Plioplatecarpus
Temporal range: Late Cretaceous,
P. primaevus skull
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Superfamily: †Mosasauroidea
Family: †Mosasauridae
Clade: †Russellosaurina
Subfamily: †Plioplatecarpinae
Tribe: †Plioplatecarpini
Genus: †Plioplatecarpus
Dollo, 1882
Species
  • †P. marshi Dollo, 1882 (type)
  • †P. depressus (Cope, 1869)
  • †P. primaevus Russell, 1967
  • †P. houzeaui (Dollo, 1889)
  • †P. peckensis Cuthbertson and Holmes, 2015
Synonyms
  • Oterognathus Dollo, 1889

Plioplatecarpus is a genus of mosasaur lizard. Like all mosasaurs, it lived in the late Cretaceous period, about 73-68 million years ago.

Discovery

Plioplatecarpus mounted skull in the Rocky Mountain Dinosaur Resource Center in Woodland Park, Colorado

Plioplatecarpus has been found in many locations around the world (most mosasaurs were fairly widespread). Plioplatecarpus has been found in the Pierre Shale of Kansas, Demopolis Chalk of Alabama, and also in Mississippi, North Dakota, South Dakota, Canada, Sweden, The Netherlands. It was first found in Europe by paleontologist Louis Dollo (P. marshi), in 1882. It was relatively incomplete, but more fossils would soon turn up. In North America, Edward Drinker Cope found another mosasaur in 1869, but had identified it as Mosasaurus. It would later be reclassified as Plioplatecarpus, as would Cope's Liodon, in 1870. Liodon would be reclassified as Platecarpus, and later as Prognathodon or this genus.[1][2]

Possible freshwater occurrence

In 1999, Holmes and colleagues described an incomplete specimen of Plioplatecarpus from a non-marine deposit, suggesting that this genus might have entered freshwater and estuarine habitats.[3] While the describers of Pannoniasaurus considered this as 'a stochastic occurrence with no ecological implications',[4] Taylor and colleagues in 2021 considered that this specimen and Pannoniasaurus directly support 'mosasaur inhabitation of coastal and river environments'.[5]

Description

Artist's reconstruction

Plioplatecarpus was a medium-sized mosasaur, with P. marshi measuring 5.5 metres (18 ft) long and P. houzeaui measuring 5–6 metres (16–20 ft) long.[6][7] The eyes of Plioplatecarpus are proportionally larger than those of many mosasaur genera, although the skull is relatively short. The larger eyes may be an adaptation to low light conditions like those found in deeper water. It has fewer teeth than most mosasaurs, but they are greatly recurved. This suggests that Plioplatecarpus would have hunted relatively small prey that it could grab very precisely. The broad distribution of fossil remains in both North America and Europe suggest that it would have been an open ocean predator.

References

  1. ↑ Oceansofkansas.com
  2. ↑ Paleodb.org
  3. ↑ Holmes, Robert; Caldwell, Michael W.; Cumbaa, Stephen L. (1999). "A new specimen of Plioplatecarpus (Mosasauridae) from the lower Maastrichtian of Alberta: comments on allometry, functional morphology, and paleoecology". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 36 (3): 363–369. doi:10.1139/e98-112.
  4. ↑ Makádi, L. S.; Caldwell, M. W.; Ősi, A. (2012). Butler, Richard J (ed.). "The First Freshwater Mosasauroid (Upper Cretaceous, Hungary) and a New Clade of Basal Mosasauroids". PLOS ONE. 7 (12): e51781. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...751781M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051781. PMC 3526648. PMID 23284766. Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons License.
  5. ↑ Taylor, L.T.; Minzoni, R.T.; Suarez, C.A.; Gonzalez, L.A.; Martin, L.D.; Lambert, W.J.; Ehret, D.J.; Harrell, T.L. "Oxygen isotopes from the teeth of Cretaceous marine lizards reveal their migration and consumption of freshwater in the Western Interior Seaway, North America". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 573. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110406. Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons License.
  6. ↑ Russell, Dale. A. (6 November 1967). "Systematics and Morphology of American Mosasaurs" (PDF). Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History (Yale University): 209–210.
  7. ↑ Schulp, A. S.; Vonhof, H. B.; van der Lubbe, J. H. J. L.; Janssen, R.; van Baal, R. R. (2013). "On diving and diet: resource partitioning in type-Maastrichtian mosasaurs". Netherlands Journal of Geosciences - Geologie En Mijnbouw. 92 (2–3): 165–170. doi:10.1017/s001677460000010x.
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