Demographics of Hong Kong
Population pyramid of Hong Kong in 2020
Population7,276,588 (2022 est.)
Growth rate0.17% (2022 est.)
Birth rate4.43 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Death rate8.47 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Life expectancy83.61 years
 • male80.91 years
 • female86.46 years (2022 est.)
Fertility rate0.68 children born/woman (2022 est.)
Infant mortality rate2.55 deaths/1,000 live births
Net migration rate1.65 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Age structure
0–14 years13.04% (male 495,977/female 454,723)
15–64 years66.02% (male 2,164,667/female 2,646,774)
65 and over20.94% (male 706,761/female 819,265) (2023 est.)[1]
Sex ratio
Total0.86 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
At birth1.06 male(s)/female
Under 151.09 male(s)/female
65 and over0.71 male(s)/female
Nationality
NationalityChinese (Hong Konger)
Major ethnicHong Konger (91.6%)
Language
OfficialCantonese (88.9%), English (4.3%), Mandarin (1.9%)

Demographic features of the population of Hong Kong include population density, ethnicity, education level, the health of the populace, religious affiliations, and other aspects.

Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world, with an overall density of some 6,300 people per square kilometre.[2] At the same time, Hong Kong has one of the world's lowest birth rates—0.68 per woman of child-bearing age as of 2022, far below the replacement rate of 2.1. It is estimated that 26.8% of the population will be aged 65 or more in 2033, up from 12.1% in 2005. Hong Kong recorded 8.2 births per 1,000 people in 2005–2010.[3]

Ethnically, Hong Kong mainly consists of Chinese who constitute approximately 92% of the population.[4][5] Of these, many originate from various regions in Guangdong. There are also a number of descendants of immigrants from elsewhere in Southern China during and after the Chinese Civil War.

Terminology

People from Hong Kong generally refer to themselves, in Cantonese, as Hèung Góng Yàhn (Chinese: 香港人; Cantonese Yale: Hèung Góng Yàhn; lit. 'Hong Kong people'); however, the term is not restricted to those of Chinese descent, owing to Hong Kong's roughly 160-year colonial history that saw the civil servants and traders of British, Indian, Russian and other ethnic groups stationed in Hong Kong.

In English, the term 'Hongkongers' (or sometimes 'Hong Kongers') is also used to refer to Hong Kongese people, while the term 'Hongkongese' is sometimes used as an adjective to describe people or things related to Hong Kong.[6][7]

Population density

Population graph of Hong Kong

The following census data is available for Hong Kong between the years 1841–2011. In 2011, Hong Kong had a population of just over 7 million, with a density of approximately 6,300 people per square kilometer. This makes Hong Kong the fourth most densely populated region in the world, after Macau, Monaco, and Singapore.[2]

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1841 7,450—    
1851 32,983+16.04%
1861 119,320+13.72%
1871 120,124+0.07%
1881 160,402+2.93%
1891 221,441+3.28%
1901 368,987+5.24%
1911 456,739+2.16%
1921 625,166+3.19%
1931 840,473+3.00%
1941 1,639,000+6.91%
1945 600,000−22.22%
1951 2,070,000+22.92%
1961 3,128,648+4.22%
1971 3,936,630+2.32%
1981 5,183,400+2.79%
1991 5,752,000+1.05%
2001 6,714,300+1.56%
2011 7,071,600+0.52%
2021 7,413,070+0.47%
Sources: Census and Statistics Department,[8][9][10][11] CICRED,[12] Office for National Statistics[13]

Ethnicity

Ethnic groups in Hong Kong (2021)[14][15]
Ethnic groups (alone)
Chinese
 
 91.6%
Filipino
 
 2.7%
Indonesian
 
 1.9%
South Asians
 
 1.4%
Other
 
 3%

Chinese

Historically, the major Chinese groups in Hong Kong include the Punti, Hakka, Cantonese (including Toishanese), Hoklo,[16] and Tanka.[17] The Punti, and Tanka people in Hong Kong are largely descendants of the indigenous population, while the Hakka and Hoklo groups are composed of both indigenous groups and more recent migrants.

Most Teochew-speaking migrants immigrated to Hong Kong between the late 1940s and early 1970s, while migrants from Fujian (previously Southern Min speakers, and increasingly more Central Min and Northern Min speakers) have constituted a growing number of migrants since 1978.[18] Many Taishanese and Cantonese also migrated after 1949.

According to the 2016 by-census, 92% of the Hong Kong population is ethnic Chinese.[4] The Hong Kong census does not currently categorise Han Chinese subgroups, although in the past the census would collect information on language and dialect use[19] which can be used to ascertain proportions of the population's ethnicity. However, the majority of Hongkongers of Chinese descent trace their ancestry to various parts of Southern China: the Guangzhou area, followed by Siyi (Toishanese people), Chaoshan (a region of Eastern Guangdong home to Teochew speakers), Fujian, and Shanghai.[20] Some Cantonese people also originate from Hakka-speaking villages in the New Territories.[21]

Stanley Market

Ethnic minorities

8% of the population of Hong Kong are categorised as "ethnic minorities", including a large number of Filipinos and Indonesians, who together make up approximately 4.6% of the population.[22][23][24] However, the majority of the Filipinos and Indonesians population are short-termed foreign domestic helpers. After excluding foreign domestic helpers, the number of ethnic minorities was 263,593 in 2016, making up 3.6% of the whole Hong Kong population.[25]

Census data from 2006, 2011, 2016 and 2021.[14]
Ethnic
group		 2006 By-census 2011 Census 2016 By-census 2021 Census
Number  % Number  % Number  % Number %
Chinese 6,522,14895.06,620,39393.66,752,20292.0 6,793,502 91.6
Filipino 112,4531.6133,0181.9184,0812.5 201,291 2.7
Indonesian 87,8401.3133,3771.9153,2992.1 142,065 1.9
White 36,3840.555,2360.858,2090.8 61,582 0.8
Indian 20,4440.328,6160.436,4620.5 42,569 0.6
Nepalese 15,9500.216,5180.225,4720.3 29,701 0.4
Pakistani 11,1110.218,0420.318,0940.2 24,385 0.3
Thai 11,9000.211,2130.210,2150.1 12,972 0.2
Japanese 13,1890.212,5800.29,9760.1 10,291 0.1
Other Asian 12,6630.212,2470.219,5890.3 10,574 0.1
Others 20,2640.330,3360.468,9860.9 70,124 0.9
Total6,864,3467,071,5767,336,585 7,413,070

Circa 2018 there were about 2,000 people of African origins with about 800-1,000 in Yuen Long.[26] Chungking Mansions is another area of settlement and employment. Some Africans seeking to asylum travelled to Hong Kong as of June 2020.[27] According to Lingnan University professor Lisa Leung Yuk-ming, African settlement began in the 1990s. The Hong Kong African Association (香港非洲人協會) is an ethnic association for those people.[28]

A Thai community began in Hong Kong when Thai women travelled with their husbands, of Chaozhou (Chiu Chow) origin, to Hong Kong in the 1970s. In 2016, Hong Kong had about 10,215 Thai residents, with around 33% residing in Kowloon City.[29]

Nationality

Due to its history as trading, business, and tourism hub, a large number of expatriates live in Hong Kong, representing 8% of the population.[30] The following lists ethnic groups with significant presence in Hong Kong in alphabetical order by category:

Age groups

Population pyramid 2016

United Nations data

According to United Nations estimates from 1 July 2013, Hong Kong's population is distributed in the following age ranges, with the largest age group represented being 50–54 years:[31]

Population, fertility rate and net reproduction rate, United Nations estimates
Age group Male Female Total %
Total 3,330,700 3,856,800 7,187,500 100
0–4 134,500 125,700 260,200 3.62
5–9 128,000 120,200 248,200 3.45
10–14 149,100 139,600 288,700 4.02
15–19 208,000 196,300 404,300 5.63
20–24 226,400 230,700 457,100 6.36
25–29 221,800 295,800 517,600 7.20
30–34 231,900 343,200 575,100 8.00
35–39 229,500 331,000 560,500 7.80
40–44 239,800 338,700 578,500 8.05
45–49 271,000 337,900 608,900 8.47
50–54 313,500 341,100 654,600 9.11
55–59 281,300 287,900 569,200 7.92
60–64 220,000 223,100 443,100 6.16
65–69 148,800 146,400 295,200 4.11
70–74 109,600 103,700 213,300 2.97
75–79 100,600 109,900 210,500 2.93
80–84 69,500 88,400 157,900 2.20
85+ 47,400 97,200 144,600 2.01
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 411,600 385,500 797,100 11.09
15–64 2,443,200 2,925,700 5,368,900 74.70
65+ 475,900 545,600 1,021,500 14.21

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2020):[32]

Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 3 416 300 4 065 500 7 481 800 100
0–4 137 400 127 400 264 800 3.54
5–9 154 600 144 800 299 400 4.00
10–14 154 400 150 700 305 100 4.08
15–19 140 100 133 500 273 600 3.66
20–24 192 600 191 900 384 500 5.14
25–29 224 600 257 300 481 900 6.44
30–34 229 800 320 400 550 200 7.35
35–39 237 500 369 300 606 800 8.11
40–44 226 300 343 500 569 800 7.62
45–49 241 500 339 700 581 200 7.77
50–54 241 400 315 400 556 800 7.44
55–59 301 200 343 300 644 500 8.61
60–64 292 400 299 000 591 400 7.90
65-69 223 200 229 900 453 100 6.06
70-74 165 200 171 500 336 700 4.50
75-79 95 100 95 200 190 300 2.54
80-84 79 900 94 000 173 900 2.32
85+ 79 100 138 700 217 800 2.91
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 446 400 422 900 869 300 11.62
15–64 2 327 400 2 913 300 5 240 700 70.05
65+ 642 500 729 300 1 371 800 18.34

CIA World Factbook demographic statistics

Age structure

  • 0-14 years: 13.04% (male 495,977/female 454,723)
  • 15-64 years: 66.02% (male 2,164,667/female 2,646,774)
  • 65 years and over: 20.94% (male 706,761/female 819,265) (2023 est.)[33]

Median age

  • total: 45.6 years
  • male: 44.2 years
  • female: 46.5 years (2020 est.)[33]

Hong Kong government data

The Hong Kong government provides the following estimates for mid-2013:[34]

 0–14 years: 11.0% (male 408,000; female 382,600)
15–24 years: 11.7% (male 424,500; female 417,900)
25–34 years: 15.2% (male 454,900; female 639,700)
35–44 years: 15.9% (male 471,500; female 671,800)
45–54 years: 17.7% (male 587,900; female 681,700)
55–64 years: 14.2% (male 503,700; female 512,600)
65 and over: 14.3% (male 479,500; female 547,700)

Median age: 45.0 (2013 est.)

Language

As a former British colony, Hong Kong has 2 official languages: English, and Chinese, although the specific variety of Chinese is not specified. The majority of the population uses Cantonese as their usual spoken language. However, due to Hong Kong's role as an international trade and finance hub, there are also a wide variety of minority groups speaking dozens of languages present in the territory.

Language usually spoken at home (5+) 1961[12] 1971[12] 1991[35] 1996[36] 2001[37] 2006[38] 2011[38] 2016[38] 2021[30]
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number  % Number  % Number  % Number  %
Cantonese 2,076,200 78.9 3,469,200 88.1 4,583,322 88.6 5,196,240 88.7 5,726,972 89.2 6,030,96090.86,095,21389.56,264,70088.9 6,382,947 88.2
Mandarin 503,000 19.1 405,100 10.2 57,577 1.1 65,892 1.1 55,410 0.9 60,8590.994,3991.4131,4061.9 165,541 2.3
Other Chinese languages 364,694 7.1 340,222 5.8 352,562 5.5 289,0274.4273,7454.0221,2473.1 204,571 2.8
English 31,800 1.2 41,100 1.1 114,084 2.2 184,308 3.1 203,598 3.2 187,2812.8238,2883.5300,4174.3 330,782 4.6
Other languages 17,900 0.8 21,200 0.6 49,232 1.0 73,879 1.3 79,197 1.2 72,2171.1106,7881.6131,1991.9 149,376 2.1
Total 2,628,900 3,936,600 5,168,909 5,860,541 6,417,7396,640,3446,808,4337,048,969 7,179,127

However, a very large proportion of the population in Hong Kong are able to communicate in multiple languages. The school system is separated into English-medium and Chinese-medium school, both of which teach English and Mandarin.

Proportion of Population (5+) Able to Speak Selected Languages[38]
2006[38] 2011[38] 2016[38] 2021[30]
 %  %  %  %
Cantonese 96.5 95.8 94.6 93.7
English 44.7 46.1 53.2 58.7
Mandarin 40.2 47.8 48.6 54.2
Hakka 4.7 4.7 4.2 3.6
Hokkien 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.1
Tagalog 1.4 1.7 2.7 2.8
Chiu Chow 3.9 3.8 3.4 2.8
Bahasa Indonesia 1.7 2.4 2.7 2.5
Japanese 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1
Shanghainese 1.2 1.1 1.1 0.8

Sex ratio

According to The World Factbook in 2013, the Hong Kong population was divided into the following male/female ratios:

Male/female ratio by age group

At birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
0–14 years: 1.09 male(s)/female
15–24 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
25–54 years: 0.88 male(s)/female
55–64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.88 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.94 male(s)/female

Education level

According to The World Factbook estimates in 2002, 93.5% of the population over the age of 15 had attended schooling, including 96.9% of males and 89.6% of females.

Vital statistics

The following table shows birth rates and mortality rates in Hong Kong between 1950 and 2022.[39][40][41]

At the end of the 20th century, Hong Kong had one of the lowest birth rates in the world. However, the number of births doubled in the decade between 2001 and 2011, largely due to an increase in the number of children born in Hong Kong to women with residence in Mainland China. In 2001 there were 7,810 births to Mainland women (16%) out of a total of 48,219 births. By 2009 it increased to 37,253 births to Mainland women (45%) out of a total of 82,095 births.[42]

Death rates by leading causes of death

No. of Deaths per 100000 Population by leading causes of death (based on ICD 10th Revision).[43] Red: increased compared with 2001.
Cause of Death200120112021
1. Malignant neoplasms169.9187.2203.8
2. Pneumonia45.187.8132.6
3. Diseases of heart7089.689
4. Cerebrovascular46.647.242.2
5. External causes of
morbidity and mortality		27.522.226.7
6. Nephritis, nephrotic
syndrome and nephrosis		15.721.824
7. Dementia3.810.620.2
8. Septicaemia6.310.816.8
9. Chronic lower
respiratory diseases		31.527.814.3
10. Diabetes mellitus10.16.57.4
All other causes69.785118.1
All causes496596.6695.2

Birth and mortality rates

Average population Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1,000) Crude death rate (per 1,000) Natural change (per 1,000) TFR
1950 1,974,000 60,60018,46542,135 30.79.421.3
1951 2,044,000 68,50020,58047,920 34.010.223.8
1952 2,141,000 71,97619,45952,517 33.99.224.7
1953 2,253,000 75,54418,30057,244 33.78.225.5
1954 2,371,000 83,31719,28364,034 35.28.227.1
1955 2,490,000 90,51119,08071,431 36.37.728.7
1956 2,607,000 96,74619,29577,451 37.07.429.6
1957 2,721,000 97,83419,36578,469 35.87.128.7
1958 2,834,000 106,62420,55486,070 37.47.230.2
1959 2,951,000 104,57920,25084,329 35.26.828.4
1960 3,075,000 110,66719,14691,521 36.16.229.95.014
1961 3,207,000 108,72618,73889,988 34.35.928.45.030
1962 3,344,000 119,166 20,933 98,233 36.16.329.74.980
1963 3,477,000 118,41320,34098,073 34.65.928.74.857
1964 3,596,000 111,43618,65792,779 31.85.326.54.665
1965 3,692,000 106,362 18,160 88,202 29.65.024.54.422
1966 3,763,000 96,43619,26177,175 26.65.321.34.152
1967 3,812,000 94,36820,23474,134 25.35.419.93.887
1968 3,850,000 83,64119,44464,197 22.05.116.93.649
1969 3,889,000 82,48219,25663,226 21.35.016.43.448
1970 3,942,000 79,13219,99659,136 20.05.114.93.284
1971 4,009,000 79,78920,37459,415 19.75.014.73.459
1972 4,088,000 80,34421,39758,947 19.55.214.33.315
1973 4,180,000 82,25221,25161,001 19.55.014.53.177
1974 4,283,000 83,58921,87961,710 19.35.114.32.967
1975 4,396,000 79,79021,59158,168 17.94.913.02.666
1976 4,519,000 78,51122,62855,883 17.45.112.32.480
1977 4,652,000 80,02223,33156,691 17.55.112.42.376
1978 4,788,000 80,95723,81657,141 17.35.112.22.272
1979 4,919,000 81,97525,11056,865 16.85.111.72.120
1980 5,039,000 85,29024,99560,295 17.04.912.12.047
1981 5,145,000 86,75124,82261,929 16.84.812.01.933
1982 5,239,000 86,12025,38460,736 16.44.811.51.860
1983 5,322,000 83,29326,51256,781 15.65.010.61.722
1984 5,394,000 77,29725,51051,787 14.44.79.71.559
1985 5,456,000 76,12625,24850,878 14.04.69.31.491
1986 5,508,000 71,62025,90245,718 13.04.78.31.367
1987 5,551,000 69,95826,91643,042 12.64.87.81.311
1988 5,592,000 75,41227,65947,753 13.44.98.51.400
1989 5,641,000 69,62128,74540,876 12.35.17.21.296
1990 5,704,000 67,73129,13638,595 12.05.16.91.272
1991 5,786,000 68,28128,42939,852 12.04.97.11.281
1992 5,884,000 70,94930,55040,399 12.35.27.11.347
1993 5,992,000 70,45130,57139,880 12.05.16.91.342
1994 6,101,000 71,64629,90541,741 11.94.97.01.355
1995 6,206,000 68,63731,46837,169 11.25.16.11.295
1996 6,304,000 63,29132,17631,115 9.95.14.81.191
1997 6,492,000 59,25031,73827,512 9.14.94.21.127
1998 6,550,000 52,97732,84720,130 8.15.03.11.016
1999 6,611,000 51,28133,25518,026 7.85.02.70.981
2000 6,675,000 54,13433,75820,376 8.15.13.11.032
2001 6,721,000 48,21933,37814,841 7.25.02.20.931
2002 6,728,000 48,20934,26713,942 7.15.12.00.941
2003 6,745,000 46,96536,9719,994 7.05.51.50.901
2004 6,781,000 49,79636,91812,878 7.35.41.90.922
2005 6,818,000 57,09838,83018,268 8.45.72.70.959
2006 6,871,000 65,62637,45728,169 9.65.54.10.984
2007 6,921,000 70,87539,47631,399 10.25.74.51.028
2008 6,951,000 78,82241,79637,026 11.36.05.31.064
2009 6,980,000 82,09541,17540,920 11.85.95.91.055
2010 7,024,000 88,58442,19446,390 12.66.06.61.127
2011 7,072,000 95,45142,34653,105 13.55.97.61.204
2012 7,155,000 91,55843,91747,641 12.86.16.71.285
2013 7,187,000 57,08443,39713,687 7.96.01.91.125
2014 7,242,000 62,30545,08717,218 8.66.22.41.235
2015 7,306,000 59,87846,10813,770 8.26.31.91.196
2016 7,337,000 60,85646,90513,951 8.36.41.91.205
2017 7,410,000 56,54846,8299,719 7.76.31.41.125
2018 7,451,000 53,71647,4006,316 7.26.30.91.080
2019 7,507,400 52,85648,9573,899 7.06.50.51.064
2020 7,481,800 43,03150,666-7,635 5.86.8-1.00.883
2021 7,413,100 36,953 51,354 -14,401 5.06.9-1.90.772
2022 7,346,100 32,512 62,100 -29,488 4.48.4-4.00.701

Infant mortality rate

According to The World Factbook in 2013, the infant mortality rate in Hong Kong was 2.89 deaths/1,000 live births.

Life expectancy

According to The World Factbook in 2013, the average life expectancy for the total population was 82.2 years; 79.47 years for males and 85.14 years for females.

Hong Kong is the territory with the world's highest life expectancy according to the United Nations.

Period Life expectancy in
Years		 Period Life expectancy in
Years
1950–1955 63.1 1985–1990 77.0
1955–1960 65.9 1990–1995 78.1
1960–1965 68.8 1995–2000 80.0
1965–1970 70.9 2000–2005 81.4
1970–1975 72.5 2005–2010 82.4
1975–1980 73.7 2010–2015 83.4
1980–1985 75.6

Source: UN World Population Prospects[44]

Marriage and fertility

According to The World Factbook in 2006, the average marriage age in Hong Kong was 30 years for males and 27 years for females, and the population was subdivided into the following categories:

Marital status

Married: 57.8% (3,423,995)
Never married: 32% (1,920,522)
Divorced: 3.2% (189,563)
Separated: 0.6% (34,722)

Fertility rate

0.68 (2022)

Religion

Religion in Hong Kong (2016)[45]

  No religion (54.3%)
  Organised Buddhism and Taoism (27.9%)
  Protestantism (6.7%)
  Catholicism (5.3%)
  Islam (4.2%)
  Hinduism (1.4%)
  Sikhism (0.2%)
The Tian Tan Buddha on Lantau Island.
People honouring gods in a dajiao celebration, the Cheung Chau Bun Festival.

Over half of all people (56.1% as of 2010) are not religious.[46] Religious people in Hong Kong follow a diverse range of religions, among which Taoist and Buddhist (specifically Chinese Buddhism) faiths are common for people of Chinese descent.

Confucian beliefs are popular in Hong Kong, but it is arguable whether Confucianism can be considered as a religion.[47] As such, Confucianism is excluded in some studies.[46]

The Christian beliefs of Protestantism(with 900,000 members) and Catholicism (401,000 members) are also common, as well as non-organised Chinese folk religions, whose followers may state that they are not religious.

Traditional religions including Chinese Buddhism were discouraged under British rule, which officially represented Christianity.[48] The handover of sovereignty from Britain to China has led to a resurgence of Buddhist and Chinese religions.[48]

Estimated number of adherents in Hong Kong by religion[49][50]
Region2008200920102011201220132016 2021
Buddhists> 1 million> 1 million> 1 million> 1 million> 1 million> 1 million> 1 million > 1 million
Taoists≈ 1 million≈ 1 million≈ 1 million≈ 1 million> 1 million> 1 million> 1 million > 1 million
Protestant320,000320,000480,000480,000480,000≈ 500,000500,000 500,000
Catholics350,000350,000353,000363,000363,000368,000384,000 401,000
Muslims220,000220,000220,000220,000270,000300,000300,000 300,000
Hindu40,00040,00040,00040,00040,00040,000100,000 100,000
Sikhs10,00010,00010,00010,00010,00010,00012,000 12,000

See also

References

  1. ↑
  2. 1 2 "Population – Overview | Census and Statistics Department". Government of Hong Kong. Archived from the original on 17 October 2016. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
  3. ↑ glenday, craig (2013). Guinness World Records. pp. 121. ISBN 9781908843159.
  4. 1 2 2016 Population By-census – Summary Results (Report). Census and Statistics Department. February 2016. p. 37. Archived from the original on 20 November 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
  5. ↑ "Race Relations Unit - Demographics". www.had.gov.hk. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
  6. ↑ Poon Angela and Jenny Wong, Struggling for Democracy Under China: The Implications of a Politicised 'Hongkongese' Identity http://www.civic-exchange.org/publications/Intern/2004-JennyandAngela.pdf Archived 7 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ↑ Sidney Cheung, Hong Kong Handover http://www.umich.edu/~iinet/journal/vol5no1/sidney2.html Archived 21 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ↑ Census of Hongkong (PDF) (Report). Hongkong Register Office. 31 December 1853. p. 89 – via University of Hong Kong.
  9. ↑ Hong Kong Statistics 1947–1967 (PDF) (Report). Census and Statistics Department. 1969. p. 14. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 July 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
  10. ↑
  11. ↑ June 2018. Hong Kong Monthly Digest of Statistics (Report). Census and Statistics Department. June 2018. p. 4.
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  13. ↑ Census of England and Wales, 1871 (Report). Parliament of the United Kingdom. 30 July 1873. p. 322. Archived from the original on 30 December 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2018 – via Google Books.
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