Point Lepreau Nuclear
Generating Station
Transmission lines leading to the Point Lepreau Nuclear Generating Station in background at left.
CountryCanada
LocationPoint Lepreau,
Musquash Parish, New Brunswick
Coordinates45°04′08″N 66°27′17″W / 45.06889°N 66.45472°W / 45.06889; -66.45472
StatusOperating. Reactivated to full service 23 November 2012 after undergoing Life Extension Project since March 2008.
Construction began1 May 1975
Commission date1 February 1983
Construction costC$1.4 billion (1983)
Owner(s)NB Power
Operator(s)
Nuclear power station
Reactors1
Reactor typeCANDU PHWR
Reactor supplierAECL
Cooling sourceAtlantic Ocean
Thermal capacity2064 MWth
Power generation
Units operational1 × 660 MW
Make and modelCANDU C6
Nameplate capacity660 MW
Capacity factor70.85% (lifetime)
78.68% (2013+)
Annual net output4801 GWe·h (2020)
161,589 GW·h (lifetime)
External links
WebsiteNB Power - Nuclear

Powering the Future - Point Lepreau Refurbishment Project
CommonsRelated media on Commons

Point Lepreau Nuclear Generating Station is a nuclear power station located 2 km northeast of Point Lepreau, New Brunswick, Canada. The facility was constructed between 1975 and 1983 by NB Power, the provincially owned public utility.

The facility is located on the northern shore of the Bay of Fundy and derives its name from the nearby headland situated at the easternmost part of Charlotte County, although the generating station itself is located within Saint John County. The generating station is administratively part of the local service district of Musquash, west of the city of Saint John.

The Point Lepreau Nuclear Generating Station is the only nuclear generating facility located in Atlantic Canada and the only operating Canadian nuclear power station located outside of Ontario. The facility consists of a single CANDU nuclear reactor, having a net capacity of 660 MW[1] (705 MW gross).[2]

History

Construction

The construction of a nuclear powered electrical generating station in New Brunswick had been discussed since the late 1950s. For over fifteen years, engineers from the New Brunswick Electric Power Commission[note 1] visited AECL's Chalk River Laboratories to keep abreast of the latest trends in the field.[3] Formal talks between the Government of New Brunswick and the Government of Canada began in 1972. Discussions accelerated the next year, in the midst of the 1973 oil crisis, as the provincial government began to seriously consider options for diversifying New Brunswick's electrical generation and reduce its reliance on oil. However, financing the venture was a problem since the province had a limited borrowing capacity.[4]

The borrowing capacity was solved by the federal government in January 1974 with the announcement of a loan program covering half the costs of a first nuclear plant in any province in Canada. Premier Richard Hatfield announced his intention to build a nuclear generating station in New Brunswick on 5 February 1974. Hatfield's Progressive Conservative Party was reelected in that fall's general election, despite misgivings of the nuclear generation plan by part of the population. In March 1975, Hatfield declared on television that the decision was final, and that the reactor would be built regardless of the ongoing environmental assessment process, in a move described by New Brunswick sociologist Ronald Babin as the "nuclear fait accompli policy".[4]

On 2 May 1975, the Atomic Energy Control Board authorized the construction of two 635-MW reactors on a site designed to host four in Point Lepreau, 20 km west of Saint John, New Brunswick's largest city at the time. The New Brunswick Electric Power Commission began the construction of one reactor, with an option for a second one.[4]

At its peak in 1979, the construction project employed 3,500 workers; 108 individual contracts out of 139 were granted to local businesses. Point Lepreau was licensed for operation on 21 July 1982, achieved criticality four days later and began commercial operations on 1 February 1983.[2]

The high rate of inflation over the life of the construction project, tense labour relations on the worksite and skyrocketing construction costs - all common traits of large public infrastructure projects of that period - tripled the early cost forecast in nominal terms. The estimated cost of C$466 million in 1974 increased to C$684 two years later and to C$895 in 1978.[5] At the time of its commissioning in 1983, the total cost was estimated at C$1.4 billion, excluding interest charges.[4]

Point Lepreau was finished in 1981. It operated until 2008, when it closed for a refurbishment until 23 October 2012, when it was first re-connected to the grid. This is the only operating nuclear reactor in Canada outside Ontario.

This was the only CANDU reactor built on the east coast of Canada; other CANDUs are in Argentina, South Korea, India, Pakistan, Romania and China.

Expansion plans considered

In 2007, Team CANDU, a consortium of Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, Babcock & Wilcox Canada, GE-Hitachi Nuclear Energy Canada Inc., Hitachi Canada Ltd and SNC-Lavalin Nuclear Limited[6] began a $2.5 million feasibility study regarding the installation of a new 1,100 MWe Advanced CANDU Reactor at Point Lepreau, to supply power to New England.[7] [8]

In July 2010, the Government of New Brunswick, led at that time by the Liberal Party, signed an agreement with French nuclear manufacturer Areva to study the feasibility of a new light water nuclear plant on the Point Lepreau property. In September 2010 the Progressive Conservative Party gained power and the plan was shelved by the incoming premier shortly after the election.[9][10]

2008-2012 refurbishment project

Public debate

Point Lepreau's CANDU-6 reactor was designed to last 25 years and was scheduled to be mothballed by 2008. Public debate on the future of the plant began as early as 2000. At the time, NB Power estimated the refurbishment cost at C$750 million.[11]

In 2002, NB Power, with support from the Government and opposition, pushed for refurbishment. However, the New Brunswick Energy and Utilities Board ruled that "there is no significant economic advantage to the proposed refurbishment" of Point Lepreau and that "it is not in the public interest".[12]

In April 2004, a report[13] authored by former British Energy chairman Robin Jeffrey estimated the plant's refurbishment would cost $1.36 billion instead of the C$935 million figure quoted at the time by the provincial utility. Jeffrey's report made no recommendations on whether to undertake the plant's overhaul or not but advised New Brunswick decision makers to seek competitive bids for new fossil-fuel fired generation capacity.[14]

Despite being denied a federal grant to fund the project,[15] NB Power announced on 29 July 2005 that it was awarding Atomic Energy of Canada Limited a $1.4 billion (CAD) contract for refurbishing the generating station.[16]

Refurbishment work

The refurbishment of the power station began on 28 March 2008 and was originally scheduled to last 18 months with AECL as the lead contractor on the project, but the operation was marred by technical glitches, delays and incidents.[17][18] For instance, two 115-tonne turbine rotors, (not part of the AECL contract) worth C$10 million each, toppled a barge in Saint John Harbour while being transported to the plant on 15 October 2008. The part manufacturer, Siemens Canada Ltd., eventually sued four companies in an Ontario court, including J. D. Irving Ltd., for "gross negligence" in the incident.[19]

Estimates for the reopening of the plant had been revised several times. In January 2009, a 3-month delay was announced because of problems with the robotic equipment used to remove pressure tubes.[20] A second, 4-month delay was announced in July of the same year.[21] In October 2009, New Brunswick minister of Energy, Jack Keir, announced a tentative reopening by February 2011 and asked for federal money to cope with the unexpected cost of purchased power to replace the power ordinarily generated by the plant.[22] The situation is compounded by the strategic importance of the plant in NB Power supply plans, since Point Lepreau provides 4 TWh/year or between 25 and 30% of the provincial output.[2]

A few weeks later it was announced on 29 October 2009 that the Point Lepreau Nuclear Generating Station would be one of the assets that were to be included in the proposed sale of NB Power to Hydro-Québec.[23] On 24 March 2010 Premier Shawn Graham announced that the proposed sale had fallen through, citing Hydro-Québec's "concerns about unanticipated costs".[24] Graham's announcement was contested by analysts who blamed the collapse of the deal on the difficult political situation in New Brunswick, six months before a scheduled provincial election.[25][26]

According to leaked internal documents, the proposed sale of NB Power and a proposed post-refurbishment staff reorganization of the company had a negative impact on workers' morale at the Point Lepreau Nuclear Generating Station and was becoming a safety concern. Over 600 workplace injuries occurred at Point Lepreau between January 2009 and June 2010, including 7 "lost time", 13 "restricted work" injuries and 32 incidents requiring medical aid. According to the internal reports, delays were costing NB Power C$33 million a month: "C$11 million in capital costs and C$22 million for replacement power and interest".[27][28]

On 9 October 2010, NB Power announced that AECL would have to remove all 380 calandria tubes from the reactor and reinstall them a second time, an operation which took a year earlier in the refurbishment program.[18] The calandria tubes, roughly 7 m (23 ft) and 13 cm (5.1 in), form the boundary to the moderator tank (calandria) through which the fuel channels are installed. According to an internal report dated 30 June 2010, the problem "is likely the result of damage to the tube sheet bores caused by the cleaning operation in a previous work series".[29] According to an October 2010 estimate, the generating station was scheduled to be back on stream in the fall of 2012, three years later than first expected.[30][31]

First re-connected to the grid on 23 October 2012, on 23 November 2012 Point Lepreau restarted commercial power production with a final refurbishment cost approximately "$1 billion over its original budget".[32]

Advanced Small Modular Reactors

On 26 June 2018, the government of New Brunswick committed 10 million dollars toward the establishment of an advanced Small Modular Reactor Research Cluster. This was followed by announcements of the participation of ARC Nuclear (9 July 2018) and Moltex Energy (13 July 2018), each investing 5 million dollars to progress research and development of their advanced technologies. Since that time significant development has taken place, including discussions on establishing a supply chain within the province.

As indicated on 25 July 2019, NB Power envisions commercial demonstrations of both reactor types at the Point Lepreau site if these advanced technologies successfully complete Phase 2 of the CNSC Vendor Design review and their financial and project planning predictions continue to show promise.

New Brunswick participated in the development of the Pan-Canadian SMR Roadmap (November 2018), and is also collaborating with the provinces of Ontario and Saskatchewan pertaining to the development of deployment of Small Modular Reactor technologies as part of the Interprovincial MOU announced in December 2019.

In March 2019, a consortium involving NB Power, the Government of New Brunswick, ARC Nuclear, and Moltex Energy announced plans to develop small modular reactors at the Point Lepreau site.[33] This was furthered when, in December 2019, the governments of New Brunswick, Ontario, and Saskatchewan announced a collaboration deal on the development of small modular reactors.[34]

Operations

The Point Lepreau Nuclear Generating Station achieved record levels of availability with a 10-year average of 93.11% and generated over 5,000 GWh/year of energy on a sustained basis for its first decade of operations.[1] However, numerous problems started to surface in the mid to late 1990s, due to poor maintenance and low investment.[35] In mid-January 1997, a leak near the reactor core forced a third shutdown in 2 years. The 75-day stoppage was caused by a cracked feeder pipe. The human error cost C$40 million in repairs and C$450,000/day to purchase replacement power from Quebec.[36]

Electrical Output

The graph represents the annual electricity generation at the site in GWh.

As of the end of 2022, the total lifetime output of the facility was 161,589 GWh.

Incidents

In 1990, assistant plant operator Daniel George Maston was charged after he took heavy water from the moderator system and added it to a cafeteria drink dispenser.[37] Eight employees drank some of the contaminated water.

In 1995, a plywood cover was left in the boiler after completion of a maintenance outage. When the heat transport pumps were restarted, the cover was sucked into the heat transport system where it caused catastrophic damage to one of the pumps. The cause of the incident was lack of control of temporary modifications, poor work management, lack of foreign material exclusion (FME) measures, and human error. There was no public safety significance to the event, since the reactor had been shut down long enough that decay heat power was below the level that required coolant flow. However, the breach of the pressure boundary at the damaged pump created a radiation hazard for workers, and debris in feeders, fuel channels and potentially other Heat Transport and Auxiliaries pipework could have created a significant safety hazard during at-power operation. The cost of pump repairs, and the production downtime caused by the incident and its cleanup, was significant. The incident also left wood and metal debris unrecoverable in the cooling system.[38] Maintenance incidents at Lepreau in 1995 cost the facility more than $50 million in repairs and replacement power.[39]

In 2011, a spill of heavy water in the reactor building triggered a radiation alert and evacuation. NB Power stated that the event did not pose significant impact to the public or environment. This was the first time the reactor building had ever been evacuated.[40]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ↑ The company was renamed Énergie NB Power in the 1970s.

Footnotes

  1. 1 2 International Atomic Energy Agency (30 November 2009). "Point Lepreau". Power Reactor Information System. Retrieved 11 October 2010.
  2. 1 2 3 NB Power (November 2006). "Point Lepreau Generating Station" (PDF). New Brunswick Department of Energy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 October 2010. Retrieved 11 October 2010.
  3. ↑ NB Power (1990). "The nineteen seventies - the energy crisis" (PDF). Retrieved 6 January 2010.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Babin 1984, pp. 66–70
  5. ↑ Starr, Richard (1987). Richard Hatfield, the Seventeen-Year Saga. Halifax: Formac Publishing. p. 98. ISBN 0-88780-057-2.
  6. ↑ Government of New Brunswick. "Point Lepreau". New Brunswick Department of Energy. Archived from the original on 24 September 2010. Retrieved 11 October 2010.
  7. ↑ Morris, Chris (24 December 2007). "Nuclear issue heats up in N.B. as debate begins on proposed new reactor". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Canadian Press. Archived from the original on 25 December 2007. Alt URL
  8. ↑ Linke, Rob (23 December 2008). "Reactors won't be built, say activists". Telegraph-Journal. Saint John, N.B. p. A1. Retrieved 12 October 2010.
  9. ↑ Penty, Rebecca (29 September 2010). "Alward to shelve Areva deal". Telegraph-Journal. Saint John, NB. p. B1. Retrieved 21 October 2010.
  10. ↑ Wallace, Terri (29 September 2010). "Premier-elect plans to shelve plans with nuclear giant Areva". News Radio 88.9. Saint John, NB. p. B1. Archived from the original on 2 October 2010. Retrieved 8 January 2011.
  11. ↑ CBC News (24 October 2000). "Debate over Lepreau future continues". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 11 October 2010.
  12. ↑ Government of New Brunswick (24 September 2002). "IN THE MATTER OF an Application dated January 8, 2002 by New Brunswick Power Corporation in connection with a proposal to refurbish its generating facility at Point Lepreau" (PDF). Fredericton: New Brunswick Board of Commissioners of Public Utilities. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 July 2011. Retrieved 11 October 2010.
  13. ↑ Jeffrey 2004
  14. ↑ CBC News (16 April 2004). "Rebuilding NB nuclear plant '$1.4 billion question'". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 11 October 2010.
  15. ↑ CBC News (14 July 2005). "Ottawa rejects New Brunswick nuke funding". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 11 October 2010.
  16. ↑ CBC News (29 July 2005). "N.B. to refurbish aging nuclear plant". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 11 October 2010.
  17. ↑ CBC News (23 September 2010). "Point Lepreau delay could jeopardize PC promise". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 11 October 2010.
  18. 1 2 CBC News (9 October 2010). "N.B. nuclear plant faces delay over fuel tubes". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 11 October 2010.
  19. ↑ CBC News (29 April 2010). "Irving sued for turbine rotor harbour plunge". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 11 October 2010.
  20. ↑ Linke, Rob (21 January 2009). "Lepreau to miss deadline". Telegraph-Journal. Saint John, N.B. p. A1. Retrieved 7 November 2009.
  21. ↑ Casey, Quentin (28 July 2009). "Lepreau delay grows". Telegraph-Journal. Saint John, N.B. p. A1. Retrieved 7 November 2009.
  22. ↑ Keir, Jack (5 October 2009). "Ottawa must come to table". Telegraph-Journal. Saint John, N.B. p. A7. Retrieved 7 November 2009.
  23. ↑ "Quebec, N.B. strike $4.8B deal for NB Power". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 29 October 2009. Retrieved 29 October 2009.
  24. ↑ "Quebec balked at NB Power sale costs". CBC News. 24 March 2010.
  25. ↑ Cousineau, Sophie (25 March 2010). "Une occasion manquée". La Presse (in French). Montreal. Archived from the original on 27 March 2010. Retrieved 25 March 2010.
  26. ↑ Corbeil, Michel (25 March 2010). "Entente avortée entre Hydro-Québec et Énergie NB: un mauvais calcul politique". Le Soleil (in French). Quebec City. Retrieved 25 March 2010.
  27. ↑ CBC News (6 August 2010). "NB nuclear plant another year behind schedule". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.
  28. ↑ McMahon, Tamsin (4 October 2010). "Sale talk affected morale at Lepreau: documents". Telegraph-Journal. Saint John, N.B. p. A1. Retrieved 11 October 2010.
  29. ↑ Morris, Chris (9 October 2010). "Lepreau refit back to 'square one,' says expert". Telegraph-Journal. Saint John, N.B. p. A1. Retrieved 11 October 2010.
  30. ↑ CBC News (14 October 2010). "Point Lepreau delayed until fall 2012". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 14 October 2010.
  31. ↑ Robert Jones (2 October 2012). "NB Power denies missing 5th Point Lepreau restart date". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
  32. ↑ CBC News (23 November 2012). "Point Lepreau returns to commercial service". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
  33. ↑ Smith, Connell (21 March 2019). "Reactor developers propose a manufacturing hub — and a small nuclear plant". CBC News. Retrieved 14 December 2019.
  34. ↑ "Ford, Moe and Higgs look to nuclear to fight climate change". The Canadian Press.
  35. ↑ Jeffrey 2004, p. 14
  36. ↑ Wilbur 2003, p. 150
  37. ↑ "Power Plant Worker Accused of Spiking Cooler With Radioactive Water". AP NEWS. 5 March 1990. Retrieved 29 August 2020.
  38. ↑ "PLGS: Events Leading To Foreign Material Being Left in the PHT" (PDF). 12 June 1996. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
  39. ↑ "Bangor Daily News: Maintenance mishap creates problem at Point Lepreau nuclear power plant". 21 January 1998. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
  40. ↑ "CBC News: Radioactive water spills at N.B. nuclear plant". 13 December 2011. Retrieved 24 March 2016.

Further reading

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