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Muammar Gaddafi
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The personal life of Muammar Gaddafi was complicated and the subject of significant international interest.

Personality

Strongly influenced by his Bedouin background, Gaddafi often organized political meetings in a large tent (meeting with Lula da Silva in 2003 pictured).

A very private individual,[1] Gaddafi was given to rumination and solitude and could be reclusive.[2] The reporter Mirella Bianco interviewed Gaddafi's father, who stated that his son was "always serious, even taciturn", also being courageous, intelligent, pious, and family-oriented.[3] Gaddafi's friends described him to Bianco as a loyal and generous man.[4] According to his biographer Alice Pargeter, Gaddafi "was always a Bedouin of the desert [...] who shunned ostentatious wealth" and a westernized lifestyle.[5] Gaddafi's upbringing in Bedouin culture influenced his personal tastes for the rest of his life; he preferred the desert over the city and would retreat there to meditate.[6] Even abroad, he insisted on travelling with a massive bedouin tent and to be supplied with fresh camel milk.[7][8] Historian John Oakes argued that Gaddafi's Bedouin background strongly informed his worldview and personality, such as his tendencies to oversimplify, take extreme positions, and prefer informal as well as kinship power over obvious wealth and regular state structures.[9]

More widely, he was often regarded as being "bizarre, irrational or quixotic".[10] Bearman noted that Gaddafi was emotionally volatile and had an impulsive temperament,[2] with the CIA believing that the Libyan leader suffered from clinical depression.[11] In 2008, two hundred African traditional leaders crowned Gaddafi "King of Kings" in what international media described as a "bizarre ceremony".[12] Pargeter considered this coronation as a sign how Gaddafi craved to be accepted and adored.[5] Researcher Muriel Mirak-Weissbach argued that Gaddafi was afflicted by a narcissistic personality disorder. She referenced Gaddafi's tendency to extreme self-aggrandizement such as repeated claims of being universally loved by all Libyans, ascribing himself superhuman or "god-like" qualities, and adopting various "grandiose" titles. In addition, Mirak-Weissbach stated that Gaddafi was extremely paranoid, regarding any opposition as a wider Western-Zionist conspiracy.[7]

Physical health

He was seen in a wheelchair in 1998, allegedly due to hip surgery, which caused speculations about his health.[13]

Religion

Gaddafi described himself as a "simple revolutionary" and "pious Muslim" called upon by God to continue Nasser's work.[14] Gaddafi was an austere and devout Muslim,[15] although according to Vandewalle, his interpretation of Islam was "deeply personal and idiosyncratic."[16] According to his cousin Ahmed Gaddaf al-Dam, Muammar was very devout and described him as theologically and politically close to Salafism.[17] Gaddafi often interrupted meetings with other heads of state to pray at the appropriate times.[18] Religion also played a major role in his political theories.[19]

There were also claims, such as by Colonel Saleh Mansour al-Obeidi, that Gaddafi believed in African magic by his later life. According to these claims, the Libyan leader owned amulets and other allegedly magical items, and employed magicians from a number of African countries to ward off defeat in the Libyan Civil War.[7]

Interests

A gold-plated and engraved Browning Hi-Power handgun. Of the few created, one of these models was in the possession of Gaddafi during the attack and later appropriated by rebels after his death.[20] The engraving references the Khamis Brigade.

He was a football enthusiast[21] and enjoyed both playing the sport and horse riding as a means of recreation.[22] He regarded himself as an intellectual;[23] he was a fan of Beethoven and said his favourite novels were Uncle Tom's Cabin, Roots, and The Outsider.[21]

Pargeter also argued that "perpetual revolution was his enduring passion", as he remained privately fascinated with attempts to spread his political views across the world, particularly in Africa.[5] Gaddafi's personal hero was Gamal Abdel Nasser.[24]

Appearance

Gaddafi regarded personal appearance as important,[22] with Blundy and Lycett referring to him as "extraordinarily vain."[25] Two Brazilian plastic surgeons, Liacyr Ribeiro and Fabio Naccache, claimed they were hired by Gaddafi in 1994 to perform a hair transplant and inject belly fat into Gaddafi's face to help him look younger.[26][27][28] At one point, he claimed that he received a lot of fan mail by American women as they liked his hair.[7]

Clothing

Gaddafi had a large wardrobe, and sometimes changed his outfit multiple times a day.[25][7] He favoured either a military uniform or traditional Libyan dress, tending to eschew Western-style suits.[22] He saw himself as a fashion icon, stating "Whatever I wear becomes a fad. I wear a certain shirt and suddenly everyone is wearing it."[25] Gaddafi's wardrobe was the subject of significant press coverage over the years which was criticized as distracting from serious coverage of Libya.[29]

In 2009 Vanity Fair wrote "Since completing his transition from international pariah to statesman, Colonel Muammar Qaddafi—the longest-serving leader in both Africa and the Arab world—has brought color and his own eccentric panache to the drab circuit of international summits and conferences. Drawing upon the influences of Lacroix, Liberace, Phil Spector (for hair), Snoopy, and Idi Amin, Libya’s leader—now in his 60s—is simply the most unabashed dresser on the world stage. We pay homage to a sartorial genius of our time."[30]

In 2011 during the revolution Gaddafi invited the New York Times to Tripoli to see his clothing collection.[31]

Gaddafi was the fashion inspiration for the 2012 Sacha Baron Cohen movie The Dictator[32] in an interview with CBS he said "Col. Qaddafi was kind of the most absurd of the dictators... Obviously vicious, but he would dress unintentionally like a 65-year-old woman."[33]

Residences

Following his ascension to power, Gaddafi moved into the Bab al-Azizia barracks, a 6-square-kilometre (2.3 square miles) fortified compound located 3.2 kilometres (2 miles) from the centre of Tripoli. His home and office at Azizia was a bunker designed by West German engineers, while the rest of his family lived in a large two-storey building. Within the compound were also two tennis courts, a football pitch, several gardens, camels and a Bedouin tent in which he entertained guests.[34] In the 1980s, his lifestyle was considered modest in comparison to those of many other Arab leaders.[35]

Security

He was preoccupied with his own security, regularly changing where he slept and sometimes grounding all other planes in Libya when he was flying.[36] He made particular requests when travelling to foreign countries. During his trips to Rome, Paris, Madrid, Moscow, and New York City,[37][38] he resided in a bulletproof tent, following his Bedouin traditions.[37][39] Gaddafi was notably confrontational in his approach to foreign powers[40] and generally shunned Western ambassadors and diplomats, believing them to be spies.[11]

Entourage

In the 1970s and 1980s, there were reports of his making sexual advances toward female reporters and members of his entourage.[41] Starting in the 1980s, he travelled with his all-female Amazonian Guard, who were allegedly sworn to a life of celibacy.[42] After Gaddafi's death, the Libyan psychologist Seham Sergewa, part of a team investigating sexual offences during the civil war, stated that five of the guards told her they had been raped by Gaddafi and senior officials.[43]

After Gaddafi's death, the French journalist Annick Cojean published a book alleging that Gaddafi had had sexual relations with women, some in their early teenage years, who had been specially selected for him.[44] One of those Cojean interviewed, a woman named Soraya, claimed that Gaddafi kept her imprisoned in a basement for six years, where he repeatedly raped her, urinated on her, and forced her to watch pornography, drink alcohol, and snort cocaine.[45] The alleged sexual abuse was said to have been facilitated by Gaddafi's Chief of Protocol Nuri al-Mismari and Mabrouka Sherif.[46][47] Gaddafi also hired several Ukrainian nurses to care for him; one described him as kind and considerate and was surprised that allegations of abuse had been made against him.[48]

Family

Gaddafi was born into the Qadhadhfa,[49] a Arabized Berber tribal group.[50] His mother was named Aisha (died 1978), and his father, Mohammad Abdul Salam bin Hamed bin Mohammad, was known as Abu Meniar (died 1985). His father was a goat and camel herder before Gaddafi's seizure of power.[49] He was his parents' only surviving son, but had three older sisters.[51] By 1987, one of his sisters had died of cancer, one had married a Sirte native, and a third had married Messaoud Abdul Hafez, at one point governor of Fezzan.[52]

Gaddafi married his first wife, Fatiha al-Nuri, in 1969, shortly after the revolution. She was the daughter of General Khalid, a senior figure in King Idris's administration, and was from a middle-class background, having been a former school teacher. Although they had one son, Muhammad Gaddafi (born 1970), their relationship was strained, and they divorced in 1970.[53][54] Gaddafi said he never met al-Nuri until the day of their marriage, in line with tradition, and that she was "not my dream girl".[53] Gaddafi's second wife was Safia Farkash, née el-Brasai, a former nurse from the Obeidat tribe born in Bayda.[55] They met in 1969, following his ascension to power, when he was hospitalized with appendicitis; he claimed that it was love at first sight.[54] The couple remained married until his death. Together they had seven biological children:[22] Saif al-Islam Gaddafi (born 1972), Al-Saadi Gaddafi (born 1973), Mutassim Gaddafi (1974–2011), Hannibal Muammar Gaddafi (born 1975), Ayesha Gaddafi (born 1976), Saif al-Arab Gaddafi (1982–2011), and Khamis Gaddafi (1983–2011). He also adopted two children, Hana Gaddafi and Milad Gaddafi.[56] Several of his sons gained a reputation for lavish and anti-social behaviour in Libya, which proved a source of resentment toward his administration.[57] Gaddafi openly criticized his children's lavish spending, corruption, and westernized life, though he never managed to control their behavior.[58]

Some of Gaddafi's nephews and cousins held important positions: Ahmed Gaddaf al-Dam served as high-ranking military commander, overseer of the Tobruk (and later Cyrenaica) military region,[59] and Special Envoy to Egypt and a leading figure of the Gaddafi regime[60] as well as a key member of Gaddafi's inner circle.[61] Sayyid Gaddaf al-Dam was a high-ranking political control officer in Sirte,[59] described as the second most powerful person in Libya in the 1980s,[62][63] and general coordinator of the Social People's Leadership Comitees since 2004.[59] Khalifa Haaish acted as Gaddafi's bodyguard and helped to suppress the 1993 Libyan coup d'état attempt; later he became responsible for weapons procurement. Hassan Ishkal was head of the Sirte military region, but executed in 1985 due to internal power struggles.[59] His cousin Mansour Dhao was his chief of security.[64]

Several in-laws of Gaddafi also held high positions. One notable example was Abdullah Senussi, husband of Safia Farkash's sister. He was one of the members of Gaddafi's inner circle, identified as a planner of the UTA Flight 772 attack, and head of the Mukhabarat el-Jamahiriya (Jamahiriya Security Organisation) from 1992.[65]

References

  1. ↑ Harris 1986, p. 43.
  2. 1 2 Bearman 1986, p. 284.
  3. ↑ Bianco 1975, p. 7.
  4. ↑ Bianco 1975, pp. 10–12.
  5. 1 2 3 Pargeter 2012, p. 209.
  6. ↑ Kawczynski 2011, p. 9; St. John 2012, p. 135.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Mirak-Weissbach 2012, Chapter: Muammar Qaddafi: king of kings.
  8. ↑ Oakes 2014, p. 112.
  9. ↑ Oakes 2014, pp. 109–114.
  10. ↑ St. John 1987, p. 11.
  11. 1 2 Blundy & Lycett 1987, p. 21.
  12. ↑ Adebajo, Adekeye (2011). "Gaddafi: the man who would be king of Africa". theguardian.com. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
  13. ↑ Schneider, Howard (1998-10-04). "LIBYA'S GADHAFI SAYS HIS FUTURE IS AFRICAN". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 28 August 2017. Retrieved 2023-02-13.
  14. ↑ Harris 1986, p. 48.
  15. ↑ St. John 1987, p. 145; Vandewalle 2006, p. 6.
  16. ↑ Vandewalle 2006, p. 6.
  17. ↑ Hatita, Abdul Sattar (2015). Gaddaf al-Dam speaks: Half a century with Gaddafi.
  18. ↑ Simons 1996, p. 245.
  19. ↑ Simons 1996, p. 244.
  20. ↑ "Confirmed Gaddafi dead: New York Yankees baseball fan 'captured' tyrant – Mirror Online". Mirror.co.uk. 20 October 2011. Archived from the original on 21 January 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2012.
  21. 1 2 Blundy & Lycett 1987, p. 22.
  22. 1 2 3 4 Bearman 1986, p. 285.
  23. ↑ Pargeter 2012, p. 2.
  24. ↑ Blundy & Lycett 1987, p. 40; Kawczynski 2011, pp. 11–12; St. John 2012, p. 136.
  25. 1 2 3 Blundy & Lycett 1987, p. 24.
  26. ↑ "Gaddafi hired plastic surgeons to revamp his looks". Al Arabiya English. 2011-03-10. Retrieved 2023-02-13.
  27. ↑ "Surgeon: I injected belly fat into Gadhafi's face". NBC News. Retrieved 2023-02-13.
  28. ↑ "Libya: plastic surgeon tells of treating Gaddafi in his bunker". www.telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 2023-02-13.
  29. ↑ Friedman, Uri. "How the Media's Covered Qaddafi's Clothing Through the Years". theatlantic.com. The Atlantic. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
  30. ↑ PORTER, HENRY; DAVIDSON, ANNABEL. "Colonel Qaddafi—A Life in Fashion". vanityfair.com. Vanity Fair. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
  31. ↑ Delahoyde, Steve. "Muammar Gaddafi Requests a 'Stylish Retrospective of His Fashion Highlights' from the Met, By Way of the NY Times". adweek.com. adweek.com. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
  32. ↑ "The dictator's new clothes, or how to dress a despot". nationalpost.com. National Post. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
  33. ↑ "Sacha Baron Cohen: Qaddafi inspired "Dictator"". Sacha Baron Cohen: Qaddafi inspired "Dictator". CBS. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
  34. ↑ Blundy & Lycett 1987, p. 1.
  35. ↑ Blundy & Lycett 1987, p. 32.
  36. ↑ Harris 1986, p. 50.
  37. 1 2 "Moammar Gadhafi Won't Stay in Bedford Tent After All". ABC. 23 September 2009. Retrieved 28 February 2011.
  38. ↑ O'Connor, Anahad (29 August 2009). "Qaddafi Cancels Plans to Stay in New Jersey". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 February 2011.
  39. ↑ "When in Rome, Gaddafi Will Do as the Bedouins". The Sydney Morning Herald. 11 June 2009. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
  40. ↑ Harris 1986, p. 51.
  41. ↑ Harris 1986, pp. 53–54; Blundy & Lycett 1987, pp. 22–23.
  42. ↑ Blundy & Lycett 1987, p. 112.
  43. ↑ Micallef, Mark (28 August 2011). "Gaddafi 'Raped' His Female Bodyguards". The Times. Malta. Archived from the original on 13 February 2012.; Squires, Nick (29 August 2011). "Gaddafi and His Sons 'Raped Female Bodyguards'". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 21 March 2017. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
  44. ↑ Cojean 2013.
  45. ↑ Sanai, Leyla (25 October 2013). "Book Review: Gaddafi's Harem, By Annick Cojean, Trans. Marjolijn de Jager". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
  46. ↑ Cojean, Annick (2013-09-22). "Muammar Gaddafi's sexual crimes". Salon. Retrieved 2023-02-04.
  47. ↑ IANS (2013-09-24). "Gaddafi formed special department to find prostitutes". Business Standard India. Retrieved 2023-02-04.
  48. ↑ "Gadhafi's Ukrainian Nurse Talks About Life with 'Daddy'". CNN. 4 September 2011. Archived from the original on 24 February 2013. Retrieved 8 September 2011.
  49. 1 2 Bearman 1986, p. 58; Blundy & Lycett 1987, pp. 33; Kawczynski 2011, p. 9.
  50. ↑ Bearman 1986, p. 58; Harris 1986, p. 45.
  51. ↑ Blundy & Lycett 1987, pp. 35; Kawczynski 2011, p. 9; St. John 2012, p. 135.
  52. ↑ Blundy & Lycett 1987, p. 35.
  53. 1 2 Sheehan, Edward R. F. (6 February 1972). "Colonel Qadhafi, Libya's Mystical Revolutionary: So much oil money, and so little to spend it on". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  54. 1 2 Harris 1986, p. 53; Blundy & Lycett 1987, p. 22.
  55. ↑ "Libya's First Lady Owns 20 Tons of Gold: Reports". Al Arabiya News. 6 March 2011. Archived from the original on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
  56. ↑ "The Gaddafi Family Tree". BBC News. 20 October 2011. Archived from the original on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
  57. ↑ Pargeter 2012, p. 6.
  58. ↑ Pargeter 2012, p. 212.
  59. 1 2 3 4 Mattes 2008, p. 74.
  60. ↑ "Gaddafi cousin arrested in Egypt". 19 March 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2019.
  61. ↑ Raghavan, Sudarsan (13 November 2017). "Gaddafi's cousin is plotting a comeback of sorts from a Cairo apartment". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 21 October 2019.
  62. ↑ Woodward, Bob (1984-04-29). "Qaddafi's Authority Said to Be Weakening". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2023-06-25.
  63. ↑ "Gaddafi's inner circle". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2023-06-25.
  64. ↑ Peralta, Eyder. "Gadhafi's Final Weeks, As Told By A Top Security Official". NPR.
  65. ↑ Mattes 2008, p. 75.

Bibliography

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