The following table indicates the party of elected officials in the U.S. state of North Dakota:

The table also indicates the historical party composition in the:

For years in which a United States presidential election was held, the table indicates which party's nominees received the state's electoral votes.

1889–1916

YearExecutive officesState LegislatureRR
Com.		United States CongressElectoral votes
GovernorLt. GovernorSec. of
State		Attorney
General		TreasurerAuditorIns. Comm.Ag. & Lab.
Comm.[lower-alpha 1]		Supt. of
Pub. Inst.		State
Senate		State
House		U.S. Senator
(Class I)		U.S. Senator
(Class III)		U.S. House
1889 John Miller (R) Alfred Dickey (R) John Flittie (R) George F. Goodwin (R) Lewis E. Booker (R) John P. Bray (R)[lower-alpha 2] A.L. Carey (R) Henry Thomas
Helgesen (R)		 William Mitchell (R)[lower-alpha 3] 25R, 6D 58R, 4D 3R Lyman R. Casey (R) Gilbert A. Pierce (R) Henry C.
Hansbrough (R)
1890 William J. Clapp (R)[lower-alpha 4]
1891 Andrew H. Burke (R) Roger Allin (R) Clarence A.M. Spencer (R) John Ogden (R) 23R, 6D, 2FA 40R, 16D, 6FA Henry C. Hansbrough (R) Martin N.
Johnson (R)
1892 Archie Currie (R)[lower-alpha 4]
1893 Eli C. D. Shortridge (D-I) Elmer D. Wallace (D-I) Christian M. Dahl (R) William H. Standish (D-I) Knud J. Nomland (D-I) Arthur W. Porter (D-I) James Cudhie (D-I) Nelson Williams (D-I)[lower-alpha 5] Laura J. Eisenhuth (D-I) 19R, 7D, 4Pop, 1Fus 33R, 16D, 13Pop 3D-I William N. Roach (D) 1 – Weaver/
Field (Pop) Red X
1 – Cleveland/
Stevenson (D) Green tick
1 – Harrison/
Reid (R) Red X
1894
1895 Roger Allin (R) John H. Worst (R) John F. Cowan (R) George E. Nichols (R) Frank A. Briggs (R) Frederick B. Fancher (R) Andrew H. Laughlin (R) Emma F. Bates (R) 25R, 4Pop, 2D 52R, 6Pop, 2D 3R
1896
1897 Frank A. Briggs (R)[lower-alpha 3] Joseph M. Devine (R) Fred Falley (R) Nathan B. Hannum (R) Henry U. Thomas (R) John G. Halland (R) 24R, 4Fus, 3D 44R, 18Fus McKinley/
Hobart (R) Green tick
1898 Joseph M. Devine (R)[lower-alpha 6] vacant
1899 Frederick B. Fancher (R) Joseph M. Devine (R) Dennis W. Driscoll (R) Albert N. Carlblom (R) George W. Harrison (R) 22R, 9Fus 55R, 5Fus, 2D Porter J. McCumber (R) Burleigh F.
Spalding (R)
1900
1901 Frank White (R) David Bartlett (R) Edward F. Porter (R) Oliver D. Comstock (R) Donald H. McMillan (R) Ferdinand Leutz (R) Rollin J. Turner (R) Joseph M. Devine (R) 24R, 7Fus 56R, 5Fus, 1? Thomas Frank
Marshall (R)		 McKinley/
Roosevelt (R) Green tick
1902
1903 Carl N. Frich (R) Herbert L. Holmes (R) Walter L. Stockwell (R) 30R, 7D, 3Fus 86R, 11D, 2Fus, 1I 2R
1904
1905 Elmore Y. Sarles (R) Albert Peterson (R) Ernest C. Cooper (R) William C. Gilbreath (R) 33R, 6D, 1I 99R, 1D Roosevelt/
Fairbanks (R) Green tick
1906
1907 John Burke (D) Robert S. Lewis (R) Alfred Blaisdell (R) Thomas F. McCue (R) 33R, 7D 87R, 12D, 1I
1908
1909 Andrew Miller (R) George L. Bickford (R) David K. Brightbill (R) 38R, 8D, 1I 92R, 8D Martin N. Johnson (R)[lower-alpha 3] Taft/
Sherman (R) Green tick
Fountain L. Thompson (D)[lower-alpha 4][lower-alpha 2]
1910 William E. Purcell (D)[lower-alpha 4]
1911 Usher L. Burdick (R) Patrick Daniel Norton (R) Gunder Olson (R) Walter C. Taylor (R) Edwin J. Taylor (R) 44R, 4D, 1I 90R, 12D, 1S Asle Gronna (R)
1912
1913 L. B. Hanna (R) Anton Kraabel (R) Thomas Hall (R) Carl O. Jorgenson (R) 43R, 6D 102R, 8D 3R Wilson/
Marshall (D) Green tick
1914
1915 John H. Fraine (R) Henry Linde (R) John Steen (R) Robert F. Flint (R) 44R, 5D 106R, 6D
1916
YearGovernorLt. GovernorSec. of
State		Attorney
General		TreasurerAuditorIns. Comm.Ag. & Lab.
Comm.		Supt. of
Pub. Inst.		State
Senate		State
House		RR
Com.		U.S. Senator
(Class I)		U.S. Senator
(Class III)		U.S. HouseElectoral votes
Executive officesState LegislatureUnited States Congress

1917–2000

YearExecutive officesState LegislaturePub. Ser. Com.[lower-alpha 7]United States CongressElectoral votes
GovernorLt. GovernorSec. of StateAttorney GeneralTreasurerAuditorIns. Comm.Ag. Comm.[lower-alpha 1]Labor Comm.[lower-alpha 1]Tax Comm.Supt. of Pub. Inst.State SenateState HouseU.S. Senator (Class I)U.S. Senator (Class III)U.S. House
1917 Lynn Frazier (R-NPL)[lower-alpha 8] Anton Kraabel (R) Thomas Hall (R-NPL) Bill Langer (R-NPL) John Steen (R) Carl R. Kositzky (R-NPL) Sveinung A. Olsness (R-NPL) John N. Hagan (R-NPL)[lower-alpha 8] No such office[lower-alpha 9] Neil C. MacDonald (NP/R-NPL) 43R, 6D 97R, 17D 3R Porter J. McCumber (R) Asle Gronna (R) 3R Wilson/
Marshall (D) Green tick
1918
1919 Howard R. Wood (R-NPL) Obert A. Olson (R-NPL) George E. Wallace (R-NPL)[lower-alpha 10] Minnie J. Nelson (NP/R-IVA) 43R, 6D (35NPL, 14IVA) 99R, 14D (81NPL, 32IVA)
1920
1921 William Lemke (R-NPL)[lower-alpha 8] John Steen (R) David C. Poindexter (R-NPL) 49R (25NPL, 24IVA) 113R (59IVA, 54NPL) Edwin F. Ladd (R-NPL)[lower-alpha 3] Harding/
Coolidge (R) Green tick
Ragnvald Nestos (R-IVA) Sveinbjorn Johnson (R-IVA) Joseph A. Kitchen (R-IVA)
1922 C. C. Converse (R)[lower-alpha 10]
1923 Frank H. Hyland (R) George F. Shafer (R-IVA) 49R (26IVA, 23NPL) 113R (57IVA, 56NPL) Lynn Frazier (R-NPL)
1924
1925 Arthur Sorlie (R-NPL)[lower-alpha 3] Walter Maddock (R-NPL) Robert Byrne (R) Chessmur A. Fischer (R) John Steen (R) Thorstein H. H. Thoresen (R-NPL)[lower-alpha 10] 46R, 3D (25IVA, 24NPL) 106R, 7D (63NPL, 50IVA) Gerald Nye (NPL)[lower-alpha 11] Coolidge/
Dawes (R) Green tick
1926
1927 Bertha R. Palmer (NP) 49R (25IVA, 24NPL) 113R (60IVA, 53NPL) Gerald Nye (R-NPL)
1928 Walter Maddock (R-NPL)[lower-alpha 6] vacant
1929 George F. Shafer (R-IVA) John W. Carr (R) James Morris (R) Berta E. Baker (R) Iver A. Acker (R)[lower-alpha 10] 48R, 1D (26NPL, 23IVA) 112R, 1D (65IVA, 48NPL) Hoover/
Curtis (R) Green tick
1930
1931 47R, 2D (27IVA, 22NPL) 112R, 1D (58IVA, 55NPL)
1932
1933 Bill Langer (R-NPL)[lower-alpha 12] Ole H. Olson (R-NPL) Arthur J. Gronna (R-NPL)[lower-alpha 4] Alfred S. Dale (R-NPL) John Husby (R) Frank A. Vogel (R-NPL)[lower-alpha 10] Arthur E. Thompson (NP)[lower-alpha 4] 44R, 5D (R-NPL maj.) 103R, 10D (R-NPL maj.) 1R, 1R-NPL Roosevelt/
Garner (D) Green tick
Peter O. Sathre (R-NPL)[lower-alpha 11][lower-alpha 13] J. J. Weeks (R-NPL)[lower-alpha 10]
1934 Ole H. Olson (R-NPL)[lower-alpha 14] vacant
1935 Thomas Moodie (D)[lower-alpha 15] Walter Welford (R-NPL) James D. Gronna (R-NPL) John Gray (R) Berta E. Baker (R-NPL) Harold Hopton (R-NPL) Theodore Martell (R-NPL) 42R, 7D (R-NPL maj.) 83R, 30D (R-NPL maj.)
Walter Welford (R-NPL)[lower-alpha 14] vacant Lee Nichols (R)[lower-alpha 10]
1936
1937 Bill Langer (R-NPL) Thorstein H. H. Thoresen (R-NPL) Alvin C. Strutz (R-NPL)[lower-alpha 11] Oscar E. Erickson (R-NPL)[lower-alpha 4] John N. Hagan (R-NPL) J. K. Murray (R-NPL)[lower-alpha 10] 34R, 14D, 1I (R-NPL maj.) 87R, 26D (R-NPL maj.)
O. T. Owen (R-NPL)[lower-alpha 10]
1938 C. P. Stone (R-NPL)[lower-alpha 10]
1939 John Moses (D) Jack Patterson (R-NPL) John Omland (R-NPL) Math Dahl (R-NPL) W. T. DePuy (D)[lower-alpha 10] 39R, 10D (R-NPL maj.) 106R, 7D (R-NPL maj.)
Lee Nichols (R)[lower-alpha 10]
John Gray (D)[lower-alpha 16]
1940
1941 Oscar W. Hagen (R-NPL) Herman Thorson (R) Carl Anderson (R) John Gray (NP)[lower-alpha 16][lower-alpha 4] 44R, 5D (R-IVA maj.) 103R, 10D (R-IVA maj.) Bill Langer (R-NPL)[lower-alpha 4] 2R Willkie/
McNary (R) Red X
1942
1943 Henry Holt (D) Thomas Hall (R) 45R, 4D (R-IVA maj.) 106R, 7D (R-IVA maj.) 1R, 1R-NPL
1944
1945 Fred G. Aandahl (R) Clarence P. Dahl (R) Nels Johnson (R)[lower-alpha 4] Otto Krueger (R)[lower-alpha 17] 46R, 3D (R-ROC maj.) 109R, 4D (R-ROC maj.) John Moses (D)[lower-alpha 3] Dewey/
Bricker (R) Red X
Hjalmer W. Swenson (R)[lower-alpha 11] Otto Krueger (R)[lower-alpha 11] Milton Young (R)[lower-alpha 11]
1946 Garfield B. Nordrum (NP)[lower-alpha 11][lower-alpha 4]
1947 111R, 2D (R-ROC maj.)
1948 Peter O. Sathre (R)[lower-alpha 4]
1949 Albert Jacobson (R) 47R, 2D (R-ROC maj.) Dewey/
Warren (R) Red X
1950
1951 Norman Brunsdale (R) Ray Schnell (R) Elmo T. Christianson (R)[lower-alpha 18] Alfred J. Jensen (R) Marvell F. Peterson (NP)[lower-alpha 11] 112R, 1D (R-ROC maj.) 2R
1952 Burtis B. Conyne (NP)[lower-alpha 4]
1953 Clarence P. Dahl (R) Ray Thompson (R) J. Arthur Engen (NP)[lower-alpha 4] 47R, 2D (R-NPL maj.) Eisenhower/
Nixon (R) Green tick
1954 Paul Benson (R)[lower-alpha 4]
1955 Ben Meier (R) Leslie R. Burgum (R) Albert Jacobson (R)[lower-alpha 4] 46R, 3D (R-NPL maj.) 111R, 2D (R-ROC maj.)
1956
1957 John E. Davis (R) Francis Clyde Duffy (R) Curtis G. Olson (R) 40R, 9D-NPL 94R, 19D-NPL
1958 Mike J. Baumgartner (R)[lower-alpha 4]
1959 Clarence P. Dahl (R) John R. Erickson (R) 34R, 15D-NPL 65R, 48D-NPL Norman Brunsdale (R)[lower-alpha 4] 1R, 1D-NPL
1960 Quentin Burdick (D-NPL)[lower-alpha 4]
1961 William L. Guy (D-NPL) Orville W. Hagen (R) 28R, 21D-NPL 70R, 41D-NPL 2R, 1D-NPL 2R Nixon/
Lodge (R) Red X
1962
1963 Frank A. Wenstrom (R) Helgi Johanneson (R) Phil Hoghaug (R) Frank Albers (R) Lloyd Omdahl (NP/D-NPL)[lower-alpha 11] 37R, 12D-NPL 70R, 43D-NPL
1964
1965 Charles Tighe (D-NPL) Walter Christensen (D-NPL) Karsten O. Nygaard (R) Arne Dahl (R) 29R, 20D 65D-NPL, 44R 1R, 1D-NPL Johnson/
Humphrey (D) Green tick
1966 Edwin O. Sjaasstad (NP)[lower-alpha 11][lower-alpha 4]
1967 Arne Dahl (R)[lower-alpha 3] Orville W.
Hagen (NP/R)		 44R, 5D-NPL 83R, 15D-NPL 2R
1968
1969 Richard F. Larsen (R) Bernice Asbridge (R) Jorris O. Wigen (R) Byron Dorgan (NP/D-NPL)[lower-alpha 11] 43R, 6D-NPL 80R, 18D-NPL Nixon/
Agnew (R) Green tick
1970
1971 37R, 12D-NPL 58R, 40D-NPL 1R, 1D-NPL
1972
1973 Arthur A. Link (D-NPL) Wayne Sanstead (D-NPL) Allen I. Olson (R) Walter Christensen (D-NPL)[lower-alpha 4] Robert W. Peterson (R) 40R, 11D-NPL 76R, 26D-NPL Mark Andrews (R)
1974 Myron Just (D-NPL)[lower-alpha 11]
1975 34R, 17D-NPL 62R, 40D-NPL
1976
1977 Byron Knutson (D-NPL) Howard Snortland (NP) 32R, 18D-NPL 50R, 50D-NPL[lower-alpha 19] Ford/
Dole (R) Red X
1978
1979 Robert E. Hanson (D-NPL)[lower-alpha 4] 35R, 15D-NPL 71R, 29D-NPL
1980
1981 Allen I. Olson (R) Ernest Sands (R) Robert Wefald (R) John S. Lesmeister (R) Jorris O. Wigen (R) H. Kent Jones (R) Kent Conrad (NP/D-NPL)[lower-alpha 20] Joseph Crawford (NP) 40R, 10D-NPL 73R, 27D-NPL Mark Andrews (R) Byron Dorgan (D-NPL) Reagan/
Bush (R) Green tick
1982
1983 32R, 21D-NPL 55D-NPL, 51R
1984
1985 George A. Sinner (D-NPL) Ruth Meiers (D-NPL)[lower-alpha 4] Nicholas Spaeth (D-NPL) Robert E. Hanson (D-NPL) Earl Pomeroy (D-NPL) Wayne Sanstead (NP/D-NPL) 29R, 24D-NPL 65R, 41D-NPL
1986 Heidi Heitkamp (D-NPL)[lower-alpha 11]
1987 Lloyd Omdahl (D-NPL)[lower-alpha 4] Byron
Knutson (NP/D-NPL)		 27D-NPL, 26R 61R, 45D-NPL Kent Conrad (D-NPL)[lower-alpha 21]
1988
1989 Jim Kusler (D-NPL) Sarah Vogel (D-NPL) 32D-NPL, 21R Bush/
Quayle (R) Green tick
1990
1991 Craig Hagen (NP)[lower-alpha 4] 27D-NPL, 26R 58R, 48D-NPL
1992 Jocelyn Burdick (D-NPL)[lower-alpha 4]
Kent Conrad (D-NPL) Byron Dorgan (D-NPL)[lower-alpha 22]
1993 Ed Schafer (R) Rosemarie Myrdal (R) Alvin Jaeger (R) Heidi Heitkamp (D-NPL) Kathi Gilmore (D-NPL) Glenn Pomeroy (D-NPL) Robert E. Hanson (D-NPL) 25D-NPL, 24R 65R, 33D-NPL Earl Pomeroy (D-NPL) Bush/
Quayle (R) Red X
1994
1995 29R, 20D-NPL 75R, 23D-NPL
1996
1997 Bob Peterson (R) Roger
Johnson (D-NPL)		 Rick Clayburgh (R) 30R, 19D-NPL 72R, 26D-NPL Dole/
Kemp (R) Red X
1998
1999 appointed 31R, 18D-NPL 64R, 34D-NPL
2000
YearGovernorLt. GovernorSec. of StateAttorney GeneralTreasurerAuditorIns. Comm.Ag. Comm.Labor Comm.Tax Comm.Supt. of Pub. Inst.State SenateState HousePub. Ser. Com.U.S. Senator (Class I)U.S. Senator (Class III)U.S. HouseElectoral votes
Executive officesState LegislatureUnited States Congress

2001–present

YearExecutive officesState LegislaturePub. Ser. Com.United States CongressElectoral votes
GovernorLt. GovernorSec. of StateAttorney GeneralTreasurerAuditorIns. Comm.Ag. Comm.[lower-alpha 1]Tax Comm.Supt. of Pub. Inst.State SenateState HouseU.S. Senator (Class I)U.S. Senator (Class III)U.S. House
2001 John Hoeven (R)[lower-alpha 20] Jack Dalrymple (R) Alvin Jaeger (R)[lower-alpha 23] Wayne Stenehjem (R)[lower-alpha 3] Kathi Gilmore (D-NPL) Bob Peterson (R) Jim Poolman (R)[lower-alpha 2] Roger Johnson (D-NPL)[lower-alpha 2] Rick Clayburgh (R)[lower-alpha 2] Wayne Sanstead (NP/D-NPL) 32R, 17D-NPL 69R, 29D-NPL 3R Kent Conrad (D-NPL) Byron Dorgan (D-NPL) Earl Pomeroy (D-NPL) Bush/
Cheney (R) Green tick
2002
2003 31R, 16D-NPL 66R, 28D-NPL
2004
2005 Kelly Schmidt (R) 32R, 15D-NPL 67R, 27D-NPL
Cory Fong (R)[lower-alpha 11]
2006
2007 26R, 21D-NPL 61R, 33D-NPL
Adam Hamm (R)[lower-alpha 11]
2008
2009 Doug Goehring (R)[lower-alpha 11] 58R, 36D-NPL McCain/
Palin (R) Red X
2010
2011 Jack Dalrymple (R)[lower-alpha 24] Drew Wrigley (R)[lower-alpha 4] 35R, 12D-NPL 69R, 25D-NPL John Hoeven (R) Rick Berg (R)
2012
2013 Kirsten Baesler (NP/R) 33R, 14D-NPL 71R, 23D-NPL Heidi Heitkamp (D-NPL) Kevin Cramer (R) Romney/
Ryan (R) Red X
2014 Ryan
Rauschen­berger (R)[lower-alpha 2]
2015 32R, 15D-NPL
2016
2017 Doug Burgum (R) Brent Sanford (R)[lower-alpha 2] Josh Gallion (R) Jon Godfread (R) 38R, 9D-NPL 81R, 13D-NPL Trump/
Pence (R) Green tick
2018
2019 37R, 10D-NPL 79R, 15D-NPL Kevin Cramer (R) Kelly Armstrong (R)
2020
2021 Thomas Beadle (R) 40R, 7D-NPL 80R, 14D-NPL Trump/
Pence (R) Red X
2022 Drew Wrigley (R)[lower-alpha 4] Brian Kroshus (R)[lower-alpha 4]
2023 Tammy Miller (R) Michael Howe (R) 43R, 4D-NPL 82R, 12D-NPL
YearGovernorLt. GovernorSec. of StateAttorney GeneralTreasurerAuditorIns. Comm.Ag. Comm.Tax Comm.Supt. of Pub. Inst.State SenateState HousePub. Ser. Com.U.S. Senator (Class I)U.S. Senator (Class III)U.S. HouseElectoral votes
Executive officesState LegislatureUnited States Congress
Key to party colors and abbreviations for members of the U.S. Congress and other politicians or officials
Alaskan Independence (AKIP)
American (Know Nothing) (KN)
American Labor (AL)
Anti-Jacksonian (Anti-J)
National Republican (NR)
Anti-Administration (AA)
Anti-Masonic (Anti-M)
Conservative (Con)
Democratic (D)
Democratic–Farmer–Labor (DFL)
Dixiecrat (Dix),
States' Rights (SR)
Democratic-Republican (DR)
Farmer–Labor (FL)
Federalist (F)
Pro-Administration (PA)
Free Soil (FS)
Fusion (Fus)
Greenback (GB)
Independence (IPM)
Independent Democrat (ID)
Independent Republican (IR)
Jacksonian (J)
Liberal (Lib)
Libertarian (L)
National Union (NU)
Nonpartisan League (NPL)
Nullifier (N)
Opposition Northern (O)
Opposition Southern (O)
Populist (Pop)
Progressive (Prog)
Prohibition (Proh)
Readjuster (Rea)
Republican (R)
Silver (Sv)
Silver Republican (SvR)
Socialist (Soc)
Unionist (U)
Unconditional Unionist (UU)
Whig (W)
Independent (I)
Nonpartisan (NP)
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 The Commissioner of Agriculture and Labor was an elected official who headed the state Department of Agriculture and Labor. The office was established by the state constitution in 1889 but was split into two separate offices—the Commissioner of Labor and the Commissioner of Agriculture—in 1966, when the two departments also split due to a constitutional change approved by the electorate in 1964.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Resigned.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Died in office.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Appointed by governor to fill a vacancy.
  5. ↑ George E. Adams won the 1892 election but did not qualify for the office; Williams was appointed to the position instead.
  6. 1 2 Succeeded to office following death or resignation of previous officeholder.
  7. ↑ Named North Dakota Railroad Commission until 1940.
  8. 1 2 3 Recalled.
  9. ↑ Office established in 1919.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 The office was an appointed position from 1919 until 1940. Partisan affiliation given is that of corresponding Governor.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Appointed by governor to fill vacancy. Later elected to office in their own right.
  12. ↑ Removed from office by the North Dakota Supreme Court following a felony conviction to defraud the federal government.
  13. ↑ Resigned following appointment to North Dakota Supreme Court.
  14. 1 2 Declared governor by North Dakota Supreme Court.
  15. ↑ After Moodie's inauguration on January 7, 1935, it was revealed that he had voted in a 1932 municipal election in Minnesota. In order to be eligible to serve as governor of North Dakota, an individual has to have lived in the state for five consecutive years before the election. The North Dakota Supreme Court determined that Moodie was ineligible to serve, and he was removed from office on February 16, 1935.
  16. 1 2 Was a first appointed by a Democratic governor, although beginning in 1940 he ran on a nonpartisan ballot.
  17. ↑ Resigned to become North Dakota Insurance Commissioner.
  18. ↑ Removed from office following conviction on federal gambling conspiracy charges.
  19. ↑ With the 50-50 chamber, the Democrats and Republicans negotiated a power-sharing agreement. The Democrats got the position of Speaker under Oscar Solberg, and the Republicans got control of the Appropriations Committee, and the rest of the committees were 50-50 in membership and control.[1][2]
  20. 1 2 Resigned to take an elected seat as U.S. Senator.
  21. ↑ Resigned following election to Class I U.S. Senate seat.
  22. ↑ Appointed by governor to fill vacancy, having already been elected to next term.
  23. ↑ Elected as an independent in the 2018 Secretary of State election, but continued to identify as a Republican.
  24. ↑ Succeeded to office following death or resignation of previous officeholder. Later elected to office in their own right.

References

  1. ↑ p.358
  2. ↑ Loepp, Daniel (c. 1999). Sharing the balance of power: an examination of shared power in the Michigan House of Representatives, 1993-94. Ann Arbor. hdl:2027/mdp.39015050183881.

See also

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