis by photographer

Penstemon secundiflorus most often blooms from late May to late June. The smooth flowering stems are between 15 and 50 cm in height and usually stand straight upright, but occasionally with a curve at the base.[4] Plants can have multiple flowering stems or just one.[9] The flowering stem is a thyrse with the flowers closely packed on one side with the length covered by flowers being 6–24 cm, occasionally as much as 31 cm.[5] It may have as few as 2 groups of flowers or as many as 12, but usually has between 3 and 10. Within each group there will be two to seven flowers.[5] The bracts near the flowers resemble the leaves, but are ovate 9–70 mm in length and 2–26 mm in width. Each flower is supported by an individual short stem (a peduncle or pedicels) with a smooth texture, like the rest of the stems and leaves.

The flowers have five ovate lobes, two above and three below and a fused funnel shaped flower.[10] The petals and tube of the flower are pastel shades of violet or lavender, sometimes more blue, and rarely pink. The outside of the flower is smooth like the rest of the plant, but the inside of flower will sometimes have sparse to dense fine, short, white hairs. As a whole the flower will be 15–25 mm long and a tube width of 8–11 mm and an internal diameter of 4–7 mm.[5] The stamens are most often kept within the tube of the flower, but the longer pair my reach the mouth of the flower tube. The pollen sacs on the stamens are 1–1.4 mm in size with a raised area around the opening slit. The staminode, or fuzzy tongue, of the flower is 10–13 mm long and may reach the opening of the flower. It has an abruptly recurved tip, divided into two branches, and the dense hairs covering its end are golden yellow and 2 mm long.[5]

The seed capsules are typical of penstemon, four lobed capsules shaped like a teardrop 9–15 mm in length and 7–9 mm in width.[5]

Taxonomy

Penstemon secundiflorus, on the left from Rocky mountain flowers, 1914

The type specimen of Penstemon secundiflorus was collected by the Fremont expedition in 1842. The type specimen, held in the New York Botanical Garden Herbarium as of 2023, contains very little information about exactly where the specimen was collected during the journey through Nebraska, Colorado, and Wyoming.[4]

It was first described in Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis volume 10 in 1846 by George Bentham as Pentstemon secundiflorus using the mistaken Linnaean correction of John Mitchell's Penstemon and botanical Latin "secund" one-sided and "florus" flower.[11][1]

In 1906 Per Axel Rydberg described a new species, Penstemon unilateralis, in the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club from a collection by Asa Gray in 1878.[12] This was supported by Francis Pennell in his 1920 publication "Scrophulariaceae of the central Rocky Mountain States". Sometime before publication he also examined the type specimen of P. secundiflorus and he agreed with Bentham's identification.[12][13]

Pennell also described a dwarf variant of the species he found in South Park, Colorado as Penstemon secundiflorus var lavendulus.[12] However, it is no longer generally accepted as a subspecies despite the distinctive narrower leaves and noticeable red-violet corollas.[7]

The USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS database (PLANTS) still recognizes Penstemon unilateralis, onesided penstemon, as a separate and distinct species.[14] However, the general appearance is almost identical to Penstemon secundiflorus and can only be visually distinguished by the lack of hairs on the staminode and narrower more green colored leaves.[10] Most authorities, including World Flora Online (WFO),[15] Plants of the World Online (POWO),[16] and Flora of North America[17] do not recognize it as a valid species.

The chromosome number for Penstemon secundiflorus is 16 in diploid individuals.[8]

Varieties

There are two subspeices of Penstemon secundiflorus that are accepted by POWO, WFO,[18] and FNA as of 2023:

  • Penstemon secundiflorus var. secundiflorus
  • Penstemon secundiflorus var. versicolor (Pennell) C.C.Freeman

Initially Pennell described Penstemon secundiflorus var. versicolor as a full species, Penstemon versicolor in "Scrophulariaceae of the central Rocky Mountain States".[12][19] However, Craig C. Freeman of the University of Kansas published it as a subspecies when reviewing Penstemon species for Flora of North America North of Mexico and this classification is used by all authorities except for PLANTS.[20][21]

The most distinguishing feature of Penstemon secundiflorus var. versicolor is the way an abrupt, mucronate, tip stand out from the end of the leaf. The plants are also on the shorter end of the autonymic subspecies size range, only 20–35 cm tall. They are generally restricted to limestone outcrops and are only reported in two to four counties in south-east Colorado.[22][21]

Habitat and distribution

Penstemon secundiflorus is commonly found growing in rocky, gravelly, and sandy loam soils. Most often they are decomposed granite soils, but occasionally on soils from limestone or sandstone. They mainly grow in scrubby and open forests like Pinon-Juniper-Oak woodlands, Juniper savanna, or open Ponderosa-oak woodlands. They also commonly grow in sagebrush grasslands at higher elevations and openings in montane forests. Populations extend outwards onto the plains in some areas of mixed-grass prairie.[4] P. secundiflorus tend to be scattered through its habitat, with two or three plants in each location, rather than forming continuous stands or dense colonies.[23]

Penstemon secundiflorus is distributed across three US states and two Mexican states. Most of the population is found east of the continental divide in the Rocky Mountains of Wyoming and Colorado, but it is also reported in several western counties of Colorado.[2] In New Mexico populations are found both east and west of the mountains in northern parts of the state.[24][14] The locations of populations in Mexico are not precisely recorded, but POWO reports it grows in the states of Sonora and Chihuahua.[1]

Ecology

Penstemon secundiflorus, thyrse and upper leaves

Penstemon secundifloris has some adaption to disturbance and wildfire. Experiments with seeds show a 1.9 times greater rate of germination when exposed to smoke.[25]

As would be expected from the relatively large and brightly colored flowers, Penstemon secundiflorus has many nectar feeding visitors. Two species of butterfly are known to visit them, Speyeria atlantis and Parnassius smintheus, though swallowtails are known to visit them. Most of the visitors to P. secundiflorus are bees such as Andrena medionitens, Anthophora terminalis, Anthophora ursina, Bombus bifarius, Bombus melanopygus, Bombus centralis, Bombus occidentalis, Osmia bruneri, Osmia pentstemonis, Hylaeus basalis, Lasioglossum sisymbri, and Lasioglossum trizonatum.[26][23] The specialist bee Osmia brevis, which is an oligolege that only visits Penstemon flowers, has been observed visiting P. secundiflorus by Frank and Carol Crosswhite.[27] In one field observation bees of the genus Lasioglossum were the most frequent visitors to the flower, but the exact species was undetermined in that study. One false bee, Syrphus opinator, is also known to visit them. The broad-tailed hummingbird, Selasphorus platycercus, also visit P. secundifloris.[26][23]

As part of its chemical defenses Penstemon secundiflorus contains the iridoid glycoside 10-hydroxy-(5αH)-6-epidihydrocornin.[28]

Cultivation

Sidebells penstemon have a reputation of being easy to grow and possessing showy flowers.[29][30] They are also valued for the many bees and swallowtail butterflies they will attract to a garden.[31] In gardens they form long lived many-stemmed clumps.[32] Their seeds germinate easily after six weeks of cold and moist stratification.[29] Though the National Gardening Association also recommends light to stimulate germination.[33]

The sidebells penstemon require a full sun exposure and well draining soils, rocky or gravelly soils are recommended by Colorado State Extension.[32] A neutral to moderately alkaline soil type, 6.6 to 8.5 pH, is listed as optimal.[34] They are not suitable for use in containers and are suggested for use in rock gardens, xeric plantings, and other naturalistic garden types.[33]

In cultivation sidebells penstemon are grown in USDA hardiness zones 4a to 10b.[35][34]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 POWO (2023). "Penstemon secundiflorus Benth". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Ackerfield, Jennifer (2015). Flora of Colorado (First ed.). Fort Worth, Texas: Botanical Research Institute of Texas Press. p. 595. ISBN 9781889878454.
  3. ↑ Cretti, John (2015). Rocky Mountain Getting Started Garden Guide. Quayside Publishing. p. 141. ISBN 978-1-62-788689-5.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Barnett, Don (2022). Penstemon of southeastern Colorado (1st ed.). Pueblo, CO.: Ethical Dessert. pp. 184–189. ISBN 9780578373973.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Freeman, Craig C. "Penstemon secundiflorus Bentham - FNA". Flora of North America. Retrieved 23 February 2023.
  6. ↑ Way, David (1998). The gardener's guide to growing penstemons. Newton Abbot (England): David & Charles. p. 82. ISBN 0-88192-424-5.
  7. 1 2 Nold, Robert (1999). Penstemons (1st ed.). Portland, Or.: Timber Press. p. 180. ISBN 0881924296.
  8. 1 2 "Penstemon secundiflorus". Wolfe Lab. Ohio State University. Retrieved 27 February 2023.
  9. ↑ Denver Botanic Gardens (2018). Wildflowers of the Rocky Mountain region. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. p. 178. ISBN 978-1-60469-644-8.
  10. 1 2 Robertson, Leigh; Kassar, Christine (2015). Southern Rocky Mountain Wildflowers. Falcon Guides. p. 76. ISBN 978-0762784783.
  11. ↑ Candolle, Augustin Pyramus de; Candolle, Alphonse de (1846). Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis, sive, Enumeratio contracta ordinum generum specierumque plantarum huc usque cognitarium, juxta methodi naturalis, normas digesta. Sumptibus Sociorum Treuttel et Würtz. p. 325. Retrieved 4 March 2023.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Pennell, Francis W. (1920). "Scrophulariaceae of the Central Rocky Mountain States". Contributions from the United States National Herbarium. 20 (9): 345–346, 357–359. ISSN 0097-1618. JSTOR 23492247. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
  13. ↑ Bennett, Ralph W. (1987). Penstemon Nomenclature (2nd ed.). Eugene, Oregon: American Penstemon Society. pp. 19, 20, 62, 67.
  14. 1 2 USDA, NRCS (2023). "Penstemon unilateralis Rydb.". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
  15. ↑ WFO (2023). "Penstemon unilateralis Rydb". World Flora Online. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
  16. ↑ POWO (2023). "Penstemon unilateralis Rydb". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
  17. ↑ Freeman, Craig C. "Penstemon secundiflorus var. secundiflorus - FNA". Flora of North America. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
  18. ↑ WFO (2023). "Penstemon secundiflorus Benth". World Flora Online. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
  19. ↑ POWO (2023). "Penstemon versicolor Pennell". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
  20. ↑ Freeman, Craig C. (25 April 2017). "Nomenclatural novelties and notes in Penstemon (Plantaginaceae)" (PDF). PhytoKeys (80): 37–38. doi:10.3897/phytokeys.80.12962.
  21. 1 2 USDA, NRCS (2023). "Penstemon versicolor Pennell". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
  22. ↑ Ackerfield, Jennifer (2015). Flora of Colorado (First ed.). Fort Worth, Texas: Botanical Research Institute of Texas Press. pp. 587, 596. ISBN 9781889878454.
  23. 1 2 3 Beckrich, Kelsey (2018). Pollination Ecology in Penstemon: Mechanisms of Reproductive Isolation in Penstemon Virens and Penstemon Secundiflorus (Undergraduate Honors Thesis). University of Colorado. pp. 5–15. Retrieved 4 February 2023.
  24. ↑ USDA, NRCS (2023). "Penstemon secundiflorus Benth.". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
  25. ↑ Fornwalt, P. J. (1 March 2015). "Does smoke promote seed germination in 10 Interior West Penstemon species?". Native Plants Journal. 16 (1): 5–12. doi:10.3368/npj.16.1.5.
  26. 1 2 Clements, Frederic Edward; Long, Frances Louise (1923). Experimental Pollination: An Outline of the Ecology of Flowers and Insects. United States: Carnegie Institution of Washington. ISBN 9780598360113.
  27. ↑ Tepedino, V.J.; Griswold, T.L.; Freilich, J.E.; Shephard, P. (December 2011). "Specialist and Generalist Bee Visitors of an Endemic Beardtongue ( Penstemon caryi: Plantaginaceae) of the Big Horn Mountains, Wyoming". Western North American Naturalist. 71 (4): 527. doi:10.3398/064.071.0410. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
  28. ↑ Krull, Robert E; Stermitz, Frank R; Franzyk, Henrik; Rosendal Jensen, Søren (November 1998). "Iridoid glycoside biosynthesis in Penstemon secundiflorus. Another H-5, H-9 trans-iridoid glycoside". Phytochemistry. 49 (6): 1605–1608. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00323-9. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
  29. 1 2 Lindgren, Dale T. (2003). Growing penstemons : species, cultivars, and hybrids. Haverford, PA: Infinity Pub. p. 81. ISBN 0-7414-1529-1.
  30. ↑ "sidebells penstemon Penstemon secundiflorus - Recommended Plant List". www.fcgov.com. City of Fort Collins. Retrieved 6 March 2023.
  31. ↑ Shonle, Irene (28 June 2018). "Underused dryland native plants". Morning Ag Clips. Morning Ag Clips, LLC. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
  32. 1 2 Henson, Y.; Langelo, L. (February 2021). "Growing Penstemons - 7.428". Colorado State Extension. Colorado State University. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
  33. 1 2 "One-sided Penstemon (Penstemon secundiflorus)". The Garden.org Plants Database. The National Gardening Association. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
  34. 1 2 "PlantFiles: Penstemon Species, Beard Tongue, Sidebells Penstemon, One-Sided Penstemon, Pride of the Mountain Penstemon secundiflorus". Dave's Garden. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
  35. ↑ "Penstemon secundiflorus - Sidebells Penstemon". Plant Lust. Plant Lust, LLC.
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