Phyllis Margaret Tookey Kerridge

MRCP
Born
Phyllis Margaret Tookey

April 1901
Bromley, Kent
Died22 June 1940
NationalityBritish
Occupation(s)Physiologist, chemist
Years active1922–1940
Known forInventing the miniature pH electrode
Improving the Bragg-Paul pulsator (used for artificial respiration)
Developing audiometric standards for hearing tests
Notable workThe Use of the Glass Electrode in Biochemistry
Principles of physical chemistry for medical students
Tests for the hearing of speech by deaf people
SpouseWilliam Kerridge

Phyllis Margaret Tookey Kerridge (April 1901 – 22 June 1940) was a chemist and physiologist. She is notable for creating the miniature pH electrode, her work on artificial respiration, and her pioneering work shaping the discipline of audiometry.[1]

Early life and education

Phyllis Margaret Tookey was born in April 1901, the only daughter of consulting engineer William Alfred and Minnie Tookey of Bromley, Kent.[2] She had two younger brothers. She studied at the City of London School for Girls, where she performed well in science.[3] She then studied chemistry and physics at UCL, obtaining her honours degree in 1922. She completed her PhD, with a thesis on the Use of the Glass Electrode in Biochemistry, in 1927.[2] In 1926, she appears to have married William Henry Kerridge and moved from her family home to St. Petersburgh Place.[3] Whilst acting as a lecturer in the UCL department of physiology, she also studied medicine at University College Hospital, qualifying in 1933 and obtaining MRCP in 1937.[2] She was a committee member of the Women's Union Society in her student days.[3]

Scientific career

Kerridge worked at UCL; the Marine Biological Association, Plymouth; the Physiological Laboratory, Cambridge; the Carlsberg Chemical Laboratorium, Copenhagen; the Medical Unit of the London Hospital; the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and University College Hospital, London (from which she was seconded by the Emergency Medical Service to St. Margaret's Hospital during the war).

Invention of the miniature pH electrode

In 1925, supported by DSIR and MRC funding, Kerridge published a paper on her invention of a glass electrode for analysing biochemical samples such as blood.[4] For her biochemical PhD research, Kerridge had required a tool small enough to fit into narrow layers in living tissue, but the design of existing pH electrodes was unsuitable because they provided only very small signals. Kerridge overcame this problem by inventing the miniature pH electrode, with a heat-treated platinum component that gave a much larger signal than the older equipment, enabling accurate measurement even in low fluid volumes.[3] Kerridge noted challenges in developing this equipment, including the high resistance of glass, danger of breakage to the delicate apparatus, and risk of short-circuit.[5]

Artificial respiration

After qualifying in medicine in the early 1930s, Kerridge was recommended by Dr Edward Poulton to scientific instrument maker Robert W. Paul, who sought someone to conduct rigorous physiological tests on a respirator called the "pulsator" created by William Henry Bragg.[6] Kerridge's tests provided extensive physiological measurements that improved the efficiency of the device, and she also suggested improvements to the design that reduced its complexity and bulk.[6] Mr S. Crosby Halahan, Bragg's neighbour and the inspiration for his respirator, was kept alive via artificial respiration for two years after becoming completely paralysed – Kerridge adapted the design to make it more comfortable for him.[7][8]

In addition to doing much to improve the design of the respirator, Kerridge also played an active role in publicising it. She had photographs taken of her laboratory assistant wearing the device, advised Bragg and Paul to publish their introduction in the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, and wrote about the features of the case for The Lancet in order that it would reach the attention of General practitioners.[6][9]

Work on deafness and hearing aids

Later in the 1930s, Kerridge worked at the Royal Ear Hospital and developed audiometric standards for hearing tests.[6] Kerridge also played a significant role in establishing hearing aid clinics for the deaf.[10] Her keen interest in music inspired her sympathy for those with hearing loss.[2][10] This work particularly focussed on the incidence of deafness in children, and she encouraged her students to accompany her on visits to slums to explore potential factors in the etiology of deafness in school-children.[2] In 1936, the Medical Research Council funded her to test the hearing of schoolchildren across London.[11] Her data was garnered from experiments in the ‘silence room’, a soundproof room of some 3,500 cubic feet in the basement of University College Hospital on Huntley Street in London. This was the first site in Great Britain to have a permanent Western Electric Audiometer that used pure-tone testing rather than speech recording.[1]

Collaborations with the British Post Office

Kerridge's expertise in hearing aid technology was used by the British Post Office in its attempts to improve sound quality over telephone lines. The Post Office engineers were initially concerned with Kerridge’s discussion of bone conduction and quoted her extensively in their exploration of improvements to amplified telephony reports.[12] However, she collaborated with the Post Office more extensively when she tested the hearing of telephonists using her audiometer, and in 1937 she installed Post Office amplified telephones designed for people with hearing loss into her clinic.[13] The results of her clinical tests provided data that the Post Office used to improve its amplified telephone service, and the phonetic tests that Kerridge had created with Dennis Butler Fry were later used in the Post Office's design of the Medresco - the first NHS hearing aid.[14]

Second World War

At the outbreak of the war, Kerridge was working at University College Hospital. She was seconded from there to serve the Emergency Medical Service at St Margaret's Hospital, Epping. There, Kerridge and her colleagues created an improvised laboratory for work in pathology and blood transfusions.[2]

In 1940, Kerridge died aged 38.

References

  1. 1 2 Virdi McGuire, Jaipreet Coreen (13 December 2017). "Phyllis M Tookey Kerridge and the science of audiometric standardization in Britain" (PDF). British Journal for the History of Science. 51 (1): 123–146. doi:10.1017/S0007087417000929. hdl:1983/8c09f99c-097a-43a1-a44e-f35a18403a4c. PMID 29233232. S2CID 3737458.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Lovatt Evans, C. (1940). "Dr Phyllis M. Tookey Kerridge" (PDF). Nature. 146 (3692): 159. Bibcode:1940Natur.146..159E. doi:10.1038/146159a0. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Blake-Coleman, Barrie. "Phyllis Kerridge and the Miniature Ph Electrode". Inventricity. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
  4. ↑ Kerridge, Phyllis Margaret Tookey (1925). "The Use of the Glass Electrode in Biochemistry" (PDF). Biochemical Journal. 19 (4): 611–617. doi:10.1042/bj0190611. PMC 1259230. PMID 16743549. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
  5. ↑ Yartsev, Alex. "History of the Glass Electrode". Deranged Physiology. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Virdi-Dhesi, Jaipreet (May 2016). "The Pulsator: How a Portable Artificial Respirator Saved the Lives of Children". From the Hands of Quacks. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
  7. ↑ Science Service (15 April 1934). "Patient Kept Breathing By Football Bladder". The New York Times.
  8. ↑ "Briton Succumbs to Rare Malady: He Was Kept Alive Three Years by Breathing Devices That Included Football Bladders". The New York Times. 19 February 1936.
  9. ↑ Kerridge, Phyllis Margaret Tookey (1934). "Artificial Respiration for Two Years". The Lancet. 223 (5772): 786–788. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)92888-5.
  10. 1 2 "Obituaries: Dr Phyllis Kerridge". The Times. London. 26 June 1940. p. 9. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
  11. ↑ Phyllis M. Tookey Kerridge, Hearing and Speech in Deaf Children. Medical Research Council: Reports of the Hearing Committee, No.221, London, 1937
  12. ↑ Post Office Engineering Department ‘Research Report No. 9150: Aids to Telephone Reception for Partially Deaf Subscribers’ from the Office of the Engineer-in Chief, Post Office Engineering Research Station, Dollis Hill. Accessed at BT Archives TCB 22/82/54
  13. ↑ Memorandum, Amplifier Telephone for Deaf Persons. 3 May 1938, Accessed at BT Archives, POST 33/1491C.
  14. ↑ Report of the Electro-Acoustic Committee of the Medical Research Council, ‘Clinical Tests of Working Models of Experimental Hearing Aids,’ 2 April 1946. National Archives.
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